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Lecture 7- Surface Dressing

The document discusses surface dressing as a cost-effective method for treating rural roads, detailing its design, construction, and material requirements. It highlights various types of surface dressing, their applications, and the equipment used, while comparing costs with other methods like premix carpet. The document emphasizes that surface dressing does not enhance structural strength but is effective for waterproofing and maintenance of road surfaces.

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prakash
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21 views

Lecture 7- Surface Dressing

The document discusses surface dressing as a cost-effective method for treating rural roads, detailing its design, construction, and material requirements. It highlights various types of surface dressing, their applications, and the equipment used, while comparing costs with other methods like premix carpet. The document emphasizes that surface dressing does not enhance structural strength but is effective for waterproofing and maintenance of road surfaces.

Uploaded by

prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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New Technology Initiatives in Rural Roads

and Use of Marginal Materials

SURFACE DRESSING
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

National Rural Infrastructure National Institute of


Development Agency Technology

Ministry of Rural Development Warangal, Hyderabad


Lecture 7

SURFACE DRESSING
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Presentation Out Line

• Surface Dressing and when should be used


• Requirement of Martials for Surface Dressing
• Material Selection and Requirements
• Equipment used for Construction
• Surface Dressing VS Premix Carpet and Design
• Works of Surface Dressing in India!
There is no need for training or demo
to use simple older technology such
as surface dressing. Most states
already have this item in their BSR.
What is Surface Dressing (Chip Seal)
• Spraying a binder and covering with clean crushed
aggregates
• Rolled to press the aggregates into the binder
• Cannot restore the pavement’s surface evenness.
• Cannot contribute to the pavement’s structural strengthening
• IRC/MoRTH/MoRD recommended
• Bituminous Concrete
• Semi-Dense Bituminous Concrete
• Pre-Mix carpet With Seal Coat
• Surface Dressing
• Mix Seal Surfacing
Purpose of Surface Dressing
• Common and cost-effective form of surface
treatment
+ Provide a dust-free wearing surface over a granular base.
+ Provide surface impermeability against rainwater Bridge cracks
+ Arrest disintegration of the road surface. wider than ¼.”
Address ruts
+ Provide a non-skid riding surface. > ½” deep

+ Serve as a renewal coat for periodic maintenance

Does not enhance the structural strength, nor does it restore the
riding quality but, it is effective in waterproofing
Poor Candidate - Wider Cracks
Poor Candidate-Structural Failure!
Poor Candidate-Structural Failure!
Poor Candidate –Deep Ruts
Poor Candidate
Good Candidates- Raveling, Oxidation
and loss fines
Good Candidate

Minor cracking
Good Candidates

Minor cracking
Minor flushing and loss of friction
Surface Dressing Do not withstand shear very well
Chip Seals

Irregular areas can be


difficult
Site Selection-Good Candidates
Pavement Condition Index
Types of Surface Dressing

• Single Coat Surface Dressing (a)

• Two Coat Surface Dressing (d)

• Racked in Surface Dressing (b)

• Inverted Double Surface


Dressing (c)

• Sandwich Surface Dressing (e)


Single Surface Dressing
Spraying a layer of binder on the previously prepared pavement
surface, spreading one layer of cover aggregates and rolling,
size of chippings is usually 6.3 or 10 mm.
Two Coat Surface Dressing

Spraying a layer of binder, then spreading one layer of


cover aggregate and rolling, followed by a second
layer of binder, spreading another layer of cover
aggregates and rolling.
The size of the second layer of aggregates is smaller
than that of the first layer aggregate.

Single-coat SD is a versatile treatment for low to medium-


traffic Single-coat SD is a versatile treatment for low to
medium-traffic Traffic on road should be opened on the
following day (20 kmph)
Rack in Surface Dressing
Laying of one layer of binder and two layers
of chippings, the second layer being of a
smaller size.
The size of the chippings is typically 14 mm
on fast heavily trafficked roads.
The second layer of smaller chippings (6 mm)
fills gaps and achieves mechanical interlocking.
The advantages of this method are high initial
texture depth, early stability of dressings and a
major reduction in the initial loss of large
chipping
Inverted Surface Dressing

Laying of the first layer of binder and the first


layer of chippings followed by a second layer of
binder and the second layer of chippings, the
second layer of chippings being of a larger size.
Inverted double surface dressing is used on
existing very hard (concrete) or hard surfaces
with high and variable macro-texture
The size of the chippings for the first layer is
usually 6 mm and that for the second layer is 10
or 14 mm.
Aggregate Functions and Factors
• Functions of the aggregate are,
◦ To resist traffic abrasion,
◦ To transmit wheel loads
◦ Improve the surface friction and
safety

