International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management
and Science (IJAEMS)
Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2454-1311 | Vol-11, Issue-1; Jan-Feb, 2025
Journal Home Page: https://ijaems.com/
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.111.4
Artisanal solar dryer adapted to the climate of the
highlands of Madagascar
Andrianaivoarivelo Jaolalaina Arisoa, Andrianjatovo Falinirina, Rafanjamalala
Eulalie, Randriamanantany Zely Arivelo
Received: 21 Dec 2024; Received in revised form: 19 Jan 2025; Accepted: 26 Jan 2025; Available online: 30 Jan 2025
Abstract— Madagascar has vast cultivable land and great seasonal variation in agricultural production.
At market levels, it encounters a period of overproduction which leads to a large drop in product prices.
Thanks to the climatic conditions of this large island which has the advantage of sunshine throughout the
year, we have studied and created in this article an Artisanal solar dryer adapted to the climate of the
highlands of Madagascar. We are interested in studying a solar ginger dryer because this spice takes on
important roles in terms of nutrients. Our dryer is made from locally available materials. According to our
studies followed by experiments, we have observed the effectiveness of our homemade solar dryer. The
maximum internal temperature of our dryer reaches a value of 50°C after 50 minutes of operation. The
nutritional values of dried ginger are preserved, which proves the effectiveness of our dryer.
Keyword— solar dryer, dried ginger, absorbent plate
I. INTRODUCTION information on the engineering properties including
Madagascar is a country with fertile soils. Various physical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties
vegetables and fruits are produced in different which are the main considerations in the design of
seasons. Growers as well as consumers encounter machines for post-harvest handling of crops. The
problems when storing fruits and vegetables. The research looked at some physical properties of ginger
promotion of local products from Madagascar is very (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes such as major, minor
important given its abundance in a short period. and intermediate diameters, geometric mean, sphere
Farmers use traditional methods to dry fruits and city, bulk volume, bulk density, surface area, angle of
vegetables. To have more output and efficiency, we repose and the coefficient of friction which are
will present in this article studies, simulations as well essential in the design and construction of the
as a design of an artisanal dryer adapted to the processing and handling equipment of Zingiber
Malagasy climate. Our device is made from local raw officinale. The properties were determined using
materials available from farmers. The drying speed ASAE standards. The average value obtained for
depends on several parameters including air major diameter, minor diameter, intermediate
temperature, ventilation speed and the intensity of diameter, geometric mean, sphere city, bulk volume,
solar radiation as well as air humidity. surface area, bulk density and angle of repose within
the moisture content range of 10.9 % and 51.6 % dry
Physical characteristic of a ginger [1] [2]
basis are 112 mm, 38.3 mm, 72.3 mm, 67.6 mm, 0.61,
Ginger is a plant recently gaining attention in the 832.5 cm3 , 147 cm2 , 0.92 g/cm3 , 480 respectively. The
food and pharmaceutical industries because of its coefficient of friction was obtained on three different
spice and medicinal importance. Major post-harvest structural materials, the values obtained are: 0.40 on
processing of ginger is being carried out locally in glass, 0.49 on stainless steel and 0.55 on wood. All the
West Africa and Nigeria due to the unavailability of physical properties measured showed some
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deviations from the average values which is typical of and bulk density which decrease as the moisture
biomaterials. The physical properties increase with an content increases.
increase in the moisture content except the sphere city
Table 1: Summary of Physical Properties of Ginger
Number of Standard
Property Range Mean Value
Samples Deviation
Major Diameter(mm) 41 761-133 112 25,5
Intermediate Diameter(mm) 41 60-82,0 72,3 9,8
Minor Diameter(mm) 41 28-44,0 38,3 7,1
Geometric Mean(mm) 41 50,4-78,3 67,6 12,4
Sphericity(dec) 41 0,66-0,59 0,61 0,03
Surface Area(cm2) 41 79,8-192,6 147 49,8
Bulk Volume(cm3) 41 660-112,0 832,5 201,2
Bulk Density (g/cm3) 41 0,96-0,87 0,92 0,048
Chemical properties of ginger ether/ethyl acetate as mobile phase. Six fractions were
The chemical composition and antioxidant activity produced. Thin layer chromatography (TLCF254) was
(in aqueous and solvent extracts) of Ginger root used for separation of active compounds and
(Zingiber officinale) were determined. The bioautography confirmed their antioxidant efficiency.
