FLOW CONTROL STATEMENTS

Instructor: DieuNT1

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Agenda
01. Arrays 02. Flow Control Statements
• Single Dimensional Array • if..else
• Two Dimensional Array • switch-case

• while

• do..while

• for

• break,continue, return

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Section 1

Arrays

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 Java Arrays
Java array is The elements of an
an object which array are stored in a It is a data structure where we store similar elements:
contains elements of contiguous memory
a similar data type. location.
We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java
array.
For example, you can create
an array that can hold 100 Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the
values of int type. array is stored at the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on
1st index and so on.

We can store primitive values or objects in an array in

Java

Like C/C++, we can also create single dimentional or

multidimentional arrays in Java.

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Java Arrays
▪ Arrays:

Data structures

Related data items of same type

Remain same size once created

• Fixed-length entries

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Types of Array in Java
▪ There are two types of array:
✔Single Dimensional Array
c[ 0 ] -45
✔Multidimensional Array Name of array (note that all elements of this
c[ 1 ] 6
array have the same name, c)
c[ 2 ] 0

c[ 3 ] 72

c[ 4 ] 1543

Value of each element c[ 5 ] -89

▪ Single Dimensional Array Structure:
c[ 6 ] 0

c[ 7 ] 62

c[ 8 ] -3

c[ 9 ] 1

Index (or subscript) of the element in array c[ 10 ] 6453

c, begin from 0 c[ 11 ] 78

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Single Dimensional Array in Java
▪ Syntax: Three ways to declare an array are

datatype[] identifier;
datatype[] identifier = new datatype[size];
datatype[] identifier = {value1,value2,…valueN};

▪ You can also place the square brackets after the array's name:
datatype identifier[];//this form is discouraged

▪ Example:

byte[] bArray;
float[] fArray = new float[20];
int[] iArray = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };

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Array Declarations
▪ Examine array bArray, fArray, iArray:
✔bArray, fArray, iArray is the array name
✔fArray.length accesses array c’s length
✔iArray has 10 elements:
iArray[0], iArray [1], … , iArray [9]
• The value of iArray [0] is 32

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Array Index
▪ Also called subscript
▪ Position number in square brackets
▪ Always begin from zero
✔ Must >= 0 and < array’s length
▪ Example:
fArray[0] = 12.5f;
for (int counter = 0; counter <
iArray.length; counter++){
output += counter + "\t" +
iArray[counter] + "\n";
}

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Passing Array to a Method in Java
▪ We can pass the Java array to method so that we can reuse the same
logic on any array.
public class TestArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] intArray = { 5, 22, 16, 8, 89, 6 };

System.out.println("Max of value:" + findMax(intArray));

static int findMax(int[] intArray) {

int max = intArray[0];

for (int i = 1; i < intArray.length; i++) {

intArray[i] *= 2;
if (intArray[i] > max) {
max = intArray[i];
}
}

return max;
}
}

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ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
▪ The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if length of the
array in negative, equal to the array size or greater than the array size while traversing the array.
public class TestArrayException {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int arr[] = { 50, 60, 70, 80 };
for (int i = 0; i <= arr.length; i++) {
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
}
▪ Output:
50
60
70
80
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4
at fa.training.jpe.TestArrayException.main(TestArrayException.java:15)

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Multidimensional Arrays
▪ In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix form).
▪ Syntax: 1.dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)
2.dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
3.dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
4.dataType []arrayRefVar[];
▪ Example:
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
▪ Initialize Multidimensional Array in Java
1.arr[0][0]=1;
2.arr[0][1]=2;
3.arr[0][2]=3;
4.arr[1][0]=4;
5.arr[1][1]=5;
6.arr[1][2]=6;
7.arr[2][0]=7;
8.arr[2][1]=8;
9.arr[2][2]=9;
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Multidimensional Arrays
• Two-dimensional array structure
Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 0
a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ]

Row 1
a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ]

Row 2
a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ]

Column index

Row index

Array name

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Multidimensional Arrays
▪ Example: Let's see the simple example to ▪ Output
declare, instantiate, initialize and print the 1 2 3
2Dimensional array. 2 4 5
4 4 5
public class Test2Dimensional {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 2, 4, 5 }, { 4, 4, 5 } };

// Printing 2D array
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
System.out.print(arr[i][j] + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

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Jagged Array in Java
Jagged Array is an array of arrays with ▪ Output
different number of columns.
public class TestJaggedArray {
8 72 40
Example: public static void main(String[] args) {
// Declaring a jagged array
int[][] jagArray = new int[3][];
67 89 50 6 19
jagArray[0] = new int[3];
jagArray[1] = new int[5]; 47 68
jagArray[2] = new int[2];

Random random = new Random(2);

// Initializing a jagged array

for (int i = 0; i < jagArray.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < jagArray[i].length; j++) {
jagArray[i][j] = random.nextInt(100);
}
}

// Printing the data of a jagged array

for (int i = 0; i < jagArray.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < jagArray[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(jagArray[i][j] + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

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Copying a Java Array
▪ We can copy an array to another by the arraycopy() method of System class.
▪ Syntax:
public static void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos,Object dest,

int destPos, int length)

▪ Example:
public class TestArrayCopyDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Declaring a source array
char[] copyFrom = { 'F', 'P', 'T', 'S', 'o', 'f', 't', 'w', 'a', 'r', 'e',
'A', 'c', 'a', 'd', 'e', 'm', 'y' };

// Declaring a destination array

char[] copyTo = new char[10];

// Copying array using System.arraycopy() method

System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 3, copyTo, 0, 8);

