Graded Assignment # 1

Total Marks: 25
Semester: FALL 2024 Due Date:
G.SCIENCE (GSC101) 11th November, 2024

❑
Objective: ❑

The assignment has been designed to enhance your knowledge and understanding about the Laws of Science
and application of science in our daily life.

Instructions:

 Please read the following instructions carefully before solving & submitting assignment:
 To solve this assignment, you should have good command over the first 10 video lectures.
 The assignment will not be accepted after due date.
 Zero marks will be awarded to the assignment that does not open or the file is corrupt.
 The assignment file must be an MS word (doc) file format; Assignment will not be accepted in any
other format.
 Use Math Type or Equation Editor etc for mathematical symbols.
 Zero marks will be awarded to the assignment if copied (from other student or copied from handouts
or internet).
 Don’t wait for the last date to submit your assignment.
For any query, please contact at [email protected]

Do not post queries related to assignment on MDB.

Question #1

Define work, energy, and power. How are they related to each other? Marks = 7

Answer:

Work (W)

Definition: Work is the transfer of energy from one object to another through a force applied over a
distance. It is a measure of the energy expended to move an object from one position to another.

Unit: Joule (J)

Formula: W = F × d × cos(θ)

Where: F = Force (N), d = Distance (m)

θ = Angle between force and displacement (°)

Energy (E)

Definition: Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It is a measure of the total potential and kinetic
energy of an object or system.

Types:

1. Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion.

2. Potential Energy (PE): Stored energy (e.g., gravitational, elastic).

3. Thermal Energy: Energy of heat.

4. Electrical Energy: Energy of electric currents.

Unit: Joule (J)

Formulas:

1 2
K . E= m v
2

P . E=mgh

Where: m = Mass (kg) v = Velocity (m/s)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) h = Height (m)

Power (P)

Definition: Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

Unit: Watt (W)

Formula: P = W / t = E / t

Where: W = Work (J) t = Time (s) E = Energy (J)

Relationship between Work, Energy, and Power:

1. Work-Energy Relationship: Work done on an object transfers energy to it. The energy transferred is
equal to the work done.

2. Energy-Power Relationship: Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted.

3. Work-Power Relationship: Power is the rate at which work is done.

Key points:

 Work and energy are scalar quantities, while power is a vector quantity.
 Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed (Law of
Conservation of Energy).
 Power determines how quickly work is done or energy is transferred.
Examples:
1. Lifting a book: Work is done against gravity, transferring energy to the book. Power determines how
quickly the book is lifted.

2. Electric motor: Electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy, doing work. Power determines the
motor's efficiency.

3. Car acceleration: Energy is transferred from the engine to the wheels, doing work. Power determines the
car's acceleration.

To illustrate the relationship:

Imagine a person lifting a heavy box:

o Work: Lifting the box 10 meters high (transfer of energy)

o Energy: Potential energy stored in the box at 10 meters high
o Power: Rate at which the person lifts the box (e.g., 100 W)

Question #2

A motor does 5000 joules of work in lifting a load over a period of 25 seconds. Calculate the power output of the
motor. Marks = 6

Answer:

To calculate the power output of the motor, we can use the formula:

Power (P) = Work (W) / Time (t)

Given values:

Work (W) = 5000 Joules (J)

Time (t) = 25 seconds (s)

P=W/t

= 5000 J / 25 s

= 200 J/s

= 200 Watts (W)

Therefore, the power output of the motor is 200 Watts.

Additional information:

o Power output in kilowatts (kW): 200 W = 0.2 kW

o Power output in horsepower (hp): 200 W ≈ 0.268 hp (using 1 hp = 746 W)

Question # 3

A person lifts a 10 kg box to a height of 2 meters above the ground. Calculate the work done by the person in lifting
the box, and determine the gravitational potential energy gained by the box at this height. (Take g = 9.8 m/s 2.)
Marks = 7
Answer:
Work Done (W):
To calculate the work done by the person in lifting the box, we use:
W=F×d
Since the force (F) is equal to the weight (mg) of the box, we have:
F = mg
= 10 kg × 9.8 m/s²
= 98 N
Distance (d) = height = 2 m
W=F×d where: W=work done , F=force
= 98 N × 2 m d=Displacement
= 196 Joules (J)
Gravitational Potential Energy (PE)
The gravitational potential energy gained by the box at this height is:
PE = mgh
m = 10 kg
g = 9.8 m/s²
h=2m
PE = mgh
= 10 kg × 9.8 m/s² × 2 m
= 196 Joules (J)
Relationship
Notice that the work done (W) and gravitational potential energy (PE) are equal. This is because the work
done by the person is converted into potential energy of the box.
Key points:

 Work done and potential energy gained are equal.

 Potential energy depends on height, mass, and gravitational acceleration.
 Unit of work and energy is Joules (J).
Question # 4

State and explain Newton’s three laws of motion with examples. Marks = 5

Answer:

Here are Newton's three laws of motion, explained with examples:

Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

"An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an
external force."

Explanation:

- An object maintains its state of motion unless a force is applied.

- Inertia is the tendency to resist changes in motion.
Examples:

o A car moving at a constant speed on a straight road will continue moving unless friction or brakes
slow it down.
o A basketball will keep rolling on a smooth surface until friction or an external force (e.g., a player's
hand) stops it.
Newton's Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

"Force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration."

F = ma

Explanation:

o Force (F) is proportional to mass (m) and acceleration (a).

o The more massive an object, the more force required to produce a given acceleration.
Examples:

- A car accelerating from 0 to 60 km/h requires more force than a bicycle accelerating from 0 to 20
km/h, due to its greater mass.
- A rocket's thrust (force) must overcome its massive weight to achieve liftoff and acceleration.
Newton's Third Law of Motion (Law of Action and Reaction)

"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."

Explanation:

- When object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.

Examples:

1. When you push a wall, the wall pushes back on you with equal force.

2. A car's tires exert a forward force on the road, and the road exerts an equal backward force on the tires,
propelling the car forward.

3. When you throw a ball, the ball exerts an equal force back on your hand.

Key points:

o Newton's laws apply to all objects, big or small

o Forces always come in pairs (action-reaction).
Additional concepts:

 Friction
 Gravity
 Momentum
 Energy
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