States of matter - II

Dr. Sam Annie Jeyachristy

Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine
 Learning outcomes

At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to

• Explain the properties of liquids
• Explain the fixed shape of a solids
• Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids
• Compare the properties of solid with liquid and gas
Properties of MATTERS

Diffusion
Surface
Viscosity Tension

Compressiblity

Volume &
Shape
 Liquid
Volume & shape
• Has a definite volume but not a definite shape
• Particles arranges closely, the intermolecular forces
not strong enough to hold the particles firmly in
place thus, a liquid flows to fith the shape of its
container
 Compressibility

Particles are packed closely have very little

empty space thus, difficult to compress
 Viscosity

• Definition : resistance of liquid to flow

• The greater a liquid’s

viscosity, the more
slowly it flows

• Viscosity decreases as
temperature increases
Viscosity depends on :

The size of the

molecules
Stronger
increase, more
intermolecular
resistance to the
attractive forces,
flow, Therefore,
more viscous
the liquid is
more viscous.
 Surface tension

• Define : The amount of energy required to stretch

the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
• Molecules on surface are pulled downward &
sideways from the neighbouring molecules but not
upward away from the surface.
Surface tension
 Diffusion

The diffusion rate of a liquid is much less than

gases due to:
Molecules are closely packed & lower kinetic
energy because stronger intermolecular attractive
forces between the molecules compared to gases.
Diffusion
 Solid
Shape
• Particles are arranged closely together
• Particles can only vibrate and rotate about fixed
position
• Rigid arrangement
• Cannot move freely
• Has definite shape and volume
• Has strong forces between the particles
• Has high densities
• Are incompressible
 TYPES OF SOLID

CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS
SOLID SOLID

❑ Atoms, ions or ❑ Solid whose particles

molecules are in regular in random
arrangements arrangement
❑ Sharp and high melting ❑ Melting point may be
point varied
❑ Occupy specific position ❑ Ex: Glass,Plastic
❑ Ex: Ice, sugar , salt Material, Charcoal
TYPES OF SOLID
Phase Diagram
• illustrate the variations between the states of matter of elements
or compounds as they relate to pressure and temperatures.
• Triple point – the point on a phase diagram at which the three
states of matter: gas, liquid, and solid coexist
• Critical point – the point on a phase diagram at which the
substance is indistinguishable between liquid and gaseous states
• Fusion(melting) (or freezing) curve – the curve on a phase diagram
which represents the transition between liquid and solid states
• Vaporization (or condensation) curve – the curve on a phase
diagram which represents the transition between gaseous and
liquid states
• Sublimation (or deposition) curve – the curve on a phase diagram
which represents the transition between gaseous and solid states
• Phase diagrams plot pressure (typically in atmospheres)
versus temperature (typically in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
• The labels on the graph represent the stable states of a
system in equilibrium.
• The lines represent the combinations of pressures and
temperatures at which two phases can exist in equilibrium.
(lines define phase change points).
• The red line divides the solid and gas phases, represents
sublimation (solid to gas) and deposition (gas to solid).
• The green line divides the solid and liquid phases and
represents melting (solid to liquid) and freezing (liquid to
solid).
• The blue divides the liquid and gas phases, represents
vaporization (liquid to gas) and condensation (gas to liquid).
• There are also two important points on the diagram, the triple
point and the critical point.
• The triple point represents the combination of pressure and
temperature that facilitates all phases of matter at equilibrium.
• The critical point terminates the liquid/gas phase line and relates
to the critical pressure, the pressure above which a supercritical
fluid forms.
• With most substances, the temperature and pressure related to
the triple point lie below standard temperature and pressure and
the pressure for the critical point lies above standard pressure.
• Therefore, at standard pressure as temperature increases, most
substances change from solid to liquid to gas, and at standard
temperature as pressure increases, most substances change from
gas to liquid to solid.
 Water
Exception

• Normally the solid/liquid phase line slopes positively to the right

(as for carbon dioxide).
• However, for other substances, notably water, the line slopes to
the left (as for water) indicates that the liquid phase is denser
than the solid phase.
• This phenomenon is caused by the crystal structure of the solid
phase.
• In the solid forms of water and some other substances, the
molecules crystallize in a lattice with greater average space
between molecules, thus resulting in a solid with a lower density
than the liquid.
• Because of this phenomenon, one can melt ice simply by
applying pressure and not by adding heat.
Phase diagram of CO2 Phase diagram of H2O
 Moving about the diagram

• Moving about the phase diagram reveals information about

the phases of matter.
• Moving along a constant temperature line reveals relative
densities of the phases.
• When moving from the bottom of the diagram to the top,
the relative density increases.
• Moving along a constant pressure line reveals relative
energies of the phases.
• When moving from the left of the diagram to the right, the
relative energies increases.