Purposive Communication 9.

Keith Davis – The purpose of passing

COMMUNICATION information and understanding between two
1. Communication is a process by which we persons… without the bridge of communication
assign and convey meaning in an attempt to no one can cross the river of understanding.
create shared understanding.
10. In our everyday living, for a communication
This process requires a vast repertoire of skills: to be effectively transmitted, elements of
Intrapersonal and interpersonal processing communication must be present and these
 Listening include
 Observing
 Speaking 11. a) Speaker, b) Message, c) Receiver, d)
 Questioning Channel, e) Feedback, and f) Communicative
 Analyzing Situation.
 Evaluating
Types of Communication According to Mode
2. It can be seen as processes of information A message may be impart through these types;
transmission governed by three levels of  Verbal
semiotic rules:  Non-verbal
 Syntactic  Visual
 Pragmatic
 Semantic VERBAL
 (Linguistics) The process of sending and
3. The Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary receiving messages with words, including
defines communication, as the act of passing writing and sign language.
news, information…, the act of sharing or  It refers to the form of communication in
exchanging thoughts, ideas, feelings with others which message is transmitted verbally.
or with a group; the act of participating with or  Communication is done by word of mouth
sharing in common, the ―we-belong-to-same- and a piece of writing.
feeling‖ as in communication with… or the act
of thinking about oneself. VERBAL COMMUNICATION: ORAL

4. Communication is derived from the Latin  Spoken words are used

word “communis”,‘which means, “Belonging to  It includes face-to-face conversations,
many” or “equally” and “communico” which speech, telephonic conversation, video,
mean to confer with others. It is the mutual radio, television, voice over internet.
exchange of information, ideas, and  Communication is influenced by pitch,
understanding by any effective means volume, speed and clarity of speaking.
(Ballesterros, 2003).
VERBAL COMMUNICATION: ORAL-
5. Communication refers to the process of ADVANTAGES
human beings responding to the symbolic
behavior of other persons (Adler and Rodman,  It brings quick feedback.
1997).  In a face-to-face conversation, by reading
 COMMUNICATION IS HUMAN. facial expression and body language one
 COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS. can guess whether he/she should trust
 COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC. what‘s being said or not.
 It saves time in communication.
6.Allen Louis – Communication is the sum of all  It provides complete understanding of
things (telling, listening and understanding). It is communication delivered and there is
a systematic activity under any given chance to make it clearer in case of doubts
circumstances. in interpretation of words or ideas.
 It is more reliable method of
7. Henry Kuntz – Communication is the communication.
transferring of information from one person to
another whether or not he/she elicits that
confidence.

8. George Terry – Communication is the

exchange of ideals, feelings, and emotions
between two or more persons.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION: ORAL- concerned. So the decision maker cannot
DISADVANTAGES take decisions quickly.

 It has issues when communicating with NONVERBAL

distant people.
 It is difficult for certain people to  Nonverbal communication is the sending or
understand speech due to various speech receiving of wordless messages. Such
tones used in verbal communication. gesture, body language, posture, tone of
 This form of communication is not suitable voice or facial expressions is called
for lengthy message. nonverbal communication.
 There is chance of leak of secret
information with the help of modern  It is all about the body language of speaker
devices such as polygraph or lie detector.
Often secret information can be obtained It has three elements:
while the person is under the influence of
alcohol. 1. Appearance (speaker) - Clothing, hairstyle,
neatness, use of cosmetics; Appearance
VERBAL COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN (surrounding) – room size, lighting, decorations,
furnishings
 In written communication, written signs or 2. Body language - facial expressions, gestures,
symbols are used to communicate. postures
 In written communication message can be 3. Sounds - voice tone, volume, speech rate
transmitted via email, letter, report, memo
etc. VISUAL
 Written communication is most common
form of communication being used in  Visual communication, on the other hand,
business. is the type of communication that uses
visuals to convey information and/or
VERBAL COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN messages. Some examples are signs,
ADVANTAGE symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or
 Messages can be edited and revised illustrations, and even various forms of
 Written communication provide record and electronic communication.
backup.  Visual communication now occupies an
 A written communication enables receiver important place in any work environment.
to fully understand it and send appropriate
feedback Types of Communication According to
 Easy to preserve. Context

VERBAL COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN This sub-section, context in communication is