• Flat, rounded, angular and cubical


• Toughness
• Gradation
• Cleanliness
• Absorption
• Compatibility
Contd….
Gradation: Single-sized aggregate is preferred due to,
• Maximum friction
• Less sensitive to variations in binder application rate
• Better drainage
Graded aggregate
• Fewer voids

Particle Shape-Flat
 Susceptible to bleeding or excessive chip loss
Cubical
 Traffic will not affect the orientation
 Chip seal height and chip embedment will be uniform
 Quantity can be determined by FI
Physical Requirement of Aggregates
Grading Requirements for Aggregates used
for Surface Dressing
Surface Dressing Equipment
Chip Spreader

• Apply cover aggregate over


seal
• Apply uniform application
• Saves money on aggregate
• Increase production
KANDHAL
KANDHAL
KANDHAL
KANDHAL
KANDHAL KANDHAL
No Sand Seal – Water permeated in less than 5
Seconds

KANDHAL
Moderate Sand Seal – Water percolated in 90
Seconds

KANDHAL
Heavy Sand Seal – Water percolated in
9 mi

KANDHAL
BC Surface – Water did not percolate for
hours.
Equipment Manufacturer and Cost
Premix Carpet (PMC)
Single size (12mm) stone chips are coated with 3.5% bitumen in portable mixing plants
Mix laid 20 mm

PMC mix is highly porous; therefore a sand seal is applied Seal coat generally not

effective- PMC soaks in rainwater easily


and develops potholes
PMC Rs. 7.88 lakhs/km compared to surface dressing which is Rs. 2.62 lakhs. That is a
300% increase
• It has not been researched in India during the last 50 years
• Indian engineers just use it based on “conventional wisdom.”

SD was used prior to the 1960s. It was manual at that time; now it is fully mechanized
Surface dressing is dying a slow death and has largely been replaced with premix carpet
which is 3 times more expensive.
Bituminous Surfacing Cost per km
20 mm PMC with sand seal coat 7.88 lakhs
Surface Dressing, single, VG-10, 2.62 lakhs
mechanical,13.2 mm uncoated chips
Ditto with precoated chips 2.96 lakhs
Surface Dressing , double, VG-10, 5.24 lakhs
mechanical, 13.2 and 9.5 mm
uncoated chips

Ditto with precoated chips 5.58 lakhs


40 mm Bituminous Concrete Grade 2 12.00 lakhs
KANDHAL
KANDHAL
Nonuniform binder application - streaking

KANDHAL
Approx. Rate of Binder Application

Aggregate VG-10 (kg/sq m) Emulsion


Size (kg/sq
m)
13 mm 1.0 1.5
10 mm 0.9 1.3
Spreading precoated chips

KANDHAL
Surface Dressing Design Process

Have a design whether based on:


◦ Past experience
◦ Engineering method
Two common methods
• McLeod Method (most common)
◦ Mainly used with emulsified asphalts, based on two basic principles
◦ Aggregate will be one-stone thick.
◦ 70% percent embedment for good performance
• Kearby and McLeod (1953)
• UK TRL Road Note 39 (1996)
• AustRoads (2001)
• New Zealand P17 (Mod of Australia)
• TRH3 (Hybrid of UK & Australia)
McLeod Method
McLeod Method
• Aggregate Application Rate is dependent
on:
◦ Gradation
◦ Shape
◦ Specific Gravity

• Binder Application Rate is dependent on:


◦ Aggregate gradation, absorption and shape
◦ Traffic volume
◦ Existing pavement condition
◦ Residual asphalt content
Average Least Dimension(ALD)
New Zealand Design Factors

Aggregate
◦ Size
◦ Angularity
◦ Average Least Dimension
◦ Absorption and Embedment
• Traffic volume
• Road geometry
• Pavement absorption
• Texture depth
• Application
• Immediacy (2nd seal)
Transit New Zealand DesignMethod

The voids between the sealing chips consists of air, binder and the amount
of chip embedment.
Under traffic, the voids decrease in volume due to reorientation of chips
and leads to reduced texture. This loss of texture, results in flushing, and is
the most common failure mechanism.
Design of Surface Dressing
McLeod Method
Step 1: Determine the aggregate gradation, bulk specific gravity
and percent absorption.
Step 2: Determine the Median Particle Size
Contd….

Step 3. Determine Flakiness Index (FI)


Contd….

Step 4. Determine the Average Least


Dimension (H)
Contd….
Step 5. Determine the Loose Weight of the Aggregate
(W)

Step 6. Determine the Voids in the Loose Aggregate (V)


Step 7: Application Rate
Step 8: Binder Design Equation

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