LESSON 3 Layered architecture

Chifundo Polska Mlangeni

[email protected]
 Protocol Architecture
• It is a layered structure of H/W and S/W that
supports exchange of data b/w systems
• It supports distributed applications(E-Mail,
File Transfer)
• Each layer of protocol architecture provides
some set of rules
• There are 2 widely used protocol
architecture
✓TCP/IPArchitecture
✓OSI Model
 Protocol
• Protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communication
• It represents what is communicated, when it is
communicated and how it is communicated.
• There are 3 key elements
✓Syntax
✓Semantics
✓Timing
 Syntax
• It represents structure, Format of data the
order in which it is presented
Data may contain:
• First 8 bit -> Sender Address
• Second 8 bit -> Receiver Address
• Remaining bits-> message stream
 SEMANTICS

• It refers the meaning of each section of bit

TIMING

• It refers when data sent and how fast it is sent

(Says Characteristics)
• Ex:100Mbps
• It provides model for the development of
product regardless of individual manufacturer
• It falls in 2 categories
 De Facto standard

• Not officially adopted but used widespread

• It has 2 categories
• Proprietary->Wholly owned by company
• Non-Proprietary->Group or communiy
developed for public
 De Jure Standard
• A Standard Legislated by an officially
recognized body

Standard Organizations:
• International Standard Organization
• ANSI
• IEEE
 The OSI Model
• An ISO (International standard Organization) that
covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
• An open system is a model that allows any two
different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture (hardware or software).
• The OSI model is not a protocol; it is model for
understanding and designing a network architecture
that is flexible, robust and interoperable.
• The OSI model is a layered framework for the
design of network systems that allows for
communication across all types of computer
systems.
• The OSI model is built of seven ordered layers:
• (Layer 1) Physical layer
• (Layer 2) Data link layer
• (Layer 3) Network layer
• (Layer 4) Transport layer
• (Layer 5) Session layer
• (Layer 6) Presentation layer
• (Layer 7) Application layer
 Peer-to-Peer Process
• Within a single machine, each layer calls upon services of
the layer just below it.
• Layer 3, for example, uses the services provided by layer
2 and provides services for layer 4.
• Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates
with layer x on another machine, by using a protocol (this
is Peer-to-Peer Process).
• Communication between machines is therefore a peer-to-
peer process using protocols appropriate to a given layer.
 Interfaces between Layers
• There is an interface between each pair of
adjacent layers. This interface defines what
information and services a layer must provide
for the layer above it.
An exchange using the OSI model
 Functions of Layers
1. Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for transmitting
individual bits from one node to the next.
 Physical layer
The physical layer is concerned with the following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media:
It define the type of transmission media
• Representation of the bits: the physical layer data
consist of a stream of bits(0,1). The transmitted
bits must be encoded into signals – electrical or
optical. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding.
• Data rate: The physical layer defines the
transmission rate, the number of bits sent each second.
 Physical Layer

• Line configuration: the physical layer is concerned

with the connection of devices to the medium.
• Physical topology – Ring, star
• Transmission Mode - Simplex, Half duplex Full
Duplex
 2. Data Link Layer
• It is responsible for node-to-node delivery of data.
 Functions of the Data Link Layer:
• Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from
the network layer into data units called frames.

• Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to different

systems on the network, the data link layer adds a header to the
frame to define the physical address of the sender (source address)
and/or receiver (destination address) of the frame.
• If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender’s
network, the receiver address is the address of the device that connects
one network to the next.
• Flow Control. If the rate at which the data are absorbed by
the receiver is less than the rate produced in the sender, the
data link layer imposes a flow control mechanism to
prevent overwhelming the receiver.
• Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames. Error control is
normally achieved through a trailer to the end of the frame.

• Access Control. When two or more devices are connected

to the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at any
time.
 3. Network Layer
• The Network layer is responsible for the source-to- destination
delivery of a packet possible across multiple networks.
• It converts Frames into packets.

• If two systems are connected to the same link, there is

usually no need for a network layer. However, if the two
systems are attached to different networks, there is often a need
for the network layer to accomplish source-to-destination
delivery.
 Network Layer
Functions:
• Logical addressing-Physical addressing (May change) handle
addressing problem locally
• If packet pass the network boundary, we need another addressing
called logical addressing (Never change)
• Routing - Route the packet to final destination

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the original
source to the final destination.
 4. Transport Layer

• The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process

or end-end delivery of the entire message.
• The network layer oversees host-to-destination delivery of
individual packets, it does not recognize any relationship
between those packets.
• The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives
intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow
control at the process-to-process level.
 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from

one process to another.
 Functions of the Transport layer

Service point addressing:

Computer often run several processes (running programs) at the
same time. Process-to-process delivery means delivery from a
specific process on one computer to a specific process on the
other.
• The transport layer header include a type of address called
port address.
• The network layer gets each packet to the correct
computer; the transport layer gets the entire message to the correct
process on that computer.
 Cont..
,
• Segmentation and reassembly: a message is divided into
transmittable segments, each having a sequence number.
These numbers enable the transport layer to reassemble the
message correctly upon arrival at the destination.
• Connection control: The transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection-oriented.
• A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an
independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
• A connection-oriented transport layer makes a connection with the
transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering the
packets. After all the data are transferred, the connection is
terminated.
 Functions of the transport layer
• Flow control: the transport layer performs a flow control end to end.
The data link layer performs flow control across a single link.
• Error control: the transport layer performs error control end to end.
The data link layer performs control across a single link.
• Congestion control concerns controlling traffic entry into a
telecommunication networks so as to avoid congestive collapse by
attempting to avoid oversubscription of any of the processing or link
capabilities of the intermediate nodes and networks and taking
resource reducing steps, such as reducing the rate of sending packets. It
should not be confused with flow control, which prevents the sender
from overwhelming the receiver.
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
 5. Session Layer
• The session layer is responsible for dialog control
and synchronization.
 Functions of Session Layer
• Decision Control:- Half duplex, Full
Duplex
• Synchronization: Adding checkpoints to
stream data.
• Ex: System sending 2000 pages.
• Add check point after each 100th page.
• So in case of failure no need to sent whole page.
 6. Presentation Layer
• It is concerned with the syntax and semantics
of the information exchanged b/w 2 devices.
 Functions of Presentation Layer
• Translation: Interoperability b/w different
encoding formats.
• Encryption: Converting plain to cipher text
and vice versa.
• Compression: Reducing number of bits in
multimedia data when transmitting.
 7. Application layer
The application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user.
Functions of Application Layer
• It provides user access to network.
• X.500-Directory service.
• X.400-Message handling service.
• FTAM- File Transfer Access and
management.
• Network Virtual Terminal.
Summary of layers
• Transmission Control Protocol /
Internetworking Protocol is used in the
internet and is developed prior to the OSI
model.
• It would not match exactly with OSI model
• It is divided into layers.
TCP/IP protocol
 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
 Example
In Figure below a node with physical address 10 sends a frame
to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows,
the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
 Example
most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal
digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

 Example
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an
internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device
(computer or router) has a pair of
addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each
computer is connected to only one
link and therefore has only one pair
of addresses. Each router, however,
is connected to three networks
(only two are shown in the figure).
So each router has three pairs of
addresses, one for each connection.

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

Figure 2.21 shows two computers
communicating via the Internet. The sending
computer is running three processes at this
time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes
at this time with port addresses j and k.
Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving
computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and
port addresses remain the same from the
source to destination.

Port addresses
Example

a port address is a 16-bit address represented by one

decimal number as shown.
753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
• It contains relatively independent protocols
that can mixed and matched with depend
on needs of the system.
THANK YOU