rr ns. 4 Years Program VWhird Somoster - Spring 2023 : B os nyse Course Code: PHYS-2001 paper Quant Mk Ane BE ATTEMPTED ON THE a1 Answor the following short questions; (18x23) «) Why Compton offect is more ive of the Photoclectric effect? Explain your oe ms ao eh than ®) Determine Planck's constant from the fact tht the ini “1 Produced by 40,0 keV electrons is 31.1 pm. mmm ray wavelength ©) In Pranck-Hertz tube, the first excitation ener the speed of an acceleratin, 4) An electron collides ©) Lithium, beryllium and mercury Fespectively, If light of 400 nm war which of the metals exhibits 1) What concept did Mosely discover in his of Mos! plot poe af work? Write dawn importance ley ®) Write down Wave furiction of a free Operator for momentum and energy. b) Write down the conditions for acceptable wie function of a particle? 1) Write down four quantum numbers and their accoptable values for quantization. - J) What is Zeeman effect? Explain It briefly, k) Explain why classical theory fails to explain the phenomenon of black body radiation? 1) Explain the condition to observe diffraction phenomenon using X-rays. m) Explain the origin of the emission of continuous and characteristics X-rays, 8) Explain the concept of wayo-pafticle duality of matter and light. ©) What is linearity and Superposition in quantum mechanics? Explain briefly, Particle moving in one dimension. Also, write Answer the following questions, Q. 2 Derive an expression for Compton shift and show that %, the fractional loss of energy ‘of a photon during a Compton collision, is given by 48 = (4 —cosp) 2) ew. a where f“Is the frequency of a photon scattered at an ang! . Q3 eh nets and Germer experiment. a ah aaa cat iy concept of matter waves. equation for a particle restricted to move in s one oe cccoanal bor ef taba bed sale els = pendcde pws oudae S @) Ware function ofthe particle ratriced ina box. % (b) Energy spectrum of the particle restricted In a ® Expectation the position of a particle err Peiic yas nfo lovee nrgy sno cl kd sas @ee “t “a uy ash the peitiole | the roe ae the yim xd = feeer Prowd 5° 21-1 Ow, A cute clotn « Jone 2 BI Pm cy 31 x lo! E2 Yorokev 2S Uoyinrev Es YoX lo xiebX/6°F Zs cunula itscols Es he > Dyas = a i D ik C aamae nd he 1990.4 x10 MT -$ Lo? he 663-4 X1oOJ-s 3d he 4-634 x Io J-sBATA Ne _thctim collichs with oa re gen_atom tr ih fae _dterte Aree : pb tte... Ad to. XA. dtate of ne 3 How much __| ue a piven sto te Sep clos pee atom Pin in this {nol lash (-fanile_eneipy “not an Consewed) 60 ts 7 | De he bt ny a —_t I SbF eG, fees \ | i ne! 9 I QHE= Id-ey = Get r1(e) | ALithi: ryllium & row Leerk Ey 230 ev, 32Joev yboey, eae ely 2 “ee a ‘ of Yoohm vel edals ere "tuba a} the pee eubiibotty nal ¢ Ebbetset ie Ps ed el Es bobh ale faa 3Klot hfe mats 4 carne Yoo Mle! wh i 4 E2 19°89 xlo'r [or es Yoo Xle6 ¥16'Sx lo Ez o-o3ll Xx lo? ev Ez 3-lleyv 7 Let pd bare 4 (p= 2 Soew Aas A ft PD to _ pte chice if Lo by Ae ofhe, . Ain sae case pf pe Ltthian 5 9 -Soey — 0 et 3.1) ev mh heclate offec cll __ | teas Lithium. fe QV7 _ i - ehechic— a ee sudal dhe hay wan $—__ ce ee ag — TE aS hf<@ - 3-lley 2 9o ey aA = LO plots aloe ts fect Lut not he ouchibch a Aer than 4 X= Yoonm | | | A A YVNEACLA 44 ¢- | (Dz 4-"Co ey ‘| Ae AL p Lh furclicee Photo | - cbeélric 2, Mood 2 Ane! tn “ade og. menbiry » hi < Pp us s/levJow -G) pa elooture effect Lut Dnata frow oy OO 4@ £— bho, that erly Libis Lop ——.erchih rb pote elect: offect with, treet —escwelera b “oomme =D eo Lf usanes pt Aloe cllscas LG si ‘ sents “fee tek, pe uci a Briel decks He Vissk that faye f | Lk Line in Shoot of. bem pF: Aigh abrate number js reales iS Aes og cf same kK Line J of Cloment of tow atomse vumber 4n atte woacls more 2 ie Kho : gue evel ym olor Dog, ~ atbatie anwunbe, : | 4m Partanee dc =. tee | AE sapere root of the _f > | cedeutns t ty : | She Penocln Sable : a "baad ie ado btetneals ~Aese Ares ddows | dthat Ahere 41 0 furclarnentad 4, woul tn __ectom dabeh. {ne1eases Leg egal dleps eke pa fro ES ee ces muamben is fo ale ny X-Abyy | became. the _umireusally “accep oS of om ebyvent pesmi eal =4x pede Tao ving fh eme ‘ & MMACE fuveliier of. ¢ fuss te le ene__climensional fox 2 qroving in iven Cd? “ plate [asin [aE ye ds bE & pes ain pos Baer pa en Sod Kinetic eneigy Lins Leng ofa pailicle of ovin.|e fr_total 22> CmeApey x at us reprerealiel ey y E&Y Lb a be bby ps th a no fe Ze Shale, fs eh jos Dice manatee & AAS Pe 0.3 +P, § +h & D2 -th2 Qe-3h 9 , Q--h2 ax 24 Q2 2» pz ih fi bd_+ ja _ +k \ Bt ay a2) 0 --thy he he Dqnare of Linear operat ; ft pops (iho)-Cihd) - >» fiz =h2-q2papel nnd bipiteat e — aay: nore fawn 4s chefived| Al: Rup 1 aaa. posing Led x(-igh) = -shixg > QL) > quite rlnwn He eorcbtion fa pa fection od oc potticles a4 i! ip Bebaseal weve burghion nuat — belie seavebitionss” (iy Ys ama be foils pa att value of space vatiables nee Ze (ii) 4 rust Be Slagle valueel. a t be us enle in _+ font 2 ifrich. Ydwy 2b.di Uy) faitial clesiva’ clerivalives of rg iO 2 ap au ,2v au ay az fb ote cortli 14.0 Lah, catty wcbene Se = LMlsite boven hia oar lie numberste_oach elecbion 1m Cn ~cctom to an thet election state. WY also clescrsbes te quortiretion of eneuy orf elects, ._Y Z het All TAFT ib tates dauing * Aame vate od. Ne ntal bo fim shell nN Can be ary ost lve infeges. ema gi anos a- Arpirmitpll 4 oriluen number s- fe ft BD cebho firisn oh. rorbt tod [a wortiun numbers 4 dS clenoled) Soh, A. 4 cheserspes He Shepe of Cn fiver orbital dt pine i infamation about Jub sbelle gl hos Limited yobees Less thar i ms : | fe dy dso rh-4 3M apinclic untboum aunthert fq ts clenote ch fy mM pall colofentnes “the uta Hod Orbitah ond orenttton ofbitals and the Orientetion 2 a arbi tots fees shub = shot! ft cle Pencles : “Upon peda Jagimuthal 4 ence rruumje o i Mrs O,4 pees 5 £3, -- eee ee J 1 spin 4 wl Ww mbere dy A pin ees number clrseniloes fe angular Sunwienar ofan eleefion . [dn lection Siu arourcl on ons and | Aros bor angulor amomentiom anol @ubi ite [ang ulor momeWfun. Pecouse computor, raomesiliam nS a veetos he spin vitan I Aes Ado th_a maognitcte t'4) & chrockion | on. = Os = (o Zt Z be ee ae non offect - a Lufelain buelly»7 leah tan nmapuihic fick ele s-then a re eet St calid te ——______|| ch Lo. as Han fis petite peck —_————__—~ HLL oe: eo Hine b8 THES ib Toy Ue preacnee of on _onleyral ae dan thes s allel Hee beni nue as a =? Bet 7 | we, by Llbasse ol) stheong | foals te_exx O bbe Dhensmdnds ef lnchbsely today Lharricod thers L leaflet Mihi ves EE it teed no ndlisn of portiobe - —nalure op Light 4 Blok. bo [ie sien! cabo Salton ack abla alt Dead "ak — uben Lb + “iis absorfplim 0 el eee i_Aagorolless ab te ll Per pweney of rechintions , Abo , ee ee | ethich alepod _on ar Lom ponte | of Block booty Enperimentally ,Lmri chore liye fo Be with no nobon of parbcle an J9oo Moy Plone first nitoduecd! gow of Lond, aunel ‘cress pully Buplained BE Blaek Booby indDns QL (bs * Zap fein He Cp nol Bon to ob sowve f we! on hen hn Alu pa X- Ads cliffracteee fe | he otvmic plora of a Laystal 7 v u: Cause on inciclent fretim af »-dou4 Le intitfire cuith one ovalinet as thew { e+e : 7 inpee eae ee <0 name eae Cenalitions, Laie ste aan stack tt us 4 abdewe deg lf oh ee eee Con cbebionsc —2.O# ‘Iim) Eee the Ovoien of fhe emession i Continous _onel~ choracteusilic pate re mitted) oa te aunin Ob Dipl, oma nto bevneds oH ea Ahé Hull af he ce ectom Hows Cue 5 ew. Larne clung Tihet Seceuaaben Ligh onsisG ba D0, Les oto" wove valine bf Loht tects Hod — od Covdtitt Hela oh ox WN Om wor | hil oO = Porticle tuabsf, ia -the veonce pp cae sorta ree thoct 9 now €4 one re “acai te te CALamenls LO LYN A LOMCE Ls ae LL, x the bate af) ce fits th od frowtcle oe) weve to fully duel the Behov iar of 46 pepe Sain Scttlade ada : Some cn ao a|e s | Scene sabes hE ps vp ibag ~— “am at buf pase 5 (ore dp bibiant yf Adve . ca tig sasitan, -O» —h Wig tvipeihag — ae at 2m a . Nixj— 2s @ ly A {jes 2- Gy _b | eA a eS La ee exes — V2 Fal vawsthavi@g G2 an __at — 25 2s — 2 Whi,ivbwy =ih AbW, -@ : 2 at | Low adlelin: F @ 2 @ as =h*y* lay, vegiiviat tbl): ih 2 (Avaby : —a.m=> Q# 2 “Deuve an ercprepssion ps compton Ledhilp anol sdhow thee the fractional foas 34 6 phot olay Lampton Collision, Hi_piven Ley _hf' (l-tos@) mcm Physics Experimental Basis of Quantul erms of 14 Explain major features of photoelectric classical wave theory of light. (iv)-Explain briefly the Einstein's photoelectric effect equation. 1,3: Compton effect:-Compton effect is a process in which an incident photon of frequency f is scattered by a stationary electron and scattered photon has its frequency f' < f. ‘ Explanation of Compton effect on basis of classical wave th classical theory, the electric intensity of an incident radiation of frequency f will cause the atomic electrons of elements to oscillate with the-same frequency. These oscillating electrons will subsequently radiate electromagnetic waves with the same. frequency. Such scattered radiation of same frequency as that of incident radiation is observed over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. However, the intensity is weak at high frequencies. Thus according to this theory scattered X-rays should have the same frequency as that of incident X-rays. Hence, classical physics is inadequate in explaining the Compton effect. : Explanation of.Compton Effect on basis of quantum theory:-To explain this effect, Compton applied quantum theory of light with’ the assumption that the incident photons possess momentum. Theoretical interpretation of decrease in frequency was given by Compton himself. He supposed that if the scattering process were considered to be a collision between a photon and electron,’ the- electron would - absorb energy due to recoil and the scattered photon would have less energy and therefore a lower frequency than the incident photon. Theory of Compton effect (Expression for Compton shift Compton calculated shift in 1 e wavelength making use of quantum’ theory and following assumptions: Bees (i)-The radiations of frequency f Incident photon p= 0 consists of photons of energy YYYYY > effect that cannot be explained in t eory:-According to wavelength):- y . wa E=hf' “ 1 ' 1 1 1 ' ' hy and momentum p = hf/c. Bah “Target (i-The electrons are assumed to. P~ Me clevton be free and stationary. is p=mv (ii)-The collision between high ; anon Si energy photon