International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022, pp. 1625~1634

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1625-1634  1625

Developing a hybrid filter structure and a control algorithm for

hybrid power supply

Yuriy Anatolievich Sychev, Maxim Evgenievich Aladin, Serikov Vladimir Aleksandrovich

Department of Power Engineering and Electromechanics, Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The paper presents the results of a study on hybrid filter operation and
performance under hybrid power supply. In the study, a hybrid filter
Received Dec 9, 2021 structure was developed and proved to perform a set of power quality
Revised May 27, 2022 improving functions. The paper demonstrates that it is necessary for the
Accepted Jun 11, 2022 hybrid filter structure to be variable in order to adapt to changes in power
supply. A case is made for using an additional passive filter at the active part
output of the hybrid filter under distributed generation. The optimal structure
Keywords: and parameters of such an additional passive filter are identified and proved.
Based on the experimental research results, the mathematical and computer
Distributed generation simulation models of the proposed hybrid filter for hybrid power supply
Harmonics were developed. The modeling and simulation results showed the efficiency
Hybrid filter level to be satisfactory and power quality to improve due to applying the
Hybrid power supply proposed hybrid filter. Using the modeling and simulation results, an
Power quality adaptive algorithm to control the operation factors of the proposed hybrid
filter under hybrid power supply was developed, tested, and evaluated.
Practical recommendations for industrial application of the proposed hybrid
filter are given.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Yuriy Sychev
Department of Power Engineering and Electromechanics, Faculty of Energy
Saint-Petersburg Mining University
21 Line, 2 (Vasilievskiy Island), Saint Petersburg 199106, Russian Federation
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays distributed generation technologies have a wide range of application in different
industrial and public power supply systems [1]. Such technologies are based mainly on wind farms, solar
power stations [2], and microturbine installations, which work on associated petroleum gas [3], [4]. They
help to improve the reliability of power supply from public centralized networks. This is especially important
for business and industrial users as voltage dips or interruptions can disrupt production [2]. In different
countries, the role of distributed generation technologies depends on the structure of the existing power
supply systems, electricity prices, and the features of power supply markets [5]. There are two ways in which
distributed generation can be performed: it can work separately or in parallel with any existing centralized
power supply system. The latter method for ensuring uninterruptible power supply is more widespread and
can be called a hybrid power supply system or a grid-connected renewable energy system [3], [6]. In
addition, in many countries, conventional centralized or public power supply systems are very old and
unreliable but they cannot be replaced immediately by distributed generation [7]. Therefore, hybrid power
supply systems may be considered as a real alternative to the existing public networks when the rated power
of distributed generation systems is not enough to ensure that all industrial consumers are provided with

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

1626  ISSN: 2088-8694

enough energy [8], [9]. Within hybrid systems, centralized and distributed power supply should be
considered as special cases of hybrid power supply [10], [11]. Also, in this case it is necessary to have a
multifunctional device to improve power quality under changing power supply parameters and connected
load characteristics [12], [13]. There are plenty of such devices, and it is reasonable to consider in detail
hybrid filters which are based on active and passive filters [14], [15]. Any hybrid structure includes a series
or shunt active filter with one or several resonance passive filters or with one wide-band passive filter.
When determining the efficiency level of a hybrid filter application, it is necessary to solve the
following key problems:
− To determine the permitted decrease in the rated parameters of the active part in the given hybrid filter
while maintaining the required degree of power quality correction [16].
− To identify a set of functions for the given hybrid filter in the conditions of centralized, distributed, and
hybrid power supply systems [17], [18].
− To determine the influence of the passive filter configuration at the output of the active part on the
performance of the hybrid filter in centralized, distributed, and hybrid power supply systems [19].
− To find the optimum configuration of the hybrid filter for centralized, distributed, and hybrid power
supply systems [20].
A comprehensive approach is required to solve the problems above. Such a solution is presented in
the article by means of developing an adaptive algorithm and a hybrid filter structure which allows for
choosing the optimal structure, working mode, and performance of the given hybrid filter under variable
parameters of the power source [21], [22]. The proposed adaptive algorithm is based on simulation results
that reflect the behavior of power quality indicators when changing the hybrid filter structure and the type of
the control system under variations in power source characteristics. Also, the proposed algorithm takes into
account the permitted decrease in the active part parameters within the hybrid filter structure [23], [24]. The
modeling was carried out in accordance with the following research method.

