2/00 g l 2 0 2 4

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UNIT-1
CHAPTER-1: Descaipton of Data
aHe the megsuements obseuations
that ae collected as souTceoînyamations.
hee d£fenent types o
dato and diffeent ways 'to zepiesent data

9 he countes whee people wee boani

2umben
3. calls geceived hy emegeny
senices each b day
a. The value oy sels a apeiculan pzoduct
the exanmples
letc. aHe he t cata.
Dta is buoady classt;led inta 2 types
Qualtative Quantitatiie
Categonícal)
Nomipal Ondina DiscHete Continuos

Qualtaiys dala (Categozica)’

eyens o the înyormation about the
auallHes
quaites the nyozrnation
chana dealsts oz the
bat cant be mnedsuaed
rtestual in
LTt isusually desciptiue
naue
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EEye calo type of cax, haresty, beaut tny Saallest

oallestsubset o MeaSUDement
Sntellgon ce , occupaton ozros he samples
(isslated)
louanttatue Data ((Numerfca)’s Logicaly Related)
I js used to deine inyoomaon tha can be 1Disctete Vaiable ’ p a vatiable OSSsme

Counte d ody pinite issalated ualues ax aoast caunlabla

Pge beight, weght, salay Speed ,
E discnceetc initenumbe aes then ît is called
to be ischete
Ex Nimbet o sudent h a class

Quantitative phenomeng undet study ane -2 2

hype phenomena ’ stezual)

1Discete 27Conttauous Vatiable ’ Tf a vaiable qssumn
2Conpuous anypossible vaue o 9atetual nteqa
uaue] then the
Vatcable ’ Gnditdy
s a wbich can Uatiable is sald to be coatinuous
to anotbes t.I
caled a Variable fvaiate
Eg) Body tempexatue is a uaxiablewbich
also t vaies tor odiyisua to Sndisua
a pesticula ime io d9£fetent places
A yatiable is measured oD an
data
obËect under considetation 5 called the
expetinental unit o unit
The colle
the data&sese ofal measunemess
he ttam
inteaests measuemen
in the giire teuety expeirnenta unit
connecto the populah
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* Methods far oalecting data ’

Categpalcal Waxiable types
(lit lagically ondened) 2iroaty Data
categomica vaiahle
pot able to be Suve
wbich can take a value e pensonal inuesigatian
oganized in q logical zence
Ex ’ Type s bussiness aye color, d.Expesinnentations
Deligeon biand2all pa ete Questionadg etc
Clagicady ddexed)
2Ozdina Janiable ’ s aa calegozical vaiabl Secoadaxy Dta
obich can take a value tat canbe Tatenal Secondaxy Data
laggically oxdoned b.Exfenal
Exåcademic gades sizeatitude Tstestal Seconday Data ’ çan he callected
Oganizaan
tRall No Jeasay Ex’ Sales analyis , Inuoice anaysis
bomiaal vatiable
ate
example taanspoatatlo dat
IHpes sousce of
b.Extesnal Seconday Dala ’outside
s desued frans
1Pimay data the daa colleced (geneaed EPeent ouaces e
by e nuesigator bimself for fnding the
Sol
Organization
pimay det ’libtosies, Litenotune pezigcic s
3Secondaty data’ when adaa, ubih
leatieseqted bu. was
isby"used
Some aegeatche o
onganizalons,
tor he siilat
Sn cuanent aeeasth
pzpose
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RepteSentation of data ’ Ths fneg. dishib s called ungHauped oleq

dstgb
The numeical ndiags oySud This faeq. distib pettctlanly tohen
hould be pHesented in such a systemaica) data gs latge can be candensed aeduced)
manne So that an ohsenuet vestigaox/ ayfom o theygauped distzih.
eSe atches s lo positon to gasp (ündensare fllauing Whereret Requbed
he essencia) chatacteislics data Comnulat
The dala can be zeptesénled nuneilcallg Salay
Cclass (Freg)
Ho aphically Yn vaious ways.
Gome Comman
tabula and graphical 40- 44 5 5
ga ag peenting the daa ate uen (4 (s)
belo 3(H1g)
48-32 22
45 (3s+9)
distaibution 52 56a
JTsqient Exclusile)
h comm on poib fhee

