University of Sana’a

Faculty of Engineering
Mechatronics Department

LAB1:INTRODUCTION TO ANALOG CONTROL LABORATORY

By :

Eng. Mohammed Abdalnasser Alzaghir

773215130
 TOPICS COVERED IN THIS COURSE:
 Introduction:
- Course Plan.
-Introduction to Control Systems
- Overview of MATLAB/Simulink.
 System modeling in MATLAB/Simulink.
 System analysis in MATLAB/Simulink.
 MATLAB/Simulink Control design using PID.
 MATLAB/Simulink Control design using Root Locus method.
 MATLAB/Simulink Control design using Frequency response method.
 Real time hardware interface/control using MATLAB/Simulink.
 MATLAB/Simulink Control design using auto-tuning and system identification (for
systems not having mathematical models).
 COURSE REQUIREMENT:
Term Project:
Pick a system of your choice, and do the following:
 System Modeling (mathematical or experimental) using MATLAB.
 System analysis using MATLAB.
 Control system designing (by using any method covered in the course).

The project can be delivered as hardware or simulation.

Quizzes or Tasks
 WHAT IS A CONTROL SYSTEM?

 A control system is defined as a system of devices that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the
behavior of other devices or systems to achieve a desired result. A control system achieves this through
control loops, which are a process designed to maintain a process variable at a desired set point.

 Examples of control systems in your day-to-day life include an air conditioner, a refrigerator, an air
conditioner, a bathroom toilet tank, an automatic iron, and many processes within a car – such as cruise
control.

 In industrial settings, we find control systems in the quality control of products, weapons system,
transportation systems, power systems, space technology, robotics, and much more.
 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR CS

 When the relation between input and output of the system can be represented by a linear
proportionality, the system is called a linear control system.

 Again when the relationship between input and output cannot be represented by single linear
proportionality, rather the input and output are related by some non-linear relation, the system is
referred to as a non-linear control system.
 REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD CONTROL
SYSTEM
 Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors
made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions.
 Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase the accuracy of any control system
error detector should be present in the control system.

 Sensitivity: The parameters of a control system are always changing with the change in surrounding
conditions, internal disturbance, or any other parameters.
 This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be insensitive to such
parameters but sensitive to input signals only
 REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD CONTROL SYSTEM

 Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system should be able to reduce the
noise effect for better performance.
 Stability: It is an important characteristic of the control system. For the bounded input signal, the output
must be bounded and if the input is zero then the output must be zero then such a control system is
said to be a stable system.
 Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of the control system. Bandwidth
should be as large as possible for the frequency response of a good control system.
 REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD CONTROL
SYSTEM

 Speed: It is the time taken by the control system to achieve its stable output. A good control system

possesses high speed. The transient period for such a system is very small.

 Oscillation: A small number of oscillations or constant oscillations of output tends to indicate the system
to be stable.
 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

 There are various types of control systems, but all of them are created to control outputs. The system

used for controlling the position, velocity, acceleration, temperature, pressure, voltage, and current, etc.

are examples of control systems.

➢ Open-loop control systems

➢ Closed-loop control systems

 OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

 A control system in which the control action is totally independent of the output of the system then it is

called an open-loop control system. A manual control system is also an open-loop control system.

 The figure below shows a control system block diagram of an open-loop control system in which

process output is totally independent of the controller action.

 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF OPEN LOOP
CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. Electric Hand Drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as you keep your hand under the machine,
irrespective of how much your hand is dried.

2. Automatic Washing Machine – This machine runs according to the pre-set time irrespective of washing
is completed or not.

3. Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker – These machines also function for pre-adjusted time only.

4. Timer Based Clothes Drier – This machine dries wet clothes for pre-adjusted time, it does not matter
how much the clothes are dried.

5. Light Switch – Lamps glow whenever the light switch is on irrespective of light is required or not.

6. Volume on Stereo System – Volume is adjusted manually irrespective of output volume level.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

 Advantages of open-loop control systems include:

1. Simple in construction and design.
2. Economical.
3. Easy to maintain.
4. Generally stable.
5. Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.
 Disadvantages of open-loop control systems include:
1. They are inaccurate.
2. They are unreliable.
3. Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically.
 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

 Control systems in which the output has an effect on the input quantity in such a manner that the input
quantity will adjust itself based on the output generated is called a closed-loop control system.
 An open-loop control system can be converted into a closed loop control system by providing
feedback. This feedback automatically makes suitable changes in the output due to external
disturbance.
 In this way, a closed loop control system is called an automatic control system. The figure below shows
the block diagram of the closed loop control system in which feedback is taken from the output and fed
into the input.
 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF CLOSED LOOP
CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Automatic Electric Iron – Heating elements are controlled by the output temperature of the iron.

2. Servo Voltage Stabilizer – Voltage controller operates depending upon the output voltage of the system.

3. Water Level Controller – Input water is controlled by the water level of the reservoir.

4. Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar – The direction of the missile is controlled by comparing

the target and position of the missile.

5. An Air Conditioner – An air conditioner functions depending upon the temperature of the room.

6. Cooling System in Car – It operates depending upon the temperature which it control
 ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEM

1. Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the presence of non-linearity.

2. Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to the presence of a feedback signal.

3. The bandwidth range is large.

4. Facilitates automation.

5. The sensitivity of the system may be made small to make the system more stable.

6. This system is less affected by noise.

 DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED LOOP
CONTROL SYSTEM

1. They are costlier.

2. They are complicated to design.

3. Required more maintenance.

4. Feedback leads to an oscillatory response.

5. Overall gain is reduced due to the presence of feedback.

6. Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to design a stable closed loop system.
OPEN LOOP VS CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

No.
Open Loop Control System Closed Loop Control System

1
The feedback element is absent. The feedback element is absent.

2
An error detector is not present. An error detector is always present.

3 It is a stable one. It may become unstable.

4 Easy to construct. Complicated construction.
5 It is economical. It is costly.
OPEN LOOP VS CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

No.
Open Loop Closed Loop

6
Having a small bandwidth. Having a large bandwidth.

7
It is inaccurate. It is accurate.

8 Less maintenance. More maintenance.

9 It is unreliable. It is reliable.
10 Examples: Hand drier, tea maker Examples: Servo voltage stabilizer,
 ANY QUESTIONS ?!

Eng. Mohammed Abdalnaaser Alzaghir

773215130