2. RESEARCH METHOD
The proposed research method is intended to evaluate the performance of the multifunctional hybrid
filter with different structural components under variable power source parameters. Here it must be noticed
that the variations of power supply characteristics influence on the power quality indicators that should be
taken into account when selecting the structure of multifunctional hybrid filter. That is why we use such
method to get the novel technical results in terms of the methodology to select properly the parameters and
structure of any multifunctional hybrid filter. Also, the proposed research method allows detecting the
efficiency of the separated and combined functioning of several parts of the multifunctional filter device
under different conditions of the hybrid power supply when power quality indicators may change according
to the power supply mode.
The proposed research method provides to identify the following new dependences and results:
− The dependences of the power quality indicators values on the passive filter type at the output of the
active one as the part of the multifunctional hybrid filter.
− The permitted level to decrease the rated parameters of the active part of the hybrid structure to save the
required power quality indicators values under the hybrid power supply.
− The adaptive algorithm to control multifunctional hybrid filters under the hybrid power supply when
changing parameters of the distributed and centralized sources.
− Let us consider the proposed research method on the example of a hybrid structure including a shunt
active filter and two passive filters tuned to eliminate 5th and 7th current harmonics [25], [26].
The proposed research method includes the following key steps:
− Determining the possible structure of the passive filter at the output of the active one within the hybrid
filter structure [27]. During this step we consider the most widespread and well-known structures of the
passive filters at the output of the active one and evaluate their performance according to the power
quality indicators in terms of voltage and current harmonics, voltage deviations, current and voltage
unbalance.
− Analyzing the values of power quality indicators when changing the output passive filter structure. Here
we consider the values of power quality indicators to detect the influence of each output filter
configuration on the power quality level. The character of this influence may be considered as the novel
technical result in terms of the creation and proving of the hybrid filter structure for the hybrid power
systems.

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− Finding the optimum output filter structure to minimize the value of the given power quality indicator [28].
As the result of this step we identify the optimal structure of the output passive filter for each case when we
want to minimize one or several power quality indicators according to the given application aims and tasks.
− Analyzing how the standalone passive, the active, and the output passive filters work together within a
multifunctional hybrid electric power system under variations in the internal impedance of the power
supply source (centralized or distributed generation) [29], [30].
All the indicated steps are necessary to take when developing an adaptive algorithm, which also should
be considered as the novel technical result in terms of control of multifunctional filter devices under the hybrid
power supply. The sequence of simulation under the proposed research method is presented in Figure 1. This
sequence may be reproduced with any similar devices under the hybrid power supply. Figure 1(a) shows the
usage only two passive filters for harmonic elimination, Figure 1(b) shows the usage two passive filters with
one shunt active filter, Figure 1(c) shows the usage two passive filters with one shunt active filter with the
output passive filter.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. The sequence of simulation under the proposed research method (a) two passive filters,
(b) two passive filters with a shunt active filter, and (c) two passive filters with an additional passive filter at
the output of the shunt active filter

There are the following designations in Figure 1 sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is the shunt active
filter; PF5 and PF7 are the passive filters tuned to eliminate 5th and 7th harmonics, respectively; NL is the
non-linear load; LL is the linear load; PCC is the point of common coupling; OPF is the passive filter at the
output of the SAF. The parameters of the SAF, PF5, PF7, OPF, NL and LL were selected due to the results
obtained during experimental research with serial SAF. This SAF is presented in Figure 2. The laboratory
installation is presented in Figure 2(a) and the industrial one is presented in Figure 2(b) The results, obtained
during research in laboratory and industrial power supply system, were the basis of the implementation of the
proposed research method.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. The serial SAF, which was used to implement the proposed research method: (a) in the laboratory
during maintaining and (b) in industrial power supply system during experimental research

