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Definition
• A logarithm is defined as follows:

3.2. Logarithmic Functions log! 𝑥 = 𝑦 means 𝑎" = 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

MATH 1031: Differential and Integral Calculus
Temple University, Japan Campus • The number log! 𝑥 is the power y to which we raise a to get x. The
number a is called the logarithmic base. We read log! 𝑥 as “the
logarithm, base a, of x.”

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Graphs of Logarithmic Functions Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

• The functions y = 2# and • The functions y = 𝑒 # and
y = log$ 𝑥 are inverses of each y = log% 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 are inverses of
other. each other.
• Thus, the graph of the inverse of • Thus, the graph of the inverse of
a function can be obtained by a function can be obtained by
reflecting the graph of the reflecting the graph of the
function about the line 𝑦 = x. function about the line 𝑦 = x.

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Problem 3.2.1: Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs Problem 3.2.1: Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs
• Graph y = log ! 𝑥 • Graph y = log ! 𝑥
If x = 1, y = log ! 1 = 0

If x = 2, y = log ! 2 = 1

If x = 8, y = log ! 8 = 3

"
If x = 1/2, y = log ! = −1
#

"
If x = 1/4, y = log ! = −2
$

"
If x = 1/8, y = log ! # = −3

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Problem 3.2.2 Theorem 3 – Basic Properties of Logarithms

• Write an equivalent exponential equation. • For any positive numbers M, N, a, and b, with a, b ≠ 1, and any real
a) log$ 16 = 4 b) log& 25 = 2 c) log'( 2 = 1/4 number k:

*
d) log$& 5 = 1/2 e) log$ 1/16 = −4 f) log& 1/25 = −2 P1) log! 𝑀𝑁 = log! 𝑀 + log! 𝑁 P2) log! + = log! 𝑀 − log! 𝑁

• Solve for x P3) log! (𝑀, ) = 𝑘 ? log! 𝑀 P4) log! 𝑎 = 1

a) log& 125 = 𝑥 b) log# 64 = 3 c) log) 1/16 = 𝑥
P5) log! (𝑎, ) =𝑘 P6) log! 1 = 0

• Write an equivalent logarithmic equation. P7) log- 𝑀

./0 *
= ./0% 1 (The change of base formula)
a) 3) = 81 b) 10$ = 100 %

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Problem 3.2.3 Problem 3.2.4

• Given log! 2 = 0.3 and log! 3 = 0.4, find each of the following: • Given log- 2 = 0.4 and log- 5 = 0.8, find each of the following:

a) log! 6 b) log! 2/3 c) log! 81 a) log- 10 b) log- 2/5 c) log- 5/2

d) log! 1/3 e) log! 𝑎 f) log! (2𝑎) d) log- 16 e) log- 5𝑏 f) log- 𝑏

g) log! 5 h) log$ 3

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Natural Logarithms
Common Logarithms
• Definition: For any positive number x,
• Definition: ln 𝑥 = log& 𝑥.
This is called the natural logarithm.
For any positive number x,
log 𝑥 = log-. 𝑥. The function f x = ln 𝑥 is always increasing. The
domain is (0, ∞), and the range is (−∞, ∞).

This is called the common ln 𝑥 < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 1

logarithm.
ln 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1

ln 𝑥 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1

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Theorem 4 – Properties of Natural Logarithms

Problem 3.2.5
*
P1) ln 𝑀𝑁 = ln 𝑀 + ln 𝑁 P2) ln = ln 𝑀 − ln 𝑁
+ • Given ln 2 = 0.7 and ln 3 = 1.1, find each of the following:
P3) ln(𝑎, ) = 𝑘 ? ln 𝑎 P4) ln 𝑒 = 1
a) ln 6 b) ln 81 c) ln 1/3
P5) ln(𝑒, ) =𝑘 P6) ln 1 = 0
d) ln 2𝑒& e) log$ 3
./0 * .2 *
P7) log- 𝑀 = ./0' 1 = .2 1 (The change of base formula)
'

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Problem 3.2.7: Exponential Equations

Problem 3.2.6
• Solve 𝑒3 = 40 for t.
• Given ln 2 = 0.7 and ln 5 = 1.6, find each of the following:

a) ln 10 b) ln 5/3 c) ln 2/5

c) ln 32 d) ln 5𝑒$ e) log& 2

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Problem 3.2.7: Exponential Equations Problem 3.2.8: Exponential Equations

