Java Cheatsheet by aj
Java Cheatsheet by aj
Basics
Basic syntax and functions from the Java programming
language.
Boilerplate
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
Showing Output
It will print something to the output console.
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
Taking Input
It will take string input from the user
import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
String name=sc.nextLine();
System.out.println(name);
}
}
import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
int x=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println(x);
}
}
import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
int x=sc.nextFloat();
System.out.println(x);
}
}
import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
double x=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println(x);
}
}
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
byte age=18;
System.out.println(age);
}
}
long
long is another primitive data type related to integers. long
takes up 64 bits of memory.
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
long var=900.0;
System.out.println(age);
}
}
float
We represent basic fractional numbers in Java using the float
type. This is a single-precision decimal number. Which means if
we get past six decimal points, this number becomes less
precise and more of an estimate.
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
float price=100.05;
System.out.println(price);
}
}
char
Char is a 16-bit integer representing a Unicode-encoded
character.
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
char letter='A';
System.out.println(letter);
}
}
int
int holds a wide range of non-fractional number values.
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int var1=256;
System.out.println(var1);
}
}
short
If we want to save memory and byte is too small, we can use
short.
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
short var2=5666;
System.out.println(var2);
}
}
Comments
A comment is the code that is not executed by the compiler,
and the programmer uses it to keep track of the code.
Multi-line comment
/* It's a
multi-line
comment
*/
Constants
Constants are like a variable, except that their value never
changes during program execution.
Arithmetic Expressions
These are the collection of literals and arithmetic operators.
Addition
It can be used to add two numbers
Subtraction
It can be used to subtract two numbers
Multiplication
It can be used to multiply add two numbers
Division
It can be used to divide two numbers
Modulo Remainder
It returns the remainder of the two numbers after division
Augmented Operators
Addition assignment
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
var=1;
var+=10;
System.out.println(var);
}
}
Subtraction assignment
Multiplication assignment
Division assignment
Modulus assignment
Escape Sequences
It is a sequence of characters starting with a backslash, and it
doesn't represent itself when used inside string literal.
Tab
It gives a tab space
Backslash
It adds a backslash
Single quote
Question mark
It adds a question mark
Double quote
It adds a double quotation mark
Type Casting
Type Casting is a process of converting one data type into
another
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 45;
double var_name = x;
System.out.println(var_name);
}
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double x = 40005;
int var_name = x;
System.out.println(var_name);
}
if Statement
if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is
true
}
if-else Statement
if (condition) {
// If condition is True then this block will get
executed
} else {
// If condition is False then this block will get
executed
}
if else-if Statement
if (condition1) {
// Codes
}
else if(condition2) {
// Codes
}
else if (condition3) {
// Codes
}
else {
// Codes
}
Ternary Operator
It is shorthand of an if-else statement.
Syntax
variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue :
expressionFalse;
Example
Switch Statements
It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of
values (cases).
class SwitchExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
}
}
Iterative Statements
Iterative statements facilitate programmers to execute any
block of code lines repeatedly and can be controlled as per
conditions added by the coder.
while Loop
It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is
True
for Loop
for loop is used to run a block of code several times
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}
for-each Loop
do-while Loop
It is an exit controlled loop. It is very similar to the while loop
with one difference, i.e., the body of the do-while loop is
executed at least once even if the condition is False
Break statement
break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
if(i==50)
break;
}
}
Continue statement
continue keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of the
loop and returns to the starting point of the loop
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
if(i==50)
continue;
}
}
}
Arrays
Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable
Declaring an array
Declaration of an array
Defining an array
Defining an array
Accessing an array
Accessing the elements of an array
Changing an element
Changing any element in an array
Array length
It gives the length of the array
Multi-dimensional Arrays
Arrays can be 1-D, 2-D or multi-dimensional.
Methods
Methods are used to divide an extensive program into smaller
pieces. It can be called multiple times to provide reusability to
the program.