Similar structures can be considered if a series active filter is incorporated as part of a hybrid
structure instead of the shunt one [31], [32]. But the series active filter as a controllable voltage source often
has an output transformer with special parameters and in some modes this transformer can be considered as
the output passive filter [33]. In spite of this feature the proposed method is fully applicable to hybrid
structures that include the series active filter. Such structures are the subject of further research on hybrid
power supply [34], [35].
Developing a hybrid filter structure and a control algorithm for hybrid power supply … (Yuriy Sychev)
1628  ISSN: 2088-8694

3. SIMULATION MODEL
The computer simulation model that we developed for the evaluation of hybrid filter efficiency
under hybrid power supply includes the following key elements:
− A power supply source with the option to generate voltage harmonics of the selected numbers and change
the internal impedance Zs.
− A non-linear load as a controllable rectifier with an active-inductive load.
− A linear load as an active-inductive load.
− A hybrid filter based on a shunt active filter with an output passive filter and two standalone passive
filters tuned to eliminate 5th and 7th current harmonics, respectively.
The parameters and characteristics of all elements of the model were chosen according to the
experimental research results [10], [14]. During simulation, the internal impedance Zs was set in p.u. with the basis
value of the impedance of the ideal centralized power system. The Zs changed in a range of 0.1 to 10 to correspond
to the transfer of power supply mode from the centralized to the distributed and vice versa [17], [36]. Using the
previous research results [14], the most effective control method of the shunt active filter was identified
under changes in the parameters of the power source and the connected load. This method based on phase
conversions in the dq reference framework was used to control the shunt active filter. During simulation, the
output passive filter configuration was changed as shown in Figure 3 [37].

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Figure 3. The configurations of the additional passive filter at the output of the shunt active filter in the
hybrid structure (a) C filter, (b) series RC filter, (c) series LC filter, (d) triangle RC filter, (e) triangle LC
filter, (f) series RLC filter, (g) combined RLC filter, and (h) triangle RLC filter

Figure 3(a) shows the sample capacitive filter, Figure 3(b) shows the series resistive-capacitive
filter, Figure 3(c) shows the series inductive-capacitive filter, Figure 3(d) shows the resistive-capacitive filter
with triangle connection of the capacitances, Figure 3(e) shows the inductive-capacitive filter with triangle
connection of the capacitances, Figure 3(f) shows the series resistive-inductive-capacitive filter, Figure 3(g)
shows the resistive-inductive-capacitive filter with shunt connection of the inductances and capacitances,
Figure 3(h) shows the series resistive-inductive-capacitive filter with triangle connection of the capacitances.
To implement the proposed research method, we used MATLAB/Simulink to develop a simulation model
(see Figure 4).

Figure 4. The resulting simulation model of a power supply system with linear and non-linear loads and a
hybrid filter in MATLAB/Simulink

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4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The main results of computer simulation according to the proposed research method are presented in
Tables 1-3. Table 1 shows the results which demonstrate that power quality indicators decrease when
changing the structure of the passive filter at the output of the shunt active filter according to Figure 2. In
Table 1, ΔkU and ΔkI are the degrees of decrease in total harmonic distortion for voltage and current,
respectively, as shown in [14]. ΔUs is the degree of decrease in source voltage deviation as shown in [14]. ΔIs
is the degree of decrease in source current as shown in [14]. ΔkU2 and ΔkI2 are the degrees of decrease in the
unbalance factor for voltage and current, respectively, as shown in [14]. The most effective configuration of
the output passive filter was selected to use in further simulation of hybrid filter performance as shown in
Table 2.
In Table 2, you can see the results of hybrid filter performance under the minimum (1 p.u.) and
maximum (10 p.u.) values of the internal impedance Zs with the most effective configuration of the passive
filter at the output of the shunt active filter. Table 3 demonstrates the results of hybrid filter performance
under the maximum value of the internal impedance Zs when the rated parameters of the shunt active filter
decrease. The specified voltage of the storage capacitor decreases by 25%, the capacitance of the storage
capacitor decreases by a factor of 4, and the inductance of the output chokes decreases by a factor of 2.

