Unit 5

Temperature
and Heat

Mathayom 1
Assumption College
5.1 The Nature of Heat (energy)
-

①
• Till 18th century, humans
o
< -

thought that heat was a fluid

-
-
- >

that flowed from hot object to

- -

a cold object.
-

• 19th century, humans found

a

out that⑧heat is a form of

-

energy
-
o
• Heat is the energy Hot cold
- -

transferred from one

- ->

system to another as a
- -

result of thermal
a
or heat
->
LM
interactions.
- -

• The particles in a hot

object⑧
-

vibrate faster
-

than the particles in a

cool object.
⑧
• Heat energy can be converted to
-
-

other forms of energy; light

- -> -

energy, mechanical energy and so

-

on
• Similarly, other forms of energy
can be converted to heat energy
Ex. Chemical energy in diesel is
converted to heat energy.
5.2 Thermal Equilibrium ⑭26
always not- cold 30C -
250
o =
• Heat flows from a hotter to a
&
-

- <-

cooler object.
&

Δ
• Heat flows from your hot body
--

to the cold cloth.

• The flow of heat happens till
-
- - >

both objects (body and cloth)

-

are equally hot.

- >
• Thisa
O state of balance that is
-
⑨

achieved by the transfer of A B

heat is called thermal

- >
-

equilibrium.
-

• Every object in the universe

tries to reach thermal
equilibrium by: giving out I

heat or by absorbing heat

5.3 Effects of Heat

• OBSERVATION :
↑ The water becomes hot

• Effect of the HEAT:

2

v shows that heat makes

- >

& objects or substances

>
hot
5.3 Effects of Heat
steam • OBSERVATION :

⑧
Steam rises from the

o
(gas) surface

• Effect of the HEAT:

nshows that heat may
- -

cause the change of

- -

state of substances.
-
5.3 Effects of Heat
• OBSERVATION :

A
The water overflows
=

• Effect of the HEAT:

W
shows that heat can cause
< -

the volume of a substance

-

to increase, heat makes

substanceso
-

expand
increase
5.3 Effects of Heat

• OBSERVATION :
V The vegetables get
-

cooked
⑲
• Effect of the HEAT:
w
shows that heat may
-

change the nature of a

- ->

substance
-
Summary of the effects of heat

&
I expand the most:
---
• Heat makes objects hot. ①gas
o• Heat makes objects catch the fire.
O• Heat causes a change of state.
- -
-> ②
liquid
↑pand
->

• Heat causes expansion

- -
of matter.
• Heat also may causes chemical and 4
biological changes.
- >

expand
a the least
 ⑲Yo-
Quiz (page 50)
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
Change of Phase or State

• Heat can change the phase or state of matter

- - -

when applied or taken away.

- -

• Example: water (liquid) to ice (solid)

water (liquid) to water vapor (gas)
&
 • What is specific heat?
-

a• The amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of a unit mass of a substance
by a degree Celsius.
• What is latent heat?
-

⑨• Amount of heat required to change the

state of a substance without changing the
temperature of that substance
Thermal expansion
• Matter in all states –increase (size)
-
- >

solids, liquids and gases –

- -
m

usually expand on heating

-
--

• The expansion of matter

->

due to the application of

-

heat is called thermal

->
expansion.
-
Expansion of solid expand
⑨ -
-> the least

⑧
• Solid expand on the application of heat.

Expand the most:

a
-
->
gas
② liquid
③ solid

expand the least

Application (thermal expansion) solid
cap or cover

• You can dip the⑧ lid of a new

bottle of jam in warm water
S
to open it easily. - 0 ~

• The repeated expansion and

o
contraction of rocks over
-

many hundreds of years

makes the rocks break into

formation)
-
⑦
smaller pieces (soil
Expansion of liquids
• Liquids expand on the application of heat.
- -

A
Application (thermal expansion) liquid
expand
• Thermometers are designed

↑
-

to use the fact that liquids

-

expand on heating.
- increase
Crise up
Hot
Expansion of gases
• Gases expand the most on the application of heat.
- -
Application (thermal expansion) gas

• The expansion of gases on the application

- -

of heat is used in gas thermometers.

- -
 Quiz (page) 53
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
⑧
5.4 Temperature and Its Measurement

• Temperature is the degree of

- -

hotness or coldness of an
<-
-

object.
- >

• Measuring temperature
using our hands is not
accurate. However, it can
be used to compare
temperature of two objects.
The thermometer
expand contract
• Temperature and changes in
- -

temperature are measured

↑ ↓
-

using thermometer.
-

• Thermometer have->
-
a increase (size)
substance that expands or
- >

contract uniformly with

changes in->
-

temperature.
C decrease (size) the same
Hot
 The thermometer

-
• One of the most
commonly used
thermometers is liquid
thermometer
-
->

• Most of them, at homes

⑧
and laboratories have
mercury in them
Structure of thermometer
• Thermometer have cylindrical closed glass tube with
bulb at one end.