and electron is Fig 1.9: Compton scattering. A photon of frequency fis elastic. scattered by a stationary electron with decreased frequency f” Fig 1.9 shows a schematic diagram of Compton scattering: An X-ray photon of energy Af strikes an electron at rest. On.collision, the photon loses some energy, which is taken up by the electron. ‘ Let be angle through which photon is’ scattered and @ is angle through which electron is recoiled. Applying law of conservation of energy, hf + moc? = hf! + mc? => mc? = moc? + ACS - f’) Squaring both sides,LMI Quantum Physics with Conce, applying law of conservation. of inne 2moc?h(f — f') + (1.1) (rina direction parallel to original direction, “cos 0s aoe tmvcoso = hf = hy'cosp + mvc cosb (ij ina direction petpendear to eras dee ed 2) (CSc Tsing — musing. = 9 = Wf sind — mvsin8 ~ 2 0=hf'sing — mvesind = mvesing = Af'sing ~ (1.3) Squaring and adding equations (1.2) and (1.3), _Mvic? = bef? 4 pape 2H FF cosh > (1.4) Subtracting equation (1.4) from equation (1.1); we have; mc? (c? — y2) = m3ct , 3 — ona cosd) + 2moc?h(f — f') Mo 2062 = c?(c? ~y2) = ( La 2) ra sind? +0 =, ¢ ict = 2n2¢f(1 = cosp) + 2mpcPh(f — f’) 2 2 ‘ = fot \ Ga w 264 _ ope : 72 ot 1-3) = met — 2h TFA —cosg) + 2moch(f-f) Te . = mict= mict — 2 F5'(1 + cos) + 2mdthCy — $) ~ ~ 202 “ATG cos) + Amocrhif ff = Brac P= WEF c9se) as 8 35-5=—5(1-cosgy - Tf nae cos$), = FoF mae (1 - cosy : h Foe ge t= 6088) a ~A=F Ct — cosp), Now 2" — 2 = AA is called Compton shift in wavelength, Hence h 2h ob Maa TC cosg) = A= sin (3) The experimental value of @ measured by Compton for a given angle @ was found in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. This agreement confirmed that Photon is a particle like wave not only.in photoelectric effect but in scattering process aso, Ford = 90°, we have * 3 * h ao = ue = This wavelength is called Compton wavelength. In terms of Compton wavelength, Compton shift can be written as; AA = A,(1~ cos) af Maximum shift in wavelength:-Compton shift in wavelength is maximum when $ = 180° and is given by, # x A A s—(1- Pye =— (8A Ymax = 5-51 — c0s180°) = melt t Dae15; Chapter imental Basis of Quantum Physics Minimum shift in wavelength:-Compton shift in wavelength is minimum when # = 0° and is given by, a 2 (A) min = FR aot ~ cos0°) = 0 -1=0 Experimental study of Canoe effect:-The schematic arrangement of apparatus used by Compton is shown in fig 1.10. id ‘ation is collimated into fine beam by lead d at an angle @ and detected been verified A monochromatic stream of incident radiation is co cattere J by Compton have blocks and falls on a target T. The radiations are s* with the help of a detector. The results obtaine: experimentally. oe ‘Seantered Any maw WT =P Coltng sis Fig 1.10: Experimental study of Compton effect The wavelength displacement: for the Kz, line for molybdenum target scattered by carbon for values of ¢ = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° as shown in figure 1.11, At each angle the scattered beam consists of two distinct $= 138° lines, the unmodified line which has same v Wit 048 wavelength as the incident radiation and K— Ah ink Fig 1.11: Variation of 4% with @ in-process “of the modified line which has a longer i 7 wavelength depending upon the angle of eanpons set scattering. The displacement AA has been found to be in fair aufeathent with the values calculated from equation; das aa — cos) Limitations of Compton theory:- -Liéitations of Compton