Table 1. The results of testing output passive filters with different configurations
Output passive filter with configuration shown in ΔkU, % ΔkI, % ΔUs, % ΔIs, % ΔkU2, % ΔkI2, %
Figure 2(a) 11.87 80 3.16 5.09 83.33 99.68
Figure 2(b) 11.03 72.73 2.27 6.10 83.33 99.60
Figure 2(c) 11.78 79.55 3.12 5.09 83.33 99.60
Figure 2(d) 11.59 80.47 2.95 5.21 80 99.60
Figure 2(e) 11.64 80.61 3 5.11 83.33 99.52
Figure 2(f) 11.77 79.76 3.16 5.09 83.33 99.69
Figure 2(g) 13.19 83.62 4.80 -1.91 66.67 99.62
Figure 2(h) 11.73 80.34 2.95 5.18 83.33 99.68

Table 2. The results of hybrid filter performance under the minimum (1 p.u.) and maximum (10 p.u.) values
of the internal impedance Zs
Hybrid filter Passive filters PF5 Passive filters PF5, PF7 and Passive filters PF5, PF7 and a
configuration and PF7 only a shunt active filter shunt active filter with an OPF
Zs = 10 p.u. ΔkI, % 64.92 81.05 85.48
ΔIc, % -1.06 1.60 0.87
ΔkI2, % -1.76 99.01 99.12
ΔkU, % 49.76 -114.06 78.61
ΔUc, % 0.93 3.09 4.42
ΔkU2, % -1.53 98.47 98.47
Zs = 1 p.u. ΔkI, % 38.58 84.07 77.54
ΔIc, % 0.07 4.85 5.17
ΔkI2, % -0.52 98.95 98.78
ΔkU, % 26.11 -168.47 49.75
ΔUc, % 0.13 0.44 0.63
ΔkU2, % -0.29 97.69 97.11

Based on the simulation results, the following main conclusions were made:
− The hybrid filter whose structure includes standalone passive filters for eliminating characteristic
harmonics and a shunt active filter with an output passive filter is capable to eliminate voltage and current
harmonics effectively under centralized, distributed, and hybrid power supply.
− The decrease in the rated parameters of the shunt active filter in the hybrid structure allows for
maintaining the required level of current and voltage unbalance elimination, current reactive component
compensation, and the efficiency of eliminating voltage dips and deviations under distributed power
supply.
− The application of standalone passive filters for eliminating characteristic harmonics together with a shunt
active filter with an additional output passive filter gives the opportunity to decrease the rated parameters
of the shunt active filter as the most complex and expensive part of any hybrid filter.
− The presence of passive filters leads to an improvement in shunt active filter efficiency under distributed
generation by a factor greater than 2.
− The structure of a hybrid filter based on active and passive filters should be variable according to the
power quality indicators being corrected, the power supply mode, and the required residual level of power
quality after compensation. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the passive filter connected at the
Developing a hybrid filter structure and a control algorithm for hybrid power supply … (Yuriy Sychev)
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active filter output is presented in Figure 5. This characteristic was obtained during modeling, and we can
see that the impedance of the passive filter at the output of the active part should be within a range of 1 to
9 Ohm when eliminating harmonics from 5th to 40th.