antioxidant components analysed were polyphenols, Higher antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against
vitamin C, β carotene, flavonoids and tannins. HepG2 cell line was recorded by fraction No. 4. Cold
Antioxidant assays such as free radical scavenging water extract of ginger peels exhibited comparatively
activity, reducing power and total antioxidant activity higher antioxidant efficiency while both aqueous peel
were carried out for ethanol, methanol, acetone, 80% extracts showed antibacterial efficiency against four
methanol and 80% ethanolic extracts. Protein and fat Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains
of sample were 5.08 and 3.72 g/100 g respectively. using well diffusion assay.[5]
Ash, minerals namely iron, calcium, phosphorous, Ginger root (Zingiber officinal Rose) was analyzed
zinc, copper, chromium and manganese) and vitamin to identify its nutritional and anti- nutritional
C were 3.85 (g), 8.0 (mg), 88.4 (mg), 174 (mg), 0.92 contents. The results showed that Ginger has 34.13%
(mg), 0.545 (mg), 70 (µg), 9.13 (mg) and 9.33 (mg) per crude protein, 4.07% Ether Extract, 4.02% crude fiber
100 g of sample, respectively. Antioxidant content, 13.75% moisture content, 7.64% Ash content
components (polyphenols, flavonoids and total and 1.036% vitamin C. Furthermore, ginger contains
tannin) were higher in hot water (100°C) extract than major minerals like: Zn 64.0 mg/l, Mn 5.90 mg/l, Fe
other solvent extracts and 30°C water extract. 279.7 mg/l, Cu 8.80 mg/l, Ca 280.0 mg/l and P 8068.0
Antioxidant activity by 3 different methods showed mg/l. The result obtained confirmed the usefulness of
higher activity in solvent extract than water extract. ginger root as a potential functional food and could be
Order of antioxidant activity by reducing power and explored further in new product and formulation. I.
free radical scavenging activity by DPPH was as Introduction Ginger (Zingiber officinal rose) is an
follows, 80% methanolic > 80%ethanolic > methanolic underground stem or rhizome of the plant Zingiber
> ethanolic > 30°C water >100°C water > acetonic officinate. It has been used as traditional medicine in
extract. [4] China, India, Malaysia and Arabic countries since
The obtained results recorded that hot water ancient times. Ginger has been used to treat stomach
extract of ginger peels was the promising extract upset, nausea, diarrhea, colic, arthritis, heart
exhibiting promising antioxidant activity. conditions, flu- like symptoms and painful menstrual
Fractionation of this promising extract was achieved periods 1. It was found that Ginger extracts have
by silica gel column chromatography with petroleum antimicrobial properties against E.Coli, sslmonella
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typhi and bacillus substilis that are common cause of numerous therapeutic like anti-oxidant effects, an
gastro intestinal tract infections 2 . The important ability to inhibit the formation of inflammatory
active component of ginger root is the volatile oil and compounds and direct anti-inflammatory effects 3.
pungent phenol compound such as gingerol, which is Ginger has also been found to reduce all symptoms
a very potent anti-inflammatory compound. Modern associated with motion sickness like dizziness, cold
scientific research has revealed that ginger possesses sweating, nausea and vomiting 4.[5]
Table 2: Nutritional composition of ginger (per 100g)
Constituent Value Constituent Value
Moisture 15,02 ± 0,04 Ash(g) 3,85 ± 0,61(4,53)
Protein(g) 5,087 ± 0,09(5,98) Calcium(mg) 88,4 ± 0,97(104,02)
Fat(g) 3,72 ± 0,03(4,37) Phosphorous(mg) 174 ± 1,2(204,75)
Insoluble fiber (%) 23,5 ± 0,01(27,65) Iron(mg) 8,0 ± 0,2(9,41)
Soluble fiber (%) 25,5 ± 0,04(30,0) Zing(mg) 0,92 ± 0(1,08)
Carbohydrate(g) 38,35 ± 0,61(4,53) Copper(mg) 0,545 ± 0,002(0,641)
Vitamin C(mg) 9,33 ± 0,08(4,53) Manganese(mg) 9,13 ± 0,01(10,74)
Total carotenoids 79 ± 0,2(9296) Chromium(µg) 70 ± 0(83,37)
All value in this table represents the mean ±𝑆𝐷(𝑛 = 4). Figures in the parenthesis represent the dry weight values.