Onqiouped Data is setof obsenvatian ox

3
daa , suopmerized measurement that ate nol ddaNged into
by distbtlng t nta
aRt ther fequencies
-cabyonies also
specifie
called
catagazies.
Stating alay 590of isa gadunte studeats s QF mastot gur eal
witten below Grouped Data
ifestuation data s s0 largo tht tomak
52 54 55
meaingt stuay datat peeds to be
n. tousand) condensed as a gaouped
So ue convet agouped data gnta
3
3 4 55 78 2
gzioupeddata
For tbe atonauped dala ydlauing
steps mqybe
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Dats
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datq
Ddesoine the Hangk of he 4)Dsing he size a heSuae
inteua setup the
Value class litnfts nakig that themin
Range max. pumbets occuiN in fhe data ate
classes 9nt 9incuded fo some class Soteva
2Decide upan the no o goups
uhich the SThe obseaan Cazzespondlop to the ommon
point 2 clasSes
ules for tis
the expeitnenlo detemined Ex The fallowing ate the emegncy
ttis pumbey Howewey this numbe oF chs DupRes
chat4es in hundeds apP made to a
sooud nat be less than 5 oze thos Sample a o patients
Aistaibution table
cty hosplal
class QccuTd çy is ow
Computaton beconss 24 34
22
56 22 2g
tRdious (dljeut) 24
38
29
29
33 3g
be used to find 22 t20 29 35
Situngds
DO.
foamala sg
classes (h) 20 35
22
2)

k= 1+ 3.322 |Stepi Range = 56 - 20

G obsenvaion:
Step-2- k-4+ 3.322 laq, 30
Rangs =5.98S
k k6

- Max. Val- mn Va Step 3 width Ranga

k
 Date
Page, Measwre o centd Tenducy classste
Dcte

Ly deseibk nOne value Poge

Class gMean (or daitbmetic mean)

Class
20-25 9
0-26
26-3
sat datai then
26-32
32-3 L
32-38 9
38- 43 Ungaouped data : Mean = Z Ei
38-44 3
44-5O
50-5 So -55 Mean 2i:
Gcclusiue (lasse)
CToclusiue
Classes
wbee
sl9l207
b)Median is he centaa) yaye Of the vasiahí<
uhich diides the data Inta equal pats
Measune of disciption ’
I, this Sedion
when aanged ia ascending o de scending
we davelop ode
to descibe the dat set hese e The mdian is tus the positioral aueNAg.
nedsues Can ptoide a gxeat deak
aloout the set obseuahons unde considesai heian is oblained
4Measubes Bf Centoah Aendancg (Arenages) Ungouped data
Ihese ade the tha ade
meagIes used
the cental lacaton )9£ n is odd he
2
data the epesentaties place.
f the enize
distaibtion
he caarnahly 2 centaal
used meaSuzes arte
Valuen th
posstion în such cases
a) Mean(Atbmac Mea) 2 \2
b)Meadian
de tbe noedian 2s. auotoge o (nplace uale
hplace val
 than cunlative Dcte
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Dahe
> than
moe

BGoupded Data
’ loweH Hoit d the modalclass
Median Lt 2 Modalelass 9s the class cDespn
-dig to the maximnm faeauency-
linit hoedian cass nequerncy a tthe modal cla
lowe
whese mediah class is itet
mulotive
chssurabet just Z, 2N in the c Aotequent the
1
st peceding the
distibutioo poodalclass
C’isless than cuulae froeg fa ’feq a the jugt dollouing the
just pxeceding (httore) the media mota cláss
class 5 23
h width median class
fo fif2
fQdinany atehe astin bload
Mode 5 the value which occuTS lo chilen the data
mast fxequenty n a obseuations
can be S6 fiad mead meadian,ode
data Mode
obtained by Meaf Giuea tdata can beigewaittea.
Dggouped data 56 , 62, 63 s 65,65, 6sa6568 , 70a T2
Mode ’ Mast paepeated value Medn 56 +62 63t 65+6S+ 65 t65+ 68+ 70+7|
R) Gaoiped daa 65- 1
|ModeLtfto
l2fi-fo-fe
S
 Data
2?/gl24
Page, eJasSHate
Date.
Paqe

obs. 2Gtandand deuiation ’ Vanience

Median (s.D).

