Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

University of Zulia.
Faculty of Engineering.
Chair: Graphic communication.
Teacher: Marilen Ferrer.

Dihedral projection of the point

Alejandra Nava.
CI: 26,963,345.
Section: 013.
Maracaibo, May 2018.
Index

Dihedral projection of the point

1.1. Projection of the point

1.1.1. Projection of the point with respect to the principal projection planes
(PPP)
1.1.2. Cartesian coordinates of the point
1.1.3. Location of a point relative to another point
1.2. Point positions in space
1.2.1. Point contained in a trihedron
1.2.2. Point contained in the ground line
1.2.3. Point contained in a bisector plane
1.2.4. Point contained in a projection half-plane
1.3. Projection of the point on auxiliary projection planes
 INTRODUCTION

For the interpretation of a drawing, there are different projection systems that help
to better interpret what you are thinking of drawing. It is important to know the
components that make up the drawing, in order to know if it will have appropriate
visibility.

The Dihedral System is a graphic representation system that allows us to define

elements (points, lines, planes and objects) in space and their relationship between
them, that is, it is a method of geometric representation of the elements of three-
dimensional space on a plane, that is, the reduction of the three dimensions of
space to the two dimensions of the plane, using an orthogonal projection on two
planes that intersect perpendicularly. To generate the dihedral views.
1.1.- Projection of the point.

The points can be located anywhere in space, although in this example, we will
work with a point located in the first projection quadrant, defined by the Vertical
Plane (PV) and the Horizontal Plane (PH), aided by the Profile Plane (PP), as
stated in the Projections section.

Every point has two projections that are joined by a reference line, perpendicular to
the Ground Line (GL) and intersect there.

1.1.1.- Projection of the point with respect to the main projection planes (PPP)

The two main projection planes are Horizontal and Vertical. Their intersection is
called the Ground Line.

 Horizontal Plane (HP): contains the horizontal projection or plan. It is

subdivided by the Ground Line (GL) into: Posterior Horizontal Plane
(behind) and Anterior Horizontal Plane (in front).
 Vertical Plane (PV): contains the vertical or elevation projection. It is
subdivided by the Ground Line into: Upper Vertical Plane (above) and Lower
Vertical Plane (below).

Normally, only the PH and PV planes are used, which intersect at the Ground Line
(LT) giving rise to a subdivision of the space into four dihedral angles or quadrants.
To represent the main views in the dihedral system in two dimensions (on paper), a
folding is performed, which consists of rotating, knocking down, or folding a main
plane in such a way that the Horizontal Plane (PH) overlaps the Vertical Plane
(PV).

The so-called: is also used as an auxiliary plane:

 Profile Plane (PP): contains the left (or right) lateral projection.

A point located in space is represented by its two projections (as shadows) on the
main planes: horizontal projection and vertical projection.

Determination by coordinates

A point can be determined by coordinates. The origin of this system will be the
intersection of the main planes: horizontal, vertical and profile.

 The X axis is determined by the straight intersection of the horizontal and

vertical planes, that is, on the Ground Line.
 The Y axis is determined by the straight line intersection of the horizontal
and profile planes.
 The Z axis is determined by the straight intersection of the vertical and
profile planes.

1.1.2.- Cartesian coordinates of the point.

They are a type of orthogonal coordinates used in Euclidean spaces, for the
graphic representation of a mathematical relationship (mathematical functions and
equations of analytical geometry), or of movement or position in physics,
characterized by having as reference orthogonal axes between them that meet at
the origin point. In Cartesian coordinates, the coordinates at the origin are
determined as the length of each of the orthogonal projections of a given point on
each of the axes. The term 'Cartesian' was introduced in honour of René
Descartes, who first used them formally.

1.1.3.- Location of a point relative to another point.

To locate a point (x, y) on the Cartesian plane, the origin is taken as a reference;
from there, we advance as much as indicated by the first number (the abscissa) to
the right if it is positive or to the left if it is negative, and from this new position we
advance as much as indicated by the second number (ordinate) upwards if it is
positive or downwards if it is negative.

1.2.- Point positions in space

1.2.1.- Point contained in a dihedral

POINT BELONGING TO THE FIRST QUADRANT
.
In this case, it is a point of elevation and positive distance; that is, a point located
above and in front of the horizontal and vertical projection planes, respectively.
When projecting point A onto the projection planes, the projecting rays A-Al and A-
A2 form a plane perpendicular to the ground line and consequently perpendicular
to those planes.
If we lower the PHP until it is confused with the PVP, the horizontal projection of
the point (A1) describes a quadrant of a circle with radius A1-t (distance) and
center t. A2 and A1 will belong to a perpendicular to the ground line. This line is
called the reference or correspondence line. In, A2-A1 are not orthogonal
projections of a point "A" in space.

POINT BELONGING TO THE SECOND QUADRANT.

They are points of positive elevation and negative distance. When projecting
orthogonally, the horizontal projection (B1) is located in the posterior horizontal
half-plane.
By lowering the PHP until it merges with the PV, the point projections occupy the
designated positions in the Diedric System.