Table 3: Antioxidant components and total antioxidant activity of ginger in different solvent extracts.
Antioxidant Water Methanol Ethanol Methanol Ethanol Acetone
components (0,060) (0,010) (80%) (80%)
Total 840 ± 2,1 838 ± 3,0 510,22 ± 2,2 565 ± 4,1 780 ± 5 800 ± 4,3 325 ± 1,9
Polyphenols
mg/100g
Tannin g/100g 15,1 1,34 1,12 ± 0,05 0,98 ± 0,03 1,28 ± 0,01 1,15 ± 0,1 0,67
± 0,05 ± 0,08 ± 0,08
Flavonoids 2,98 1,371 0,685 0,278 0,404 0,352 2,249
g/100g ± 0,06 ± 0,01 ± 0,005 ± 0,003 ± 0,002 ± 0,002 ± 0,002
Total 73529,4 73529,4 98822,5 91176,25 85295 ± 47 80000 32056
antioxidant ± 121 ± 0,04 ± 66 ± 66 ± 38 ± 27
activity 𝝁𝒎𝒐𝒍/g
of sample
Table 4: Correlation between antioxidant activity and antioxidant component of sample in different solvent extracts.
Corrélation (R2 Water extract Solvent extract
values)
Antioxydant Method of assay Method of assay
components
DPPH Reducing Total DPPH Reducing Total
power antioxydant power antioxydant
Flavonoids -1 -1 -1 0,493 0,505 0,613
Polyphenols 1 1 1 0,901 0,847 0,579
Total Tannin -1 -1 -1 0,985 0,887 0,885
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Fig.1 Free Radical Scavenging Activity of ginger in different solvent extracts. Concentration of sample (in mg): In 80%
methanolic extract, A: 0.4, B: 0.6, C: 0.8 and D: 1.0. For all other extracts, A: 2.5, B: 5.0, C: 7.5, D: 10.
For solvent extract in DPPH method, methanolic with antioxidant activity in aqueous extract. In solvent
extract was not included for statistical analysis since extract, total tannin showed high correlation with
the concentration did not match with other extracts reducing activity (R2 = 0.887), total antioxidant
It has been reported that the reducing power of activity (R2 = 0.885) and free radical scavenging
bioactive compounds is associated with antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.985). Flavonoids showed correlation
activity (Yen et al., 1993; Siddhuraju et al., 2002). with reducing power (R2 = 0.505), total antioxidant
Hence, it is essential to determine the reducing power (R2 = 0.613) and DPPH (R2 = 0.493). Since the
of phenolic constituents to explain the relationship antioxidant activity was higher in alcoholic extract
between their antioxidant effect and their reducing than aqueous extract, it is advisable to use the
power. The reducing power of different solvent extracting media capable of extracting the lipophilic
extracts of ginger was estimated. Highest reducing antioxidant compounds from ginger.
power was also in 80% methanolic extract followed by USES OF DRY GINGER [6]
80% ethanolic extract (Figure 2). As reported by Chen Dried ginger is known for its health benefits and is
et al. (2008), the reducing power of methanolic extract utilised as a health supplement worldwide. They have
of 18 different species of ginger ranged from 0.34 to 1.6 been used extensively in respiratory, digestive, and
nm in 100 mg of sample. In our study, methanolic cardiac conditions, boosting overall health.
extract of sample showed much higher activity of
Dry ginger powder is known for its digestive benefits.