5:5h obs Caeticlent a uaHi atioa c)

G5+6S =65 S.D
meQn
|Made = Mast feq appeated obs
*|Goaphical Reptesentation
dspexizon ’ Gaouped fueg distaibation can be
Measuae oepsesented gaphically hy hlslagdm ,txenuens
fallowiag aHe the commay used pauaon tequency icuzue cummulave atquena
dispottion Qeees!
ous(Ogiues)
Range Hsogam t consiss
9aence ODe ueH each ass Patekya)on baziznnta
Staodand deviaharn Gcale i

egSagy gbup
ARange lasgast value -Smallest vaue Cclass)
O5
Smallest chseations
49-52 22
oVaience 52-56
Total 50r
n
OR.
g2 =22 2
fo
he histogam fa thisoup data is
e shog belaw
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25
faequency Blugon ’ of the gouped seg
Lanacisibtion 5 ohtained bu oioing hepoints
Fequeng bsicwbose gbsuSSag ate the midpaintsie. das
nasts cy the classes and the oadinants at
lot the oaespanding Feuency by medns
stzaightThis
ccn be obtaioed foam abistagsam
4joing fhe midpoink a the uppst sides
by jeing
52
aacenl Jeclageontal
lines he points on the acceSs
the mdpaints of the ioteals ornedigtely
edine Cbefone) dnd fromediate)a allouing
the otetals thot contain obseHuatiops
+HistogzH am can be used tom nding Mode
Saaw te made dentity the alegt e
elt the othen ta he ight the taest
by neahs Snaight ine
these 2-getangla
these linet
stece ct af aa paint. faom this point s tolygen
Yntestcectian diaw
bogizonta accesS pespendicdat line
ine i Vadue ah this painton the hozizon
acess 95 the value mode
+fom aboue hst., Mode 50
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Cuve
Jfsequens the class Sote als Srll
cah be ahpteixmakd *Skewness lack
medns mehyhe hen he
widh, the feq poyaon distai bution is ymeic Or D n
smooth eq cUzle, obtainedcb. flequencies yeticaly diibed hy
a cuWe
awng a smgth fee-hand aboye redn
he wentices a the teq polyga, Maiy dtaset which dhis iSnatSaid
mmeic ahout its e to be
skewed
Skewness indicates wbethe the curve is
tuned moe to one side than to othen that
whethey thecuve has c lohgt tail on
one side
Skewness cdo be tve l-veSkuness is
tv e the tale the diributon lies ta
be langa nggotveve if it lies towods

Mean = Median Made

Gymmeti)

mean nedian (mode Medn edra mode

(-v sñewed) (Ne shexdy
 CIASSALe
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Date

LEg. 9 List deSCHibe diteent type ae Agandorm sample wey taken o thickvess
valabe used in llecting gnglation in tzangyoamoe cwinding and
we need mea Suze o Cental tendu
spensi on Discuss suithble example
the ituatton whete 29432 37
0Aentity mean
np mode
32
Dxaw hislogam o this
Classit the tallauingyaniahles data
Locate mode
Doly houos exeDcise ’ eontinuog OCalewate mean a Oe dian mode Go PktaieA
Nomminal yaiantion
in Blood peSSuze
albougt he geicy e deta
Coninuous
min l
)Dailay calogisinake ’ Costinusus \m ox -Min a57-3 =3
Range
speois injuaies In yeanDiseete
foamtla
)Seneih illne ss ’ ondinal
k1t3.329 lag
Size
dothing yjidit Rarze 39
k
v) Subts pas ed in =1t3.322 logo 5.5

k
 Date
AAe classnate
Page
Date

Less ton cummlaon MCF-rq Page

dlass L.C.P Mid Valuey r)fx

84
60 135
56 9
24-30 330
30-36
36 -42 25
B6 -42 53 lo5
S3 56
Z8-54 228
54- 5o
(de;oult)
dztauing
60 Aess

25

36

tS
Matian
5
2430
class ntew
30 36 42 4 54 6o
forr less thot
Mode391 Mane fhan
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Ceficieat yaniatop
84 |35

Mea 365.