Declaration
Declaration of a method
returnType methodName(parameters) {
//statements
}
Calling a method
Calling a method
methodName(arguments);
Example
Method Overloading
Method overloading means having multiple methods with the
same name, but different parameters.
class Calculate
{
void sum (int x, int y)
{
System.out.println("Sum is: "+(a+b)) ;
}
void sum (float x, float y)
{
System.out.println("Sum is: "+(a+b));
}
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Calculate calc = new Calculate();
calc.sum (5,4); //sum(int x, int y) is method is
called.
calc.sum (1.2f, 5.6f); //sum(float x, float y) is
called.
}
}
Recursion
Recursion is when a function calls a copy of itself to work on a
minor problem. And the function that calls itself is known as the
Recursive function.
void recurse()
{
recurse();
}
Strings
It is a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes.
String Length
Returns the length of the string
toLowerCase()
Convert the string into lowercase
indexOf()
Returns the index of specified character from the string
public class str
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String var_name = "Harry";
System.out.println(var_name.indexOf("a"));
}
}
concat()
Used to concatenate two strings
Math Class
Math class allows you to perform mathematical operations.
min() method
It is used to find the smaller number among the two
sqrt() method
It returns the square root of the supplied value
random() method
It is used to generate random numbers
Math.random(); //It will produce random number b/w 0.0
and 1.0
public class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// using the random() method of Math class
int random_num = (int)(Math.random() * 101);
//Random num b/w 0 and 100
System.out.println(random_num);
}
}
Object-Oriented Programming
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using
objects and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.
class
A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes
the behavior/state that the object of its type support.
class ClassName {
// Fields
// Methods
// Constructors
// Blocks
}
object of class
An object is an instance of a Class.
// Getter
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
// Setter
public void setName(String newName)
{
this.name = newName;
}
}
Inheritance
Inheritance can be defined as the process where one class
acquires the properties of another. With the use of inheritance
the information is made manageable in a hierarchical order.
Example
class Employee
{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee
{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[])
{
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary
is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer
is:"+p.bonus);
}
}
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.
The most common use of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a
parent class reference is used to refer to a child class object.
// method 3
public void add(String a, String b)
{
System.out.println(a + " + " + b);
}
}
// My main class
class MyMainClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Adder adder = new Adder(); // create a Adder object
adder.add(5, 4); // invoke method 1
adder.add(5, 4, 3); // invoke method 2
adder.add("5", "4"); // invoke method 3
}
}
File Operations
File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Java
provides some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the
files.
Assume that we have created the file “D:\\Example.txt”
canRead method
Checks whether the file is readable or not
import java.io.*;
createNewFile method
It creates an empty file
import java.io.*;
try {
canWrite method
Checks whether the file is writable or not
import java.io.*;
exists method
Checks whether the file exists
import java.io.*;
// Main class
public class FileOperations {
delete method
It deletes a file
import java.io.*;
if (file.delete()) {
System.out.println("File deleted successfully");
}
else {
System.out.println("Failed to delete the file");
}
}
}
getName method
It returns the name of the file
import java.io.*;
getAbsolutePath method
It returns the absolute pathname of the file
import java.io.*;
public class FileOperations {
public static void main(String args[])
{
length Method
It returns the size of the file in bytes
import java.io.*;
public class FileOperations {
public static void main(String args[])
{
list Method
It returns an array of the files in the directory
import java.io.*;
mkdir method
It is used to create a new directory
import java.io.*;
close method
It is used to close the file
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
try {
FileInputStream input= new
FileInputStream(file);
int character;
// read character by character by default
// read() function return int between
// 0 and 255.
input.close();
System.out.println("File is Closed");
System.out.println(
"Now we will again try to read");
while ((character = input.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char)character);
}
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(
"File is closed. Cannot be read");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Exception Handling
An exception is an unusual condition that results in an
interruption in the flow of the program.
try-catch block
try statement allow you to define a block of code to be tested
for errors. catch block is used to handle the exception.
try {
// Statements
}
catch(Exception e) {
// Statements
}
Example
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
System.out.println("Rest of code in try block");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException => " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}
finally block
finally code is executed whether an exception is handled or not.
try {
//Statements
}
catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {
// catch block
}
finally {
// finally block always executes
}
Example
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
}
finally {
System.out.println("Finally block is always
executed");
}
}
}