• Solve 𝑒3 = 40 for t. • Solve 𝑒45.5)3 = 0.05 for t.
• Solution:
ln 𝑒3 = ln 40

t ? ln 𝑒 = ln 40

t = ln 40

𝑡 ≈ 3.7

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Problem 3.2.8: Exponential Equations

Problem 3.2.9
• Solve 𝑒45.5)3 = 0.05 for t.
• Solution: • Solve each equation for t:
ln 𝑒45.5)3 = ln 0.05

−0.04t ? ln 𝑒 = ln 0.05 a) 𝑒; = 80 b) 𝑒<; = 100

−0.04t = ln 0.05 c) 𝑒=; = 0.1 d) 𝑒=...?; = 0.25

ln 0.05
𝑡=
−0.04

𝑡 ≈ 75

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Derivatives of Natural Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 6
• Let’s find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 = log & 𝑥

Write the equivalent exponential expression: 𝑒 ((*) = 𝑥. • For any positive number x,
Differentiate both sides of this equation using the chain rule:
𝑑 ((*) 𝑑
𝑑 1
𝑒 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) C 𝑒 ((*) = 1

Substitute x for 𝑒 ((*)

𝑥 C 𝑓, 𝑥 = 1

1
𝑓, 𝑥 =
𝑥

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Theorem 7 Problem 3.2.10

• The derivative of the natural logarithm of a function is the derivative • Differentiate:
of the function divided by the function: a) y = 4 ln 𝑥 b) y = ln(5 𝑥) c) y = ln(𝑥$ + 5 𝑥)
𝑑 1 𝑓′(𝑥)
ln 𝑓(𝑥) = ? 𝑓E 𝑥 = d) y = 𝑥& ln 𝑥 e) y = 𝑥& ln(6𝑥) f) y = 𝑥& ln(𝑥$ + 5 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
Or
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢′ g) y = 𝑥$ ln 𝑥 + 5𝑥 h) y =
.2 #
i) y = (𝑥$+2𝑥 + 4) ln(4𝑥)
ln 𝑢 = ? = #-
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

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Problem 3.2.11 Problem 3.2.12: Social Science: Forgetting

• In a psychological experiment, students were shown a set of
• Differentiate: nonsense syllables, such as POK, RIZ, DEQ, and so on, and asked
to recall them every minute thereafter. The percentage R(t) who
retained the syllables after t minutes was found to be given by
a) y = ln(𝑥)) b) y = ln(𝑥$ − 5) c) y = 𝑥ln(5𝑥) the logarithmic learning model:

𝑅 𝑡 = 80 − 27 ln 𝑡, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 1
#- F) #. 4$ a) What percentage of students retained the syllables after 1 min?
d) y = ln(3𝑥$ + 4) e) 𝑓 𝑥 = ln( #
) f) 𝑓 𝑥 = ln( #
) b) Find 𝑅′(2) and explain what it represents.

g) 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥)) h) y = ln(2𝑥) ln(7𝑥) i) 𝑓 𝑥 = ln(ln8 𝑥)

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Problem 3.2.13: Advertising Problem 3.2.14: Marginal Revenue

• A model for consumers’ response to advertising is given by • The demand for a new computer game can be modeled by
𝑁 𝑎 = 1000 + 200 ? 𝑙𝑛𝑎 ; 𝑎 ≥ 1 𝑝 𝑥 = 53.5 − 8 ? 𝑙𝑛𝑥
where N(a) is the number of units sold and a is the amount spent on advertising, where p(x) is the price consumers will pay, in dollars, and x is the number of games
in thousands of dollars. sold, in thousands. Recall that total revenue is given by 𝑅 𝑥 = 𝑥 ? 𝑝(𝑥).
a) How many units were sold after spending $1000 on advertising? a) Find 𝑅 𝑥 .
b) Find 𝑁′(𝑎) and 𝑁′(10). b) Find the marginal revenue, 𝑅′ 𝑥 .
c) Find the maximum and minimum values of N, if they exist. c) Is there any price at which revenue will be maximized? Why or why not?
d) Find 𝑁′(𝑎). Discuss lim 𝑁′(𝑎) . Does it make sense to spend more and more
!→S
dollars on advertising? Why or why not?

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Problem 3.2.15: Marginal Profit

Homework
• The profit, in thousands of dollars, from the sale of x thousand candles, can be • Section 3.2:
estimated by
𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 0.3𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 #1-90 odd, 95, 99, 103

a) Find the marginal profit, 𝑃′ 𝑥 .

b) Find 𝑃′ 150 and explain what this number represents.
c) How many thousands of candles should be sold to maximize profit?

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