PM SHRI KENDRIYA

VIDYALAYA ITBP

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATOR
Y PROJECT
SESSION:2024-2025

Submitted by: Harsh Kumar

Submitted to: Ms. Prachi Joshi
 INDEX

 CERTIFICATE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION

 THEORY

 ACTIVITY

o AIM

o APPARATUS

o PROCEDURE

o RESULT

 STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

 CONCLUSION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HARSH KUMAR of class

12th Section A has Worked on the Physics Project
entitled “To investigate the relation between the
ratio of (i) Input and output voltage, (ii)Number of
turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self-made transformer”. He has put on his
sincere efforts to collect the reading materials and
has devoted sufficient periods of Practical
laboratory work to complete this project. This
project may be considered as Practical fulfilment
of the requirements for the Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE) curriculum.

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE:

PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T

I HARSH KUMAR of Class 12th Section A of PM

SHRI KV ITBP, DEHRADUN, would like to
express my sincere gratitude to our respected
Principal MR. SANJAY for encouragement and
help from time to time during my tenure as a
student of class 12th Section A.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude

towards my physics teacher MS. PRACHI JOSHI
for helping me in completing the project by useful
ideas and guidelines. I thank her for encouraging
me throughout and helping in all possible ways.

I also thank my parents and friends for their vital

support and also for encouragement and
motivation given to me for the completion of the
project.
 INTRODUCTION
The Transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the
principle of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil. A transformer is an electrical
device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit. As
such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weighs only a few tens of grams whereas in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundreds of tones.
 THEORY

When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the

primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The alternating current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as
well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is
also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff
the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt

(1) and
Es = -Ns dф/dt (2)
 Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so bydividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp
is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on
transformation ratio.
 ACTIVITY
 AIM
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
Iron Rod
Copper Wire
Hot Wire Ammeter
Hot Wire Voltmeter

 PROCEDURE
o Take thick iron rod and cover it with a
thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.

o Cover the primary coil with a sheet of

paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step-down transformer.

o Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure

the input voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through s1and s2.
 o Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and
again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of
step-up transformer.

o Repeat all steps for other self-made

transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.

 RESULT
o In the step-up transformer, the output
voltage was observed to be higher than the
input voltage due to a greater number of
turns in the secondary coil compared to the
primary.
o In the step-down transformer, the output
voltage was lower than the input voltage,
corresponding to fewer turns in the
secondary coil.
 STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
WORKING:
In a step-down transformer, secondary winding
than in the primary winding in the step
transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in the
secondary transformer is greater than the one
supplied across the primary winding. Because of
the principle transformer converts low voltage,
high low current. In other words, the voltage has
been stepped up. You can find step-up
transformers located near power plants that are
designed to operate megawatt power plants, step-
up transformers can also be used for local and
smaller applications such as x about 50,000 volts
to work. Even a micro small step-up transformer
to operate. Transformer, There are many turns on
the secondary winding than in the primary
winding in the step transformers. Thus, the
voltage supplied in the secondary transformer is
greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation
of energy, the transformer converts low voltage,
high-current to high voltage low current. In other
words, the voltage has been stepped up
transformers located near power plants that are
designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart
from the up transformers can also be used for
local and smaller applications such as x-ray
machine which requires about 50,000 volts to
work. Even micro-wave oven requires a up
transformer to operate.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
WORKING:
In a step-down transformer is one who secondary
windings are fewer than the primary windings. In other
words, the transformer’s secondary voltage is less than
the primary voltage. A common case of step-down
application is in the case of doorbells. Normally,
doorbells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s
step transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it
to lower voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.
Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the
220-volt electricity to the 110 volts re down
transformer is one who secondary windings are fewer
than the primary windings. In other words, the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the
primary voltage. So, the transformer is designed to
convert hi current power into a low-voltage, high
current power and it is mainly used in domestic
consumption. Down application is in the case of
doorbells. Normally, doorbells use 16 volts, but most
household power 120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s
step transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it
to lower voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.
down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220
volts electricity to the 110 volts required in most
domestic equipment down transformer is one who
secondary windings are fewer than the primary
windings. In other words, the transformer’s secondary
voltage is less than the primary voltage. So, the
transformer is designed to convert high-voltage,
voltage, high current power and it down application is
in the case of doorbells. Normally, doorbells use 16
volts, but most household power 120 volts. Therefore,
the doorbell’s step-down transformer receives the 110
volts and reduces it to lower down transformers are
mostly used to convert the 220 volts required in most
domestic equipment.
 CONCLUSION
The investigatory project successfully
demonstrates the relationship between:

1. The ratio of input voltage to output voltage.

2. The ratio of the number of turns in the

primary and secondary coils of a transformer.

The experimental results confirm the theoretical

principles of transformers, including the step-up
and step-down processes. The data validate the
transformer equation:

ES/EP=NS/NP

Where:

 Es and Ep represent the output

(secondary) and input (primary) voltage,
respectively.

 Ns and Np denote the number of turns in the

secondary and primary windings.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 Physics NCERT
 HC VERMA (physics textbook)
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.electrical4u.com