Shendi University

Faculty of Engineering & Architecture

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 307

Power Electronics
Lecture 4

Controlled Rectifiers
[email protected]
 Lecture Outline

❑ Introduction
❑ Silicon Controlled Rectifiers
❑ Half Wave Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers
❑ Full- Wave Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
❑ Practice Problems

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 Introduction
In Controlled Rectifications, the generated DC. power is controllable and variable. They
usually use SCRs as their power switches. For fast switching operation, MOSFETs and
IGBTs are used. Here we deal with the basic operation of some examples of controlled
rectifiers starting with the simplest type which is the single phase half-wave controlled
rectifier loaded with resistive load.
The basic purpose of the SCR is to function as a switch that can turn on or off small or
large amounts of power. It performs this function with no moving parts that wear out
and no points that require replacing. There can be a tremendous power gain in the
SCR; in some units a very small triggering current is able to switch several hundred
amperes without exceeding its rated abilities. The SCR can often replace much slower
and larger mechanical switches.
The Rectifier output should be controlled for adjustable DC voltage for battery charging,
DC motor driving…

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Rectification

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Converter Classification

Semi-converter

Full Converter

Dual Converter

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Thyristor Triggering
ICs available: TCA780

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Thyristor Triggering

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 Half-wave single phase Rectifier
Maximum Output Voltage: Vm
Vdm =
π
Vdc
Normalizing Output Voltage: Vn = = 0.5(1+ cosα)
Vdm
RMS Output Voltage:

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 Half-wave single phase Rectifier
Therefore the rms value of the load
current Iorms is :

The output AC. power is given by:

To find the power factor of the circuit, the current drawn from the source
is is the same as the load current.

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 Half-wave single phase Rectifier
Resistive + Inductive Load

Average Output Voltage:

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 Half-wave single phase Rectifier
Resistive + Inductive Load
Consequently, the average value of the load current Idc is

The output DC. power is given by:

The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated as follows:

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Half-wave single phase Rectifier

Therefore, the rms value of the load current Iorms is :

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The Freewheeling Diode in 1-Φ Controlled Rectification

The freewheeling diode (FWD) is connected in the circuit across an R-L load in such a
way as to provide an alternative path for the decaying load current so that the thyristor
current is al1owed to become zero and the thyristor is allowed to turn off.

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The Freewheeling Diode in 1-Φ Controlled Rectification

During the negative half-cycle of the supply, the load current io flows
through the low resistance path provided by FWD rather than against the
negative supply voltage, so that iFWD = io , and is = 0. Hence the thyristor T is
allowed to switch off. In this part of the half-cycle, the current is driven by
the energy stored in L; it decays according to the time constant of the circuit
(R, L, and FWD), vo is very small and negative, being equal to the voltage
drop across FWD.

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The Freewheeling Diode in 1-Φ Controlled Rectification

To derive an expression for the average value of the output voltage for single-phase half-
wave controlled rectifier with R-L load and freewheeling diode, referring to the voltage
waveform shown in below Figure one can write,

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Half Wave Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Example 4-1
The single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier shown in Figure supplies a resistive load
draws an average current of 1.62 A. If the converter is operated from a 240 V, 50 Hz supply
and if the average value of the output voltage is 81V, calculate the following:
(a) The firing angle α.
(b) Load resistance .
(c)The rms load voltage.
(d) The rms load current.
(e) DC power.
(f) The ripple factor .

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Half Wave Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Solution

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Full-wave single phase Rectifier

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Full-wave single phase Rectifier

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2

𝛼+𝜋
1 2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝛼 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = cos 𝛼 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋
𝛼

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 Full-wave single phase Rectifier
They are used to convert AC. Input power supply into DC. variable output voltage
across the load. The features of poly-phase controlled rectifiers are:

✓ Operate from poly-phase AC. supply voltage.

✓ They provide higher DC output voltage and higher DC. output power.
✓ Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
✓ Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing output load voltage and load
current.

Poly-phase controlled rectifiers are classified into half-wave and full wave, three-
phase, six-phase, twelve-phase depending on the number of input phases which
indicates the number of pulses p of the output voltage waveform.

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Three-Phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier

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Three-Phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier
Case of resistive load

The average value of the load voltage wave is

The load current Idc is:

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 Three-Phase Half-wave
The poly-phase controlled Controlled
rectifiers Rectifier
Case of series resistive-inductive (R-L) load
When the load is highly inductive it tends to maintain constant output current even with
large delay angles, and the thyristor current remains rectangular as shown in Fig.3.31.
Consequently, the induced emf in the load inductor maintains current flow even when the
anode polarity has reversed. This means that energy is being returned from the magnetic
field of the inductor through the transformer to the supply, and the circuit is temporarily
acting as an inverter.
The average value of the load
voltage wave is

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 Three Phase Full-Wave Fully-Controlled Rectifier
Three-phase , full-wave converter is a fully-controlled bridge rectifier using six thyristors
connected as shown below. All the six thyristors are controlled switches which are turned
on at an appropriate time by applying suitable gate trigger signals.

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Three Phase Full-Wave Fully-Controlled Rectifier

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 Three Phase Full-Wave Fully-Controlled Rectifier
Example 4-2
A three-phase full-wave fully-controlled rectifier supply a highly inductive load with
R = 10 Ω the supply is a three-phase star-connected with 400 V rms, calculate:
(a) The load current when the firing angle α = 45°.
(b) The power drawn from the supply.

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Three Phase Full-Wave Fully-Controlled Rectifier
Solution

(a) For α = 45 °

(b) The power drawn from the source = the power dissipated at the resistance of the
load

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 Practice Problems
1. A single-phase, full-wave diode bridge is used to supply power to a resistive load of
value R = 75 Ω. If the supply voltage is sinusoidal, vs = 400 sin ωt, calculate the
average and rms values of the load current. Calculate the ripple factor for the load
current and compare this with half wave operation.
2. A single-phase supply vs = √2 240 sin ωt, 50
Hz, supplies power to an R-L through an ideal
diode as shown in the Figure.
(a) Sketch , approximately to scale for at least
two cycles , the waveforms for vs , vo and io given
that the current io conducts for 222° before it
goes zero. Neglect source impedances.
(b) Show that average value of the output
voltage is: Vo = 95.4V.

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 Practice Problems
3. A single -phase full-converter bridge circuit is feeding an RLE load and is fed from
single-phase sinusoidal a.c. supply vs = 300 sinωt , 50Hz. The load current is constant at
20 A. R = 0.25 , L = 0.2 H. Find (a) firing angle if E = 75 V, (b) firing angle if E = -75 V,
(c) input power factor in bath cases, and (d) draw output voltage waveform.
4. A three-phase, full-wave half-controlled rectifier bridge circuit is operating
at a delay angle α = 67ᵒ when supplying full power. The per-phase inductance of the
coupled transformer is 2 mH. The input voltage has an rms magnitude of 230 V per
phase at 50 Hz. The load current in the DC. side is 15 A at 200 V. It is required to:
(a) Obtain the drop in the DC. voltage due to current overlap.
(b) Calculate the rms secondary voltage of the transformer.
(c) Calculate the overlap angle.
(d) Obtain the recovery angle while the converter in operating in the inversion mode
with 15 A, 200 V DC. input.
(e) Obtain the firing angle for the conditions in (d).
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 Thank You

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