theory are: (1)-Compton theory does not explain the presence of X-rays of same wavelength i in the scattered radiation, as the incident X-rays. (2)-It has been observed that the intensity of modified X-rays is greater than that of unmodified X-rays for light elements. But for heavier elements the reverse results have been obtained. These observations are not explained by Compton theory.ears pee » fractional los Compton collision is given by ; loss ‘of e weve nergy of - photon AE/E during . AE hf" a moe (1 - cos) Proof:-From Compton relation, soy DUE On fafech Fiof meth core) ary eee mete cos) f= Pe hf' hf —h, h > Ay mot cosh) .=————— f i f' ae 1-cosd) = me (1-coso?) => reo mec Soe ~ cosh) diab te ewe a= 3 lain Davigsoh s Cach ou isto Y Cpepmen | Ent ice Ea plain pious hes casftosiment sly the Conee pt of moter waver.d an electron diffraction experiment to verify de-Brolie othesis. Now we discuss this experiement in detail. : Davisson-Germer experiment:-De-Bro ed by Da ison and Germer in 1927, in land. G. P. Thomson was son of J. J. Th glie hypothesis was first experimentally United States and by G. P. Thomson in jomson. J. J. Thomson won Nobel Prize inChapter-02: X-rays 46 " Thomson shared Nobel 1906 for having shown electron as a particle and his son G. wave. Prize with Davison in 1937 for having shown that electron is 2 ay Principle:-The principle of Davisson- I Germer is based on diffaction that electron beams are diffracted when 9 == they are scattered by the regular * == atomic arrays of crystals. aia Construction:-The apparatus used by Davison and Germef is shown in fig 2.9, in which V is a voltmeter, Rn is a rheostat, F is filament of electron gun and C is a nickel crystal, which served as target. ° Working:-The electrons emitted by heated filament F were accelerated q by an adjustable potential difference Fig 2.9: Apparatus of Davison-Ge V_applied between filament and anode in an electron tube. The accelerated electrons were collimated into a fine beam by passing through sits This bearn made up of electrons with kinetic energy eV was then aliowed to fall ona nickel crystal. The energy of electrons, the angle @ at which they were incident on target and position of di ould be changed. A strong diffracted beam was observed for) = 508 and v = S4volts f Theory of experiment:-Fig 2.10 (a) shows a simplified representation of a nickel crystal. In this experiment, an electron beam of S4eV (fig 2.10b) kinetic energy was incident normally on nickel crystal and a maximum in electron distribution occurred at 50° scattering angles with the incident beam. The situation is similar to light reflected from a diffraction grating. In this grating, parallel arrays of atoms on surface of crystal serve as grating lines with spacing d, The principal maximum for such grating must satisfy the relation dsinO = nA. Putting d = 215 x 107!2m,0 = 50°,n = 1, we get _dsing _ 215 x 10-"m x sinS0° rer experiment n 1 A= 165% 107m * Now Jet us’ find de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through thi potential difference. Let ‘e’ be charge on electron, its mass be m and velocity acquirec be v, when accelerated through potential difference ¥, jhen 1 Vo =my?=2meV => mv =y2meVE E Dey Sige pte et ert merce ILMI Quantum Physics with Concepts of Modern Physics 6.63 x 10-34].5 167 x 10-22 oar 107m V¥2x 91x10 Stke x 1.6 x 10-9C x S4V which is in good agreement with Measured value, confirmed. 