POINT BELONGING TO THE THIRD QUADRANT

.
They are points of elevation and negative distance (fig.19) Projecting and lowering
on the PHP in the already known way we obtain the representation in SD

POINT BELONGING TO THE FOURTH QUADRANT.

Operating in a similar way to the previous cases, we observe that the horizontal
projection of the point is located, after the PHP is lowered, in the lower vertical
semi-plane.

1.2.2.- Point contained in the ground line

At points located on the projection planes, one of its projections will be confused
with the point. Thus in the case of points A and C that are located in the horizontal
plane, their horizontal projection is confused with the point while their vertical
projection is located on the ground line. At points B and D, its vertical projection is
confused with the point and its horizontal projection is on the ground line.
Therefore, if a point is located on the projection planes, the projection with the
opposite name to that of the plane on which it is located is located on the ground
line.

In the particular case of a point located on the ground line, because it belongs to
the two planes, it has its two projections on the ground line.

The points of the First Dihedral have a projection on each side of LT (Ground Line),
the horizontal below and the vertical above. That is, both its elevation and its flight
are positive. The points of the Second Dihedral have both projections above LT.
They have positive altitude and negative flight. The points of the Third Dihedral
have a projection on each side of the LT, the horizontal above and the vertical
below. Both elevation and flight are negative. The points of the Fourth Dihedral
have both projections below LT. They have a negative elevation and positive flight.

1.2.3.- Point contained in a bisector plane.

Since all the points on the bisector planes are equidistant from the projection
planes, their elevation and distance will be equal in absolute value.
The points belonging to the first bisector will have their projections equidistant from
the ground line, while the points belonging to the second bisector will have their
projections coinciding with one of the sides of the ground line.

1.2.4.- Point contained in a projection half-plane

POINT ON THE UPPER VERTICAL PLANE.

In the debugging, a point is in the upper vertical plane when its elevation (e') is
above LT, and its offset (e) is in LT.
* POINT IN THE POSTERIOR HORIZONTAL PLANE.
In the debugging, a point is in the posterior horizontal plane when its elevation (f')
is on the LT and its offset (f) is at the top of the debugging (above LT).

* POINT ON THE LOWER VERTICAL PLANE.

In debugging, a point is in the lower vertical plane when its elevation (g') is below
the LT, and its offset (g) is on the ground line.

* POINT ON THE PREVIOUS HORIZONTAL PLANE.

In the debugging, a point is in the above horizontal plane when its elevation (h') is
in LT, and its distance (h) is below the ground line.
1.3.- Projection of the point on auxiliary projection planes

The trihedral projection system

A trihedral system is one that allows us to represent the three dimensions of an

object on a two-dimensional plane, and is based on the dihedral system. In the
case of the trihedral system, this allows us to at least obtain a magnitude in true
size and/or shape, through the use of auxiliary views. A trihedral system represents
an object as follows:

In this system the faces of the object are projected taking as reference its sides
and points in 3 base planes that generate the 3 dimensions X, Y and Z represented
according to the following planes:

– The horizontal or floor plan (green)

– The vertical or front plane (red).

– The profile plane or side view (blue).

If we project imaginary lines from the main points of the object to each “face” of
each virtual plane we will have the following:
In this case we have a projection system called Orthogonal where the observer's
line of sight will always be perpendicular to each representation plane and to the
main surfaces of the represented object.

If we unfold or collapse the planes of the previous example we will notice that each
view of the object can be represented in two-dimensional space and therefore, can
be drawn. Each drawing of an object represented on a given plane is called a
View. We will also notice that the true size of the diagonals of the object are only
visible from the front, since in the profile we only see the “projection” of these.
In addition to the traditional representation, we can also represent the lines that we
had projected before since these will represent the distances in X, Y and Z in which
the object “floats” relative to each plane. It is also important to note that for this to
work the views must "fit" together, that is, the distances between the plan, front and
profile must be the same so that there is a correspondence between each. For this
reason, we can represent in our drawing their respective fit by means of 45° angles
placed between each projected line and the “empty” space or where the planes
open, according to the following diagram:

From this we can also represent in the profile the holes that are visible on the plan
and the front, although in this case, we cannot do it directly in that view because
they are really “not visible”, and for this reason we represent them by means of
segments since this type of lines show us hidden elements:
As can be seen in the diagrams, the great advantage of the trihedral orthogonal
projection system is that the shapes of the object can be represented correctly in
these planes without suffering deformation or distortion since they maintain their
true magnitude (in scale), proportion and shape. Each view obtained from this
method will form a plane. These can be drawn all in the same format or one per
sheet depending on the scale, although for objects that are not too large they
should all be drawn on the same sheet.

We can do the same for the remaining faces of the object which will give us a total
of 6 views, since this system is based on the inscription of an object within a virtual
cube which obviously has 6 faces.

Conclusion
Through this research we can confirm that the dihedral system can be considered
as an immediate application of descriptive geometry and therefore a fundamental
tool for the graphic expression of the representation of a point from a three-
dimensional space in a two-dimensional plane using the corresponding techniques.

Likewise, their knowledge in the academic field contributes to the development of

spatial vision and the approach to a graphic communication system.

Such that it helps us express and communicate ideas and technical solutions,
using the necessary graphic resources.