0.208, 0.393, 0.558, 0.681 nm for 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 mg
Adding it with buttermilk or vegetables can ease aches
of sample. Antioxidant components and activity are
and discomforts associated with long-term digestion
highly dependent on extracting solvent and
issues. Grabbing a pinch of dry ginger powder before
concentration of solvent (Turkmen et al., 2006), but
meals kindles the digestive fire. It is renowned for its
they also vary within the samples. Many researchers
Grahi (absorbent or binding nature), making it
have reported the relationship between phenolic
suitable for constipation and IBS. It relieves bloating,
content and antioxidant activity. In some studies, they
intestinal gas, indigestion, and other discomforts.
found a correlation between the phenolic content and
antioxidant activity (Velioglu et al., 1998), whereas Dried ginger is rich in gingerol and shogaol,
others found no relationship (Kahkonen et al., 1999). contributing to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory
As it is shown in Table 4, in this study we also found properties. It can inhibit the release of inflammatory
high correlation between polyphenol content and molecules and flush out toxins in arthritic conditions,
antioxidant activity in both water extract (R2 = 1) and including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, etc.
solvent extract (DPPH, R2 = 0.901, reducing power, R2 Traditional formulations include dried ginger as an
= 0.847 and total antioxidant activity R2 = 0.579). Total active ingredient in herbal formulations for pain and
tannin and flavonoids did not show any correlation swelling.
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Consuming dried ginger can support the immune Traditional methods of food drying are to place the
system. The anti-microbial properties help fight foodstuffs in the sun in the open air. This method,
bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, strengthen the called sun drying, is effective for small amounts of
body’s innate immunity, and improve overall health. food. The area needed for sun drying expands with
The tradition of ginger tea or ginger kwath during food quantity and since the food is placed in the open
winter has deep roots in enhancing the body’s air, it is easily contaminated. Therefore, one major
strength. reason why sun drying is not easily performed with
Whether it is a cough or a cold, ginger combinations larger quantities of food is that the monitoring and
always win the hearts of millions as the quickest overview becomes increasingly more difficult with
remedy. Gingerol, the active constituent in dried increasing food quantities. In contrast to sun drying,
ginger, contains anti-microbial compounds that help where the food is exposed directly to the sun, the solar
fight respiratory conditions. A pinch of dry ginger drying method uses indirect solar radiation. The
powder with honey or turmeric helps address dry principle of the solar drying technique is to collect
cough and cold. solar energy by heating-up the air volume in solar
collectors and conduct the hot air from the collector to
The increased cholesterol levels in the body may
an attached enclosure, the meat drying chamber. Here
increase the risk of heart attack and other conditions.
the products to be dried are laid out. [7]
Incorporating dried ginger in meals can significantly
reduce harmful cholesterol levels and improve good In this closed system, consisting of a solar collector
cholesterol levels. and a meat drying chamber, without direct exposure
of the meat to the environment, meat drying is more
Dry ginger powder can create wonders on the skin.
hygienic as there is no secondary contamination of the
Dried ginger’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
products through rain, dust, insects, rodents or birds.
properties boost skin hydration, increase skin
The products are dried by hot air only. There is no
elasticity, reduce acne and wrinkles, improve skin
direct impact of solar radiation (sunshine) on the
tone, and prevent ageing.
product. The solar energy produces hot air in the solar
Gingerols and Shogaols in ginger can stimulate collectors. Increasing the temperature in a given
various biological reactions, including burning belly volume of air decreases the relative air humidity and
fat and body weight. They can indirectly act on weight increases the water absorption capacity of the air. A
management by stabilizing blood sugar and steady stream of hot air into the drying chamber
improving digestion, absorption, and elimination of circulating through and over the meat pieces results in
food we consume. continuous and efficient dehydration. [8]
Ginger-based hair products, including oil, paste, or Solar dryers require a certain investment for the set-
hair mask, can adapted according to your choice. They up of the appliance, but no expenditures for the fuel.