Table 3. The results of hybrid filter performance under the maximum (10 p.u.) value of the internal
impedance Zs when the rated parameters of the shunt active filter decrease
Hybrid filter Passive filters PF5 Passive filters PF5, PF7 Passive filters PF5, PF7 and a
configuration and PF7 only and a shunt active filter shunt active filter with an OPF
ΔkI, % 64.92 24.19 78.63
ΔIc, % -1.06 -0.10 0.80
ΔkI2, % -1.76 78.02 93.41
ΔkU, % 49.76 -6.97 74.16
ΔUc, % 0.93 1.45 4.27
ΔkU2, % -1.53 77.10 94.27

Figure 5. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the passive filter connected at the active filter output

5. ADAPTIVE ALGORITHM TO CONTROL HYBRID FILTERS

An adaptive control algorithm to control hybrid filters should provide the following main stages and
procedures to improve the power quality level and to ensure the multifunctional performance of such filters
under hybrid power supply:
− The detection of power supply mode: centralized, autonomous, or hybrid. In the case of hybrid power
supply mode, it is also necessary to know how the total load is distributed between the centralized source
and the autonomous one. Besides, there is the case to be taken into account when the total load is
connected to a busbar powered by a centralized source and an autonomous one working in parallel [38].
− The detection of connected load parameters: the correlation between linear and non-linear load, the
responsibility level of each load according to the possibility of disconnection in the case of power supply
shutdown [39].
− Power quality analysis to detect the critical values of power quality indicators to be reduced separately by
several devices or simultaneously by one device. In the latter case, we have one multifunctional hybrid
device based on active and passive filters whose structure depends on the given set of power quality
indicators to correct [40].
− The detection of the primary source of poor power quality according to several indicators including
voltage and current harmonics, voltage dips and deviations, source and load asymmetry. This stage helps
to select properly the point of hybrid filter device installation when the primary reason of poor power
quality is the power supply source, connected load, or network elements [38].
Also, all the stages indicated above may be considered as a methodology to select the structure and
parameters of multifunctional hybrid filter devices under variations in power source and connected load
characteristics. Besides, any complex multifunctional device should have the adaptivity feature to adjust its
parameters, function mode, and structure according to changing external and internal factors. The proposed
adaptive algorithm to control multifunctional hybrid filters under variations in source and load parameters is
presented in Figure 6.
First of all, the proposed adaptive algorithm detects a power supply mode, including quantity of
sources, their rated power and demand factor. Then there is a necessity to monitor power quality indicators
and specify their critical values. Besides, we should know the primary origin of the poor power quality level.
There are three main origins of the poor power quality level: the power supply source, the connected non-
linear load and the network elements such as power lines, transformers and reactors. This stage helps to
detect the type of active part and connection method of the hybrid structure under the given conditions. If

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current distortions from the non-linear load or the total load are the primary origin of the poor power quality
we will use the current source converter or the shunt active filter as the active part of the hybrid structure. If
voltage distortions from the local power source or the public network are the primary origin of the poor
power quality we will use the voltage source converter or the series active filter as the active part of the
hybrid structure. Also, the detected critical level of the certain harmonics determines number and tuning of
the stand-alone passive filters as the part of the hybrid structure.
The following stages of the proposed adaptive algorithm deal with the model and control system of
the active part. The different efficiency of the several widespread control systems of active filters under
variable parameters of power source and connected load was detected in the researches [14]. Then the
different parts of the selected hybrid filter are launched, during which power quality indicators are measured
and evaluated. This stage helps to evaluate an influence of the active and passive parts within the selected
hybrid structure on the power quality indicators. Using the results of the previous stages the hybrid filter
adjusts parameters of the active and passive parts to improve the performance under variable parameters of
power sources and connected load. Here the special attention should be paid on the potential permitted
decrease of the active part parameters. Also, the proposed adaptive algorithm comprises the selection of the
optimal configuration of the additional passive filter at the active part output. Finally the proposed adaptive
algorithm ensures the flexible structure of the hybrid filters as multifunctional devices for the hybrid power
supply systems.