47 Sa hence de-Broglie prediction is 54-eV electrons Single crystal of nickel @ ® ® ° @ e ‘@ @ Fig 2.10 (6): Davison-Germer data for scattering : . - of electrons from nickel crystal target © Fig 2.10 (a): The Scattering of electrons by lattice planes i a crystal Result-The value of the de-Bro good agreement with that.found the peak at 50°. _ properties. glie wavelength 0.167nm found theoretically is in experimentally 0.165 nm by Davisson and Germer for This is an important result and shows that“€lectrons have wavelikep> C4 | ins (971 @ cltmonatonod box ond. inf ,ite A pre wall fat uso & et uel) hb palerbte ()tworave Lion of porticle pabvebed in o Bou (bl ne au af Particle Aestiir led Dra Gow Le tthetion value of He Postion vf « Poificle, A Pebobility of froliny the poibe jn the + owes Caner State ay! Lust ete pads » 2G dt Y solve dchpockin (wo i poads cle pes Liretec! pa move _Naracteristic of all stable systems. 3.8: Solutions to Schrodinger equation in one dimension (Particle in one dimensional box):-Consider the motion of a particle of mass m inside a one. dimensional box of length L along x-axis. The potential energy V for particle remains zero for all points inside the box. The motion of such a bound particle can be examined by using Schrodinger wave equation; d*p(x) 2m HO. E-vw =0 Since V = 0 inside the box, so . 5s aoe) 2mE Gar tar V@) =0 Put 2mE/h? = k? to get, 2. SUE) + Aye) =0 Solution of above equation js, oo w(x) = Acoskx + Bsinkx = (3.2) + Now we answer the questions. i-What is energy of particle? ji-What types of waves are found in the box? _ iii-Has the probability density same value for all positions of particle i in the box?ILM! Quantum Physics with Concepts of Modern Physics. «. . a | Energy of particle:-Applying first Va) = boundary conditiony(0)=0, we have A=0. Applying second boundary condition p(L) = 0 with A = 0, we have BsinkL = 0 | -NowB #0, otherwise equation (3.2) | becomes meaningless. So V(x) = 00 =0 V(x) = 0, , sinkL=0 .#kL=nm; n=0,1,2,-- ‘ k= ™ 5 (33) . L x=0 x=L i _ Wherin = 0, then kL = 0. * __ +Fig.3.3; Particle in one dimensional box + But L #0, since it is width of box. Also k # 0 from equation 2mE/h? = k?. Son=0 value is not accepted. Hence-n = 1,2,3;-- » Putting value of k from equation (3.3) in 2mE/h? = k?, we obtain sd 2mE _ pny? mE _ nen? “aay 2mE nie peale hE TBF es ape gal (a) gas this equation gives one value of E for each value of ‘n’, we can write E as E,,. Thus, hi a By 8 1 pe ea En (ge) 2G ese ee ee ae "This equation shows that energies of — E, 4g, —————————— n=. ‘particle are E,E2,E3,-- but not in é, ———______ 1, ‘between E, and & i.e. particle has Fig 3.4: The allowed energy levels discrete values of energy. . 3 “This fact can be, expressed by saying that energy of particle is Guantized. These “energies are shown in fig 3.4. "Now let us answer 2" question. 3 ‘Wave function of particle:-Putting values of A and k in equation é& 2), we Sotain ve) = Bsin() x To find value OF B, we apply normalization condition, j VOVR)dr=1 3 f B*sin (=) xBsin(F)xdx=1, : wr | na my “surf con) ay ° ” a . & wr _ sina E)x nt =15|B/-(L-0-0+40)=1 siae=t ~o-f 0 So normalized functions are, : = “Waa) = Ee F)x 65); Chapter-03 introduction to Wai Mechanj bound particle whic fot are shown a, Which is required solution of Schrodinger equatio! wave functions Constrained to move in a one dimensional box. These shown in fig 3.5. Multiplying equation (3.5) with e~!