Elementary Physics

UNIVERSITY
NORTH PRIVATE

“Year of Productive Diversification and Strengthening of Education”

PHYSICS IN ENGINEERING
CIVIL: BRIDGES AND
ROADS
MEMBERS:
Gamarra Galvez,
Rodrigo Galarreta
Sanchez, Yeyson Lopez
Atero, Christian Mattos
Alvarado, Ralph
Panduros Sisniegas,
Sergio Plasencia Vera,
Raul Trujillo Flores,
Civil
Engineering
 Gilmer

Teacher: Eng. David Asmat Campos

INTRODUCTION

The life of the average citizen is full of experiences that, because they
are daily, make him unaware of how decisive they are for his activities,
and from there we see reflected important aspects such as friction on
surfaces and the principles of action and reaction.
Example; when one is leaning against a piece of furniture that tips
over, one will realize the importance of the principle of action and
reaction.
The above situations, and of course many others not mentioned, are
closely linked to the laws of nature that play decisive roles in the
formation of a civil engineer. The concerns of why, when, how and what
happens should not be overlooked, both now as students and as future
professionals.
That is why this report has attempted to make a brief analysis and
summary of the physical effects or parameters that may not mean
anything but if we analyze it from a physical point of view we will
realize that everything is related.
Without further ado, we present the following report. We hope you like
it.
The group.
 Physics and its
relationship with
civil engineering
Physics is defined as the you just have to know the the works that an
science that studies the basics and that's it, we engineer carries out are
phenomena that occur in know that physics is focused on bringing a
the universe, which is present, and therefore it benefit to the
why it is related to many is present in engineering environment that
of our activities to realize that without surrounds him.
everyday, perhaps physics, civil engineering
without us realizing it, so I would not exist in its
dare say that physics is entirety.
not only found in books, it How engineering works
is present throughout our affect he around
world. Since civil When we talk about the
engineering affects our work of an engineer, we
world, then it is governed are talking about a person
by all the laws of physics. who uses his ingenuity
You don't have to be a for solve
genius to know that problems that surround
physics is all around us, their environment, that is,
There is a fairly extensive variety of other types of bridges, these
are the drawbridge, steel beam bridge, cable-stayed bridge with
counterweight pylon, plate bridges, cantilever bridges, swing
bridges, among others. There are also many where two types are
used to create a new, more functional structure. Some examples
are the arch and truss bridge and the segmental bridge.
Structure of bridges
In order to understand how each type of bridge works, the effects
of forces must be studied. That is, one must understand how
forces affect different bridge structures.
This bridge has pillars, which support horizontal beams. The
weight of the beam falls directly on the supports. The longer the
beam is between 2 supports, the weaker it becomes. These
bridges rarely have beams longer than 250 feet between 2 piers
or supports.

The
beam
bridge
 It is basically made of triangles. They
are made of strong pieces of steel.
Very rigid arms emerge from a pillar,
which are in turn supported by steel
tubes projected diagonally downwards
and upwards from the central base of
the bridge. A third arm supports the central overhang.
Invented by the Romans. It is basically
made of concrete and steel. These can
have a flight height of up to 800 feet. The
forces acting on it cause it to crush against
it. This force is conducted by the curve
which eventually reaches the supports on
each side. These in turn push towards the
arch, in this way the parts of the arch do
not separate.
It can withstand flights from 2000 to
7000 feet. Most of these bridges have
a truss system beneath the running
surface to prevent bending and
buckling. The running surface on this
bridge is supported by large steel
cables. These are supported by two
concrete blocks, the sides of the
bridge, and two large towers. The
cars exert force on the cables and the
cables transfer this force to the
towers in the form of compression.
For the creation of roads, it is evident that certain parameters must
be used so that the geometric design of the road is well founded
and, accordingly, the road can have a long life.
Many of these parameters are found in a standard called DG-2001.
These rules tell us the following:

No
TABLE .1

GENERIC DENOMINATION IN PERU

1.NATIONAL SYSTEM
1. PRIMARY ROAD NETWORK
Made up of highways that connect the nation's main cities with ports
and borders.

2. SECONDARY ROAD NETWORK

2. DEPARTMENTAL SYSTEM
They constitute the road network limited mainly to the area of a
department, division, national policy, or in areas of economic influence;
they constitute the departmental trunk roads.