• Many thermometers have mercury in the bulb, some

-
-

have alcohol.
-
-

&
• Alcohol thermometers are used in very cold places.
-
 -

65%
Boiling point Freezing point

Mercury 357 0C -39 0C

Alcohol 78 0C -117 0C
 Otginat
Scales of Temperature

Celsius Fahrenheit Absolute

scale scale scale

Degree Degree
Unit kelvin
Celsius Fahrenheit

Symbol 0C 0F K
Upper and lower fixed point

⑧
• Lower fixed point is taken
as the temperature at
which water freezes
%• Upper fixed point is the
temperature at which
water boils
Upper and lower fixed point

⑧
Celsius Fahrenheit kelvin
Upper fixed
point 100 0C 212 0F 373 K
Lower fixed
point 0 0C 32 0F 273 K
 Quiz (page 56)
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
5.5 Heat
Transfer
 Heat is lost to the
surroundings

⑩
The cup of hot tea cools down until it reaches the
surrounding temperature.

-
 yog,,
Heat is gain from
the surroundings

The cold drink becomes warmer, until it reaches the

surrounding temperature.
Heat is transferred in three ways:

• Heat transfer by
"solid"
conduction to medium
• Heat transfer by
medium "liquid and
convection -
1/

gas
• Heat transfer by radiation
no medium is
needed
Heat transfer by Conduction
-
-

• The process by which

heat is transferred along
- -->

an object from particle to

- >

particle without the

actual movement of the
>

->

particle is called
conduction.
-
Thus for Conduction to happen, two
conditions are necessary;
->

-
• The two objects have to be in contact.
⑤

&
⑥

-r
• Two objects should be at different
⑨

temperature.
-
Conductors of heat

• Materials that conduct

heat well are (good
conductors)
• Materials that do not
~

conduct heat well (bad

conductors or insulators)
Conductors of heat

• Metals are good

conductors of heat.
• Materials like stone, ⑧
glass, plastic, wood,
porcelain are bad
&

conductors of heat.
Conductors of heat
• All liquids (except
mercury) are bad
conductors of heat.
• All gases (including air) are
bad conductors of heat.
• Empty space or vacuum
does not conduct any heat
at all.
Uses of good and bad conductors of heat
• Cooking vessels are made
of metals like aluminum,
copper, steel, brass (good
conductors)
• Handles of cooking vessels
-

are made of wood, bamboo,

Bakelite (type of plastic) –
bad conductors of heat
Uses of good and bad conductors of heat

• Woollen clothes keep as

- . .

warm
• An icebox is made of
a

materials that are bad

conductors of heat
Convection

• The process by which heat is

-

transferred in1
- >

liquids and gases

by the actual movement of
↑I I

particles is called convection. ⑧

- -

• This sets up a movement of the

liquid=>
-
or gas continuously, nonstop
which is called a convection
->

current
-
Uses of convection current (daily life)
• Smoke from stoves in
houses and from factories
rises up due to convection
currents because they are
warm
• To remove the smoke

·
- -

(chimneys or smokestacks)
-

at the top of buildings

 Uses of convection current (daily life)
-.

• Air conditioner are

O -

⑧
fixed on top of walls in
-

room * ↓
o
• Heaters are usually
- >

placed on or near
-

the floor in rooms.

-->
Uses of convection current (daily life)

⑳
-
• Winds are also caused
⑥w
-

due to convection
currents. This is how
#T
monsoons, typhoonsr Flood
->

L
- >

and land and sea

-

+
-

breezes are caused.

w
-
E

OT
08500
me
Heat transfer by Radiation
-no medium is

• This is the⑭
O fastest way
->
needed.
of↑transferring heat.
RADIATION
-

• Heat is transferred in
o ->

straight lines away

?
- >

from the object.

• Particles (medium) are
not needed. ④num
-

⑦
-

sp
my
ace
 #elease
The amount of heat radiated by hot bodies
&

depends on many conditions:

00
• Temperature: the higher the
-

Radiates temperature of an object

more O• Color: the darker the color
- -

heat of an object

Get o
·• Nature (dull or shiny): the
-

=
duller the surface of an
object
• Dark surface also absorb
..

more heat than shiny or

- - >

light-colored surfaces.
--

• Light-colored surfaces
7
-

reflect the heat back.

 Uses of radiation (daily life)
-
-
⑫replace
0+
&

·
⑧
• In places where it is cold,
we warm out hands by
=

holding them close to fire

or heater.
I
• We wear light-colored
I
-
&
clothes during7
-
summer
-

since they do not absorb the

heat and reflect most
(keeps our body cool)
 Uses of radiation (daily life)

#I-m
⑧•We wear dark-colored
clothes during winter since
they absorb more heat.
(keeps the body warm)
• In a room heater, a·
-
shiny
surface is present at the
-

back so that all heat is

o
-

reflected towards the front.

- - >
 Quiz (page 60)
1.
2.
True
False &
p9.56
-

42

3. True
4. True
p9.62 Exercise A
-
<

1. C
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
p9. G2
-
-
-

a3
Exercise B
1. Energy
2. Mercury
3. Increase
4. Conduction/Convection/Radiation
5. Radiation
 Exercise C
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
Thank You!