benefit from enhanced blood circulation to the scalp, The basic function of a solar dryer is to heat air to a
improved hair growth, hair loss and premature constant temperature with solar energy, which
greying, and prevention of scalp infections. facilitates extraction of humidity from crops inside a
Dried Ginger Powder can be an ideal remedy for drying chamber. Ventilation is enabled at a constant
period-related issues such as muscle cramps, body rate through defined air inlets and outlets, small solar
aches, nausea, bloating, etc. Natural compounds in ventilators or temperature difference, either due to
ginger can relax uterine muscles and reduce muscular exposition or vertical height. In direct sun driers the
contractions' intensity. Furthermore, they improve food is put in boxes with a transparent lid.
blood circulation, regulate hormones, and alleviate Additionally, the temperature in the drier is raised
periods. due to the greenhouse effect and the air exchange is
regulated by vents. The food is not exposed to direct
SOLAR DRYER
sunlight in indirect sun driers as the fresh air is heated
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry
separately from the food chamber. This method is
substances, especially food.
preferable for drying foods which lose nutritional
value when exposed to direct sunlight. Hybrid driers
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combine solar energy with a fossil fuel or biomass fuel vegetables and meat dried in sun drying conditions.
(Green and Schwarz, 2001a). As mentioned, due to the closed system design,
A first step when considering solar drying is to contamination of food is prevented or minimized. In
compare the different drying options available. Solar addition, the food is not vulnerable to rain and dust,
drying will only be successful, when it shows tangible compared to the open system design of sun drying.
benefits in comparison to existing drying methods. In In rural areas where farmers grow fruits and
comparison to the traditional way of drying outside in vegetables without proper food drying facilities, the
an open field, solar dryers prevent contamination of farmers need to sell the food in the market shortly
produce by dust, insects, etc., thereby ensuring after harvesting. When food production is high, the
quality. They allow small-scale farmers to transform farmers have to sell the food at low price to prevent
their harvest into storable and tradable goods, which the food from losing value through decomposition.
they can sell off-season at higher prices. The constant Therefore, the solar food dryer might be able to
temperature and ventilation allow a consistent drying prevent the financial losses farmers in these situations
process which results in better product quality and face. Dried food can be stored longer and retain
higher prices. However, the investments costs of solar quality longer. Moreover, dried fruits and vegetables
dryers vary highly depending on the size of the solar might be sold as differentiated products which
dryer, locally available materials and environmental possibly enhances their market value. For example,
conditions, such as slope and exposition of the side, dried meat can be processed into a variety of different
rainy seasons. [9][10] products.
Different types of solar dryers Drying food reduces its volume. Therefore, in
• direct drying (solar box dryer), combination to longer storage times, the food is also
more easily transported after drying which potentially
• indirect drying (solar cabinet dryer),
opens up additional markets to the producer of the
• mixed mode drying (solar tunnel dryer) or food.
• hybrid drying (hybrid solar/biomass cabinet
dryer). II. METHOD AND MATERIALS
Benefits of Solar Dryers [11] One cm thick plywood was used to make the entire
The technology provides several socio-economic dryer.
benefits. One of the main issues facing developing The air sensor is made up of:
countries today is the issue of food security. The solar
food dryer can improve food security through • an insulated wooden board (plywood)
allowing the longer storage of food after drying • two layers of polystyrene used as insulation
compared to food that hasn't been dried. • a blackened aluminum sheet covering the
insulation
The solar dryer can save fuel and electricity when
• glazing covering everything a few centimeters
it replaces dryer variations that require an external
above the sheet metal
energy source in the form of electricity or fossil fuel.
In addition, solar food dryers cut drying times in The layers of polystyrene are placed on the wooden
comparison to sun drying. While fossil fuel or planks. Between the insulation and the black sheet,
electrically powered dryers might provide certain there is an empty part where air can circulate to the
benefits (more consistent air flow and higher drying chamber. The black plate allows maximum
temperatures), the financial barriers that these irradiation to be captured, this is what we call the
technologies provide might be too high for marginal absorber. The air enters the dryer from the bottom, it
farmers. For instance, electricity might be not is heated thanks to its contact with the black metal
available or too expensive and fossil fuel powered plate. For the glazing, which serves to increase the
drying might pose large initial and running costs. greenhouse effect of the sensor, we used 2.5 mm glass,
leaving 2.5 cm of space between the glass and the
Fruits, vegetables and meat dried in a solar dryer
sheet metal.
are better in quality and hygiene compared to fruits,
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Fig.2: Painting the sheet metal
To assemble the plywood, we use wood glue, nails
and vices so that everything holds together well.
