UNIVERSITY OF GAZİANTEP

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

SURVEYING AND LAND SURVEYING PROCIDURES

Submitted by : Ahmad Ganjeena Khoshnaw

Submitted to : Instructor ENVER KILINC

Date : 25/ 11/ 2012

-1-
 1- IN GENERAL: Civil engineering surveying
The civil engineering industry involves the design and construction of the
facilities that shape the world we live in. From roads, railways and bridges to water
supply pipes and power stations, this is all civil engineering. Civil Engineering
Surveyors are involved in every stage of the project from initial concept through
design and construction, to monitoring the condition and performance of the
completed structure. Within this profession you could choose to work within
Commercial Management (Quantity Surveying) or Geospatial Engineering
(Engineering Surveying).
Commercial Management: Commercial Managers, or quantity surveyors, are the
financial managers of the civil engineering industry. They work alongside other
professionals in preparing the documents on which projects are based, measuring
the work completed on site and ensuring that the companies carrying out the
construction are paid a fair price for it. Their responsibilities include (Preparing
documents, Evaluating prices, Preparing estimates, Advising engineers on
financial issues, Measuring and costing the work carried out, Valuing the contract
as work proceeds).
Geospatial Engineering Surveying: Geospatial Engineers work within
construction on the measurement and monitoring of projects, as well as producing
maps, plans and charts of different features. The main profession within civil
engineering is engineering surveying (sometimes known as land surveying).
Engineering surveyors are generally responsible for ( Investigating land,
producing up-to-date plans, Setting out a site, Monitoring the construction
process, Providing control points (BM))
Civil engineering: is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the
design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.
Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering and
it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It
is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental
engineering, geotechnical engineering, geophysics, geodesy, control engineering,
structural engineering, biomechanics, nanotechnology, transportation engineering,
earth science, atmospheric sciences, forensic engineering, municipal or urban
engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal
engineering, surveying, and construction engineering.

-2-
 2- SURVEYING:
Surveying is the process by which
a surveyor measures certain
dimensions that generally occur on
the surface of the Earth. Surveying
equipment, such as levels and
theodolites, are used for accurate
measurement of angular deviation,
horizontal, vertical and slope
distances. With computerization,
electronic distance measurement
(EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning have supplemented (and
to a large extent supplanted) the traditional optical instruments. This information is
crucial to convert the data into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface, in
the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors
and even realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a
building or structure must be correctly sized and positioned in relation to each
other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures. Although surveying is a
distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil
engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as
geographic information systems. Surveyors may also lay out the routes of
railways, tramway tracks, highways, roads, pipelines and streets as well as
position other infrastructures, such as harbors, before construction.

Construction surveying: Construction

surveying is generally performed by
specialized technicians. Unlike land
surveyors, the resulting plan does not have
legal status. Construction surveyors perform
the following tasks:

 Survey existing conditions of the future

work site, including topography,
existing buildings and infrastructure,
and even including underground infrastructure whenever possible;
 Construction surveying (otherwise "lay-out" or "setting-out"): to stake out
reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new
structures such as roads or buildings for subsequent
construction;
 Verify the location of structures during construction;
 As-Built surveying: a survey conducted at the end of
the construction project to verify that the work
authorized was completed to the specifications set on
plans.

-3-
Transportation engineering:
Transportation engineering is
concerned with moving people and goods
efficiently, safely, and in a manner
conducive to a vibrant community. This
involves specifying, designing, constructing,
and maintaining transportation infrastructure
which includes streets, canals, highways, rail
systems, airports, ports, and mass transit. It
includes areas such as transportation design,
transportation planning, traffic engineering, some
aspects of urban engineering, queuing theory,
pavement engineering, Intelligent Transportation
System (ITS), and infrastructure management.

3- MAIN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS:

AUTO_LEVEL

Theodolite total station

-4-
 4- LAND SURVEYING:
In the United States, Canada, the United
Kingdom and most Commonwealth
countries land surveying is considered to be
a distinct profession. Land surveyors are not
considered to be engineers, and have their
own professional associations and licensing
requirements. The services of a licensed
land surveyor are generally required for
boundary surveys (to establish the
boundaries of a parcel using its legal description) and subdivision plans (a plot or
map based on a survey of a parcel of land, with boundary lines drawn inside the
larger parcel to indicate the creation of new boundary lines and roads), both of
which are generally referred to as cadastral surveying.

Land surveys date back thousands of years, with some of the earliest evidence
of land surveys being during the time of the Ancient Egyptians in 3000BC. The
Egyptians used simply tools and geometry to get the best accuracy of land
surveys as possible. However, they were far less accurate than they are these
days.
Over the years land surveying technology and
methods advanced, which lead to an increase in
accuracy of land surveys. The fundamental
basics of land surveying have hardly changed,
however the tools and apparatus used have
advanced drastically – along with the accuracy
of land surveys.
So what tools are used to ensure the best
accuracy of land surveys? Let’s take a look.
One of the most common and preferred tools
used to ensure the accuracy of land surveys is
the total station.

-5-
5- RESOURCES:

1- http://search.certified-
toolbar.com/websearchresults.aspx?q=surveying+in+civi
l+engineering&site=web&si=41460&tid=592&hi=0&chann
el=&gsd=&cl=1&safe=off&originalSiteSeachDomain=&pr
evsite=web&cc=IQ&sts=&bi=0&st=hsug&fh=1.
2- http://search.certified-
toolbar.com/WebSearchResults.aspx?q=Construction+s
urveying&si=41460&bi=0&tid=592&hi=&safe=off&original
SiteSeachDomain=&site=web&prevsite=web&cl=0&custo
m=&st=&lang=&fh=1&cc=IQ&sa=++Search.
3- http://www.landsurveyors.com/.

-6-