DISADVANTAGE referred to as composite of people interacting
with each other. Communication may also be
 Expensive: Written communication is classified according to context:
comparatively expensive. For this
communication paper, pen, ink, typewriter, (1) Intrapersonal
computer and a large number of employees (2) interpersonal
are needed.
 Time consuming: Written communication INTRAPERSONAL
takes time to communicate with others. It is  The Latin prefixes intra-means within or
a time consuming media. It costs the inside. Intrapersonal communication then
valuable time of both the writer and the means talking to oneself. Some label it as
reader. self or inner talk, inner dialogue.
 Delay in response: It takes much time to Psychologists call it with other names such
get a response from the message receiver; as self-verbalization or self-statement.
prompt response is not possible in case of  Intrapersonal communication can be
written communication that is possible in defined also as communication with one’s
oral communication. self, and that may include self-talk, acts of
 Delay in decision making: Written imagination and visualization, and even
communication takes much time to recall and memory (McLean, 2005).
communicate with all the parties
INTERPERSONAL 4. Noise
-Noise interrupts a message while it‘s on the
 Interpersonal communication can be way from the sender to the receiver. It‘s named
defined as communication between two after the idea that ‗noise‘ could interrupt our
people, but the definition fails to capture understanding of a message. There are two types
the essence of a relationship. The of noise: internal and external.
developmental view of interpersonal
communication places emphasis on the  Internal noise happens when a sender
relationship rather than the size of the makes a mistake encoding a message or a
audience, and draws a distinction between receiver makes a mistake decoding the
impersonal and personal interactions. message.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION  External noise happens when something

1. SPEAKER/ SENDER external (not in the control of sender or
2. MESSAGE receiver) impedes the message.
3. CHANNEL OR MEDIUM
4. RECEIVER OR LISTENER 5. Decoder
5. FEEDBACK - Decoding is the exact opposite of encoding.
6. NOISE Shannon and Weaver made this model in
7. SITUATION or CONTEXT reference to communication that happens
through devices like telephones. So, in this
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS model, there usually needs to be a device that
decodes a message from binary digits or waves
I. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION back into a format that can be understood by the
MODEL (1) receiver.

This model is more focused on public speaking 6. Receiver (Destination)

than interpersonal communication. -The receiver is the end-point of Shannon and
Weaver‘s original linear framework. This is the
This process involves four steps: step where the person finally gets the message,
or what‘s left of it after accounting for noise.
1. A Speaker discovers some logical, emotional
and ethical proofs; 7. Feedback
2. He arranges these materials strategically; - Feedback occurs when the receiver of the
3. He clothes the ideas in clear, compelling message responds to the sender in order to close
words; and the communication loop. They might respond to
4. He delivers the resulting speech let the sender know they got the message or to
appropriately. show the sender:
Whether they got the message clearly without
2. SHANNON’S MODEL noise
3. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL How well they understand the message

1. Sender (Information Source) 4. BERLOS’ SMCR MODEL

-The model starts with the sender. They are the
person (or object, or thing) who has the PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
information to begin with (the ‗information 1. Principle of Clarity
source‘). 2. Principle of Attention
3. Principle of Feedback
2. Encoder (Transmitter) 4. Principle of Informality
- The encoder is the machine (or person) that 5. Principle of Consistency
converts the idea into signals that can be sent 6. Principle of Timeliness
from the sender to the receiver. 7. Principle of Adequacy

3. Channel
The channel of communication is the
infrastructure that gets information from the
sender and transmitter through to the decoder
and receiver.
1. Principle of Clarity
The idea or message to be communicated should ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF
be clearly spelt out. It should be worded in such COMMUNICATION
a way that the receiver understands the same
thing which the sender wants to convey.  Completeness
 Concreteness
2. Principle of Attention  Courtesy.
In order to make communication effective, the  Correctness
receiver‘s attention should be drawn towards  Clarity
message. People are different in behavior,  Consideration
attention, emotions etc. so they may respond  Conciseness
differently to the message.

3. Principle of Feedback
The principle of feedback is very important to
make the communication effective. There should
be feedback information from the recipient to
know whether he has understood the message in
the same sense in which the sender has meant it.

4. Principle of Informality:
Formal communication is generally used for
transmitting messages and other information.
Sometimes formal communication may not
achieve the desired results, informal
communication may prove effective in such
situations. Management should use informal
communication for assessing the reaction of
employees towards various policies. Senior
management may informally convey certain
decisions to the employees for getting their
feedback. So this principle states that informal
communication is as important as formal
communication.

5. Principle of Consistency
This principle states that communication should
always be consistent with the policies, plans,
programs and objectives of the organization and
not in conflict with them.

6. Principle of Timeliness
This principle states that communication should
be done at proper time so that it helps in
implementing plans. Any delay in
communication may not serve any purpose
rather decisions become of historical importance
only.

7. Principle of Adequacy
The information communicated should be
adequate and complete in all respects.
Inadequate information may delay action and
create confusion. Inadequate information also
affects efficiency of the receiver; so adequate
information is essential for taking proper
decisions and making action plans.