Fig.4: Steps for drying ginger
Fig.3: Assembly of plywood
To collect temperature varieties during drying, we
Steps for drying ginger used a thermistor called a “temperature sensor”. and
an Arduino board connected with the temperature
To dry gingers, first ensure that they are clean. Then
sensor to transfer the values into the computer.
we sort them and peel them. Then, we cut them with
thicknesses of approximately 2 mm. The gingers are
ready to be dried, finally, we place them in the dryer
on the rack. We install the temperature probe to see
the internal and external temperatures of the dryer.
Fig.5: Temperature sensor
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
All the equipment is well installed, it remains to take
the temperatures every 5 minutes. The measurements
are carried out from 12 p.m. on January 18, 2024 and
the data obtained are presented in the table below.
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Table 5: outside and inside temperatures measured
Time in External Internal
minutes temperature in temperature in
°C °C
0 44.00 40.75
5 44.50 43.38
10 43.50 44.69
15 43.50 45.63
20 45.50 46.44 Fig.6: Internal and external temperature variation
25 41.50 45.63
At the beginning, the internal temperature is a little
30 41.00 45.31
lower than that of the external. After a few minutes,
35 41.50 46.19 equality between these two temperatures is reached.
40 43.50 47.38 Then, we observe a gradual increase in the external
45 45.00 48.50 temperature until reaching the maximum after about
an hour thanks to the absorber and the greenhouse
50 45.50 49.81
effect. The internal temperature begins to drop after
55 42.00 48.88 two hours and the temperature gain is worth 10°C. A
60 42.50 48.60 temperature reduction of up to 25°C can be achieved
during a period under open air.
65 41.50 47.38
The test of Nutritional value of ginger before end after
70 42.00 48.25
the drying is show in the Table. In the 10g, of raw and
75 36.50 45.63 dried ginger, the quantity of nutritional value is kept.
80 37.00 45.56 Table 6: Nutritional value of ginger
85 38.50 46.13 Raw ginger Dried ginger
Nutrient
90 40.50 46.75 (root) 10g (ground) (10g)
95 44.50 47.33 calories 3,3 3,4
100 42.00 45.44 Proteins 0,1 0,9
105 41.50 42.88 Carbohydrates 0,3 0,4
110 40.00 41.13 Lipids 0,1 0,4
115 38.00 38.00 Dietary fiber 0,2 1,4
120 36.00 37.00 Antioxidants, Antioxidants,
B, C, Iron, B, C, Iron,
125 35.00 36.19 Vitamin
Manganese, Manganese,
130 35.50 37.06 Potassium Potassium
135 36.00 37.56
140 35.00 35.50 IV. CONCLUSION
145 35.50 37.31 We proposed a small capacity solar dryer, simple and
150 36.00 37.94 easy to make with local materials which will be well
suited for the Malagasy population. This is one of the
The internal and external temperature variation is
possible means of preserving agricultural products
represented by the figure. given that Madagascar is a country rich in fruit and
vegetable production. Ginger, which is a very
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common spice in all regions, requires an artisanal
drying technique so that its conservation is profitable
in terms of specific nutrients.
We found an increase in the internal temperature of
the solar dryer while that of the external remains
almost constant. This increase in internal temperature
shows that the homemade dryer is functional. In this
article, we presented the principle of artisanal
manufacturing of the solar dryer adapted to the
climate of Madagascar.
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[10] Buchinger, Josef/ Weiss, Wender (n.d.): Solar drying.
Training course within the scope of the project:
Establishment of a production, sales and consulting
infrastructure for solar thermal plants in Zimbabwe,
Arbeit’s gemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE
Institute for Sustainable Technologies: Gleisdorf,
Austria
[11] https://www.ctc-n.org/technologies/solar-dryer
(2024)
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