Figure 6. The proposed adaptive algorithm to control hybrid filters

6. DISCUSSION
The results obtained show the main idea of a paper that makes a case for using any hybrid filter
based on active and passive parts as a multifunctional device for power quality improvement according to
several indicators. Such a solution is quite reasonable because any hybrid filter is an expensive device [41]
and we should try to use it for maximum functional performance. Besides, any multifunctional device or
system should be integrated into more complex systems, for example, into hybrid power supply. According
to the results of the study (see Table 3), it is obvious that a hybrid filter based on a shunt active filter is able
to influence a wide range of power quality indicators, including voltage and current values. This feature
enables such a hybrid filter to control both power supply and consumption, which is very important in hybrid
power supply systems. A great number of Russian [42], [43] and international publications [44], [45], [46]
consider active and hybrid filters as devices that can only be used for power quality improvement. Some
articles prove the ability of shunt active filters to ensure an uninterrupted power supply. However, all of them
Developing a hybrid filter structure and a control algorithm for hybrid power supply … (Yuriy Sychev)
1632  ISSN: 2088-8694

do not take into account possible variations in power source and connected load parameters when studying
the performance of hybrid and active filters. The articles mentioned present a theoretical framework for
designing the structure, parameters, and characteristics of multifunctional hybrid filters to control power
supply and consumption in hybrid power supply systems. The best way would be to develop a theory of
multifunctional hybrid filters under variations in external conditions.
Similar results may also be obtained for hybrid structures based on a series active filter to eliminate
voltage dips, deviations, and harmonics. This is the aim of further research. Any kind of active filter gives an
opportunity to create a hybrid structure with different functional sets. The main advantage of using both
active and passive filters within one hybrid structure is the opportunity to decrease the rated parameters of the
active part as the most expensive one. Besides, creating more complex multifunctional devices based on
shunt and series active filters such as unified power flow conditioners or unified power quality conditioner
with additional passive elements is a very important research problem to solve [47], [48].

7. CONCLUSION
The article proves the necessity to have a multifunctional technical device to improve power quality
according to several indicators under variations in power supply and consumption. Using hybrid filters is
suggested for this purpose. In the study discussed, a hybrid filter was designed based on standalone passive
filters and a shunt active filter with an output passive filter. A research method is proposed to analyze the
performance of the given hybrid structure under variations in several factors. A simulation model of the
hybrid structure was developed to implement the proposed research method. The results obtained show that
the hybrid filter should have a variable structure to improve power quality under changing external factors
and according to the given limitations of the residual values of power quality indicators. An adaptive
algorithm to control multifunctional hybrid filters under variable external conditions is proposed. The results
presented create a foundation for further research in the area of designing unified power quality conditioners
based on active and passive filters.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was prepared under the financial support of the Scientific Program МD-1536.2022.4
“The developing of the hybrid power supply for the most responsible processing and strategic objects”.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Yuriy Anatolievich Sychev received the Bachelor and Master degrees on

electrical engineering at Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian
Federation in 2005 and 2007 respectively. He received the PhD degree on electrical complexes
and systems at Saint-Petersburg Mining University in 2010. He also received the Doctor of
Engineering Science degree on electrical complexes and systems at National University of
Science and Technology “MISIS” (Moscow, Russian Federation) in 2021. He is an Associated
Professor of the Faculty of Energy in Saint-Petersburg Mining University. His current research
area is the problems of power quality improvement in hybrid power supply systems using the
adaptive multifunctional filters. He can be contacted at emails: [email protected] or
[email protected].

Maxim Evgenievich Aladin received the Engineering degree on electrical

engineering and automation at mining enterprises at Saint-Petersburg Mining University,
Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation in 2021. He is a post graduate student of the Power
Engineering and Electromechanics Department in Saint-Petersburg Mining University. His
current research area is the problems of power quality improvement in power supply systems
of mining enterprises. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Serikov Vladimir Aleksandrovich received the Master degree on electrical

engineering and automation at mining enterprises at Saint-Petersburg Mining University,
Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation in 2019. He is a post graduate student of the Power
Engineering and Electromechanics Department in Saint-Petersburg Mining University. His
current research area is the problems of power quality improvement in power supply systems
of mining enterprises. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1625-1634