*, we have W(x) Walxeot = Bon &) xen lat : Va = 4G,t) 5 Bam ) xen lor 4 P(x) This equation represents a standing wave. We see that for each possible value of energy &, there is 3 standing wave of ' frequencyw=E/h. The (x) "ii wavelength a, corresponding to energy E, can be xe . XSL it i ig 3.5: for th found by using relation;. ”. OK f epee Wee Sasson oe ree Values =e AK j > Ek Spe ant rE If p, denotes momentum for state n of particle, then woh 1 mva_ Pa 2 Ey=pmvg =P pha ame, > Pn = [2mE;, 2 h 2 h ch L a a mee aE A 2m x gaz . This equation shows that the standing waves formed in the box have wavelengths 2 2. 2 etc. The amplitude of each wave is /2/L. Now let us answer third question. i The probability density of finding the particle at xis given by, ; 2 7 P=VOW)= WO =P=tsim@C)x See This equation shows that the required probability is a function of x, Ifn = 1, then Pi maximum for the value of x given by relation, nity L exes t 2: {.e, the particle is most likely to be found at the middle of one dimensional box Fi 3.6 shows probability density according to equation (3.6), u The functions of particle inside the box have following properties i)-As we increase energy, each successive state has one more ni y YW has one node, ips has two nodes and so on, lode. wp, has no nod ii}-The functions Yp are alternatively even and odd w. r.', cent j is odd, ws is even and so on. re Of well. y, is even, It will become more apparent if we take the well from — 28 rigin, Then even functions are cosines and odd functions eae pf? sh cent The functions yn are orthonormal. es,. ILMI Quantum Physics with Concepts of Moi iv)-The functions wy, are complete that is any function can be expressed as a linear combination of functions Yn be. Ws avy + a2e +++ any SY) ann ays aft Momentum of particle:-Expectation value of momentum for ‘trapped Particle is, Physics 75 oe =L Fig 3. & The probabiliy density for ihre values of = fv VOBbEdr | or. v- [fine -ihs - >0)=-10 F fom E)e(2) (5) sin ool fon a TR Using fror@ac-F@ 2 (2 fs anf en Po-o=0 ; This quantum mechanical result is not surprising because classical mechanics also gives same result. As, i i m2 p? nh? nh, E,=gmyas atk sph=2mi, =p, = eae Speta | This equation gives two values of momentum: 4 we have EOS aef moment This equation shows that n(x) = fiom 7 are not tegen functions ¢ oO P um for trapped Particle. ae Corresponding to two eigen values of momentum, momentum that can be obtained from energy ee f P\ 4 [2 omy fad ft Ya) = Pome + (AS - =... = Yala) = Yt (x) + (Ld) 1 [2 2 _ 1 (2 any om Te and hei Te T there are two eigen functions of 7 7 r* where yyt(x) = Consider, (1 Bam), (2 Gea) nm _ no 2 nm paren = 035 be ta n( 5 et lie a pet nh = BVI) =F HR) = Pvt) = PAVE) * Similarly, BxWn (x) = Pan) Thus, w(x) and wy (x) are indeed the momentum eigen functions for a particle in a one-dimensional box, corresponding to .momentum eigen values pi and pz respectively. ; Chast Aurne55 | Find the expectation value (x) of the position of a particle trapped in a box L wide. (5.19) and (5.46), we have (x)= J eh = Sf xsin? a 2{x? _ xsin(2nmzx/L) sent aoncepts of Modern Physics © sin nt = 0, cos 2nr = 1, and cos 0 = |, for all the values of n the expectation value of x is a s result means that the average position of the panicle is the middle of the box in all quantum states. There isn with the fact that ly? = 0 at L/2 in the n = 2, 4, 6,... states because (x) is an average, not a probability, and ity symmetry of lvl? about the middle of the box.