// Printing the destination array

System.out.println(String.valueOf(copyTo));
}
}

▪ Output: Software

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Cloning an Array in Java
▪ We can clone an array by the clone() method.
▪ Example:

public class TestCloneArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int arr[] = { 12, 5, 18, 8, 6 };
System.out.println("Printing original array:");
for (int value : arr)
System.out.println(value);

System.out.println("Printing clone of the array:");

int carr[] = arr.clone();
for (int value : carr)
System.out.println(value);

System.out.println("Are both equal?");

System.out.println(arr == carr);
}
}

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Cloning an Array in Java

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Section 2

Flow Control Statements

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Flow Control Statements
Decision-making
• if-else statement
• switch-case statement

Loops
• while loop
• do-while loop
• for loop

Branching
• break
• continue
• return

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Flow Control Statements
▪ All application development environments provide a decision making process called flow
control statements that direct the application execution.
▪ Flow control enables a developer to create an application that can examine[kiểm tra] the
existing conditions, and decide a suitable course of action.
▪ Loops or iteration are an important programming construct that can be used to repeatedly
execute a set of actions.
▪ Jump statements allow the program to execute in a non-linear fashion.

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if-else statement
▪ Syntax:
if (condition){
action1;
} else {
action2;
}

▪ Note:
✔“else” is optional
✔Alternative way to if-else is
conditional operator ( ?: )

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if-else statement
▪ Example:
public class CheckNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int num = 10;
if (num % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println(num + " is an even
number");
} else {
System.out.println(num + " is an odd
number");
}
}
}
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switch – case statement
Unlike if-then and if-then-else statements, the switch
statement can have a number of possible execution
paths.

A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int

primitive data types.

It also works with enumerated types, the String class,

and a few special classes that wrap certain primitive
types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer (discussed
in Numbers and Strings).

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switch – case statement
▪ Syntax:

case value_1:
statement_1; [ break;]
case value_2:
statement_2; [ break;]
…
case value_n:
statement_n; [ break;]
default:
statement_n+1; [break;]
}

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 switch – case statement
public class SwitchDemo2 { case 4:
public static void main(String[] args) { case 6:
case 9:
int month = 2; case 11:
int year = 2000; numDays = 30;
int numDays = 0; break;
case 2:
switch (month) { if ( ((year % 4 == 0) && !(year % 100 == 0))
case 1: || (year % 400 == 0) )
case 3: numDays = 29;
case 5: else
case 7: numDays = 28;
case 8: break;
case 10: }
case 12: System.out.println("Number of Days = " + numDays);
numDays = 31; }
break; }

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while Loop
▪ while loops are used for situations when a loop has to be executed as
long as certain condition is True.
▪ The number of times a loop is to be executed is not pre-determined, but
depends on the condition.
▪ The syntax is:

while (condition) {
action statements;
}

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while Loop
▪ Example:

public class FactDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int num = 5, fact = 1;
while (num >= 1) {
fact *= num;// fact = fact * num;
num--;
}
System.out.println("The factorial of 5 is : " +
fact);
}
}

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do – while Loop
▪ The do-while loop executes certain statements till the specified condition is True.
▪ These loops are similar to the while loops, except that a do-while loop executes at
least once, even if the specified condition is False.
▪ The syntax is:

do {
action statements;
} while (condition);

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do – while Loop
▪ Example:

public class DoWhileDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1, sum = 0;
do {
sum += count;
count++;
} while (count <= 100);
System.out.println("The sum of first 100 numbers is
: " + sum);
}
}

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for Loop
▪ All loops have some common features: a counter variable that is initialized before the loop
begins, a condition that tests the counter variable and a statement that modifies the value
of the counter variable.
▪ The for loop provides a compact format for incorporating these features.
▪ Syntax:
for (initialization;loopContinuationCondition; increment)
{
statement;
}

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for Loop
▪ Example:
public class ForDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int count = 1, sum = 0;
for (count = 1; count <= 10; count += 2) {
sum += count;
}
System.out.println("The sum of first 5 odd numbers is : " + sum);
}
}

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Break Statements
▪ The break statement has two forms: labeled and unlabeled.
▪ Use unlabeled break to terminate a switch, for, while, or do-while loop
▪ Use labeled break to terminates an outer statement
▪ Example:
public class BreakDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
for (int count = 1; count <= 100; count++) {
if (count == 10) {
break;
}
System.out.println("The value of num is : " + count);
}
System.out.println("The loop is over");
}
}

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Continue statement

• The continue statement skips the current iteration of a for, while , or

do-while loop.

• The unlabeled form skips to the end of the innermost loop's body
and evaluates the boolean expression that controls the loop.

• The labeled continue statement skips the current iteration of an

outer loop marked with the given label.

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Continue statement
▪ Example:
public class ContinueDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String searchMe = "peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers";
int max = searchMe.length();
int numPs = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
// interested only in p's
if (searchMe.charAt(i) != 'p') {
continue;
}
numPs++;
}
System.out.println("Found " + numPs + " p's in the string.");
}
}

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Return statement
▪ The return statement exits from the current method, and control flow
returns to where the method was invoked.
▪ The return statement has two forms:
✔Returns a value: return ++count;
✔Doesn't returns a value (void): return;
▪ The data type of the returned value must match the type of the method's
declared return value.

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Practice time
▪ Exercise 1: Program to find the frequency of each element in
the array.
▪ Excersie 2: Program to left rotate the elements of an array.

(Nếu có đủ thời gian thì cho thực hành/demo tại lớp, nếu không thì học viên có thể được
hướng dẫn để làm thêm ở nhà).

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Summary
01. Arrays 02. Flow Control Statements
• Single Dimensional Array • if..else
• Two Dimensional Array • switch-case

• while

• do..while

• for

• break,continue, return

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Questions

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THANK YOU!

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