-lul + (](2) + (o)(3+ (25) (39)2+ (g) (4s) +

60 36 hedian class 36- 4n
F-
59.86.
-!

36+

38.6C
tue shelsied
Mode mean median mode
2f-forf Skewew mead <aidiane måR
Since maxt Value=25 Baesmodal das Mean t Median Mode

Data is not summeai c

36 4 Mean <Median
3| Datd isye tewed
 clAssmate.
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Paça Date
Page

4 medianmode vaance
caleulate 22
Heoegicient a Vaniations Median
5-7 §-l0 tl-l3
class 2-4
3 6 2 Median

t Giundata i s_ a gioupeddeta Mode L f -fo

2£-faf
tic
Cuinlatve f(CF)
C ateual Midéx)
3 omdinanyg
3o
81
12 23
30 25 8+9g -5
18-5-6
Fo gouped dota mode
g + 30+ 81+72+ 3o
25

Meanz 8.88

Median|+-,h
25 E(38.88) 3 + (6- 8-885)+ (g-8.8)-9 +
2 (12-8-98} ×6 + ((s- 8)

Te c.just eateu than Wa2.5is 7

CoTTeaponding dabs
210is the median_das
Vaalance
 clAssMAte
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Page

Vani aions- loo 5+ 48t 65+ 49 + 45+ uy

Coetticien 5+ (6+ (37+St4
-3-33
8-99
2+ 2l + 60 + (33 +8 (+ 4
3) lives two aodels
4aund belsu. Whatis the 83 81+ 44+13 3
ife these mo dels 2t7* 12+19+g+|
avesas
Dhich model show s moe

Life o-22-4 4-6 8-lolo -12

5
Mode) 5 13
MadelB
std.dev
is less then it is mgae
unigomed
Ans) mean for A2'0 Mid value
Lfe
O.-2 5 2

16 73 48 21 5.21
13 5 65 6o
6
6-8 7849 33
5 9J 4S
J0-(2.
44
So 256 3og

Model shows Unigomity.

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Hopital 2
93235630 272L
S33 24 4g 22, 4
23

22 2 4o32
23a 3529,2423

Ansy Aospital 1 ’ Hospital9

ne 30 oio 20, max =56 h230nin=20 max 5

=S6-20 =B6-2o
bnge 36
class = +3.322
tollauing aÀe the emtgeng 20oho chaxa
Cin hundteds o Rs) made to d
Go patiehts t tuog eity hospitals. Width =Rang 36 - 6
these uvo data sds grophically Wha daes a Class Iatezava.Hosp 1 Hop 2 Cf. Hi CF. Ha midvalues
compatison o tuo display siggst egadl
tbe two hospitals Descite he tuwo`esq 20-26 12 23
data Symetay skewness 26-32 29
32-3 8 3 20 21 35
Hofpital -1’ 38- t 23 26
2
Pespttat 20 2 345S,2229 So-56 3 2 30
31438 4 2822 4u,4l
430439439uS
924 20, 2835 Meao =2ixi (3a3)+x29) +(Av35) +(3u)+ (usc7) +r5)
225y 30
S220 i uG35 622
Mean Ht
zAxi2;33)+ (6x23) +(sr35) +(Sxu)+(2x4r)(7:53)
MeanH 30

obe lean Hz - 32.

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in)Median Lt - h N 30l5 eclian

2 2
Coss
hedianH
Median H
L=26 N= 30
(t5- 2),6
265-
Median H,
fi -fo
29s
iià Mod e ’ l t
nf -fo-f
Foa H, t 2 6 f £ 6 2 2 y f o l2 hs
26469 38 25.
2(6)- 2-3

26
2(-g-y
Hequencg His togam

2 26 32 36 62