3. TERTIARY OR LOCAL ROAD NETWORK

3. NEIGHBORHOOD SYSTEM
Composed by:
• Trunk roads that connect small towns.
• Rural feeder roads, linking villages and small settlements
populations.
AP : Highway
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PERUVIAN ROAD NETWORK AND ITS
MC: Multilane or Dual Highway (two carriageways)
DC : Two Lane Highway
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
Speed Selection Range DESIGN SPEED
FIRST SECOND
CLASSIFICATION SUPERIOR CLASS CLASS THIRD

TRAFFIC
>4000 4000 - 2001 2000-400 <400
VEHICLES/DAY (1)
CHARACTERISTICS APR) MC DC DC DC

TYPE OF 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
OROGRAPHY
SPEED OF
DESIGN:

30 KPH

40 KPH
No
50 KPH TABLE 2
60 KPH
70 KPH

80 KPH

90 KPH
100 KPH

110 KPH
120 KPH
130 KPH
qqn pu
150 KPH
 No
TABLE .3

Location of the Via Speed of

design (Kph) p max. Minimum radius (m)

30 8.00 30

40 8.00 50

50 8.00 85

60 8.00 125

70 8,00 175

80 8.00 230

Rural Area (Type 1,2 or 3) 90 8.00 305

100 8.00 395

110 8.00 505

120 8,00 670

130 8.00 835

140 8.00 1030

150 8.00 1265

 No
TABLE .4 MAXIMUM SLOPES
(%)
CLASSIFICATION SUPERIOR FIRST CLASS SECOND CLASS THIRD

TRAFFIC
VEHICLES/DAY > 4000 4000 - 2001 2000400 <400
(1)
CHARACTERISTICS AP (2) MC DC DC DC

TYPE OF 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
OROGRAPHY
SPEED OF
DESIGN:
30 KPH

40 KPH 10.00 12,00

50 KPH 9.00 8,00 9,00 10,00

60 KPH 7.00 7,00 8.00 9.00 8,00 8,00

70 KPH 6,00 6,00 7,00 7.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7,00 6.00 7.00 8,00 9,00 8.00 8.00

80 KPH 5,00 5.00 5,00 5.00 6.00 6,00 6,00 7.00 6.00 6,00 7.00 7,00 6.00 7,00 7.00 7.00

90 KPH 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5,00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00

100 KPH 4,50 4,50 5,00 5,00 5.00 6.00 5,00 5.00 6.00

110 KPH 4.00 4.00 4,50 5,00 5,00 6,00 5,00 6.00

120 KPH 4.00 4.00 4.00

130 KPH 3,50 4.00

140 KPH 3,50

150 KPH
AP : Highway
MC: Multilane or Dual Highway
DC : Two Lane Highway
NOTE 1: In type 3 and/or 4 orography, where there is sufficient space and the construction of
a highway is justified, it can be built with roads at different levels, ensuring that both roads
have the characteristics of said classification.

SPEED OF TRUCK ON SLOPE

EFFECT OF SLOPE MAGNITUDE AND LENGTH
TWO-LANE ROADWAY WIDTH TABLE No
.
5
WIDTH OF
BERMS No
TABLE .
6
GEOMETRIC ROAD
DESIGN
ROAD NETWORK
CLASSIFICATION

ACCORDING TO THE OROGRAPHY OF

THE LAND:
ACCORDING TO THEIR
FUNCTION:
It is the combination of horizontal and
vertical alignment that forces heavy
vehicles to reduce to sustained speed It is a Tertiary or Local
on a ramp for considerable distances Network, or as it is called in
or at frequent intervals. Peru, a Neighborhood
System.

ACCORDING TO DEMAND:

It is a 3rd class road, meaning it can

handle fewer than 400 vehicles per day.
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING
HORIZONTAL CURVES

• TANGENT LENGTH

• CURVE LENGTH

• ARROW LENGTH
CROSS SECTIONS

BERMS WIDTH:

According to instructions given by Eng. Juan Urteaga

García, berm widths of 0.50 meters in length were used.
The Berm Width Table is located in
Annexes (Table . 6)
No PUMPING

2% pumping was adopted for

GUTTERS rainy areas, this percentage
is repeated on each side of
For the design of this road I chose the Road Axis.
triangular shaped gutters. For rainy
areas, gutters 0.30 m deep by 1 meter wide are
recommended.
 ROADWAY:

For third class roads and a design speed between 30 and 40

km. / h, a minimum width of 6 meters is stipulated for the
entire roadway, thus being 3 meters for each lane.

SLOPES

a) SLOPES IN CUT:
For the design of this road, the ratio 1:2 was chosen, meaning that for
every meter of horizontal cut, there are 2 meters of vertical cut.

b) FILLED SLOPES

For the design of this road, the ratio 1:1 was chosen, meaning that for
every meter of horizontal fill, there is 1 meter of vertical fill.
THANK
YOU