CHAPTER HEAT TRANSFER

TRANSFER PO O
FORCED EXTERNAL N
V
E
C
 HEAT TRANSFER

NTRODUCTION:

Convection is the mechanism by which heat transfer occurs between a solid surface and a
moving fluid adjacent to it.

Convection heat transfer depends on:

Properties of the fluid:

• The dynamic viscosity m,
• Thermal conductivity k,
• The density r.
•Kinematic viscosity n, since n = m /r
The surface in contact with the fluid: The geometry, the roughness and the amount of
contact area.

Fluid velocity: The motion of the fluid, that is, whether the fluid is laminar or turbulent.

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CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CAUSE FLUID MOVEMENT

Forced convection: The movement of the fluid is produced by an external driving

element.
•Bomb
•Fan
•Movement of an object (airplane wing)

Free (or Natural) Convection: The movement of the fluid is caused by the
difference in densities associated with the spatial variation of the temperature in the
presence of a gravitational field.
•Air around the radiators.
•Heating water in a container

Natural convection Forced convection

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CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FLOW CONFIGURATION:

External flow: The flow is external to the object, “It is not confined”
U
00
OR
0 = Undisturbed fluid velocity C
O
T
, = Undisturbed fluid temperature
Q — Ah( )
Tsup 7,x

Internal flow: The surface surrounds and guides the

flow. “The flow is confined”

dQ — Ah(Tw ( x )-Tm ( x)).dA

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CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE TRAJECTORY OF THE FLUID:

Laminar Flow: When the fluid particles in a flow move in a well-defined path. Viscous
forces predominate over inertial forces. Ordered fluid motion with parallel streamlines.

Turbulent flow: Irregular movement of the fluid, with continuous exchange of energy
and mass between layers. Fluctuations in speed cause greater heat transmission
associated with agitation. Global motion is defined by average properties.

TRANSITION REGION

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NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:

In any case, the rate of heat transfer by convection is always proportional to the
temperature difference between the surface and the fluid:
 HEAT TRANSFER
EXERCISE 3.1:

A 200 ft long section of steam pipe with an outside diameter of 4 in. passes through
an open space at 50°F. The average temperature of the outer surface of the tube is
280°F and its average heat transfer coefficient over that surface is 6 Btu/h.ft2.°F.
Determine a) the speed of heat loss from the steam pipe and b) the annual cost of
this energy loss, if the water vapor is generated in a natural gas home that has an
efficiency of 86% and the price of this gas is 0.58 soles/therm (1 therm = 105 Btu)

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EXERCISE 3.2:

The boiling point of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure at sea level (1atm) is -196°C.
Therefore, it is common to use liquid nitrogen in scientific studies at low temperatures
since liquid nitrogen in a tank open to the atmosphere will remain constant at -196°C
until it is depleted. Any heat transfer to the tank will lead to evaporation of some of the
liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of evaporation of 198 kJ/kg and a density of 810
kg/m3 at 1 atm.

Consider a spherical tank of 4 m diameter initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm
and -196°C. The tank is exposed to ambient air at 20°C, with a heat transfer
coefficient of 25 W/m2.°C. It is observed that the temperature of the thin-shell spherical
tank is equal to that of the nitrogen inside it. Discarding any heat exchange by
radiation, determine: a) the rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen in the tank, as a
result of heat transfer from the ambient air.
SOLUTION 3.2:

Properties:
Heat of vaporization and density of liquid nitrogen at 1 atm are 198 kJ/kg and

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810 kg/m3 respectively.

Physics required:
•
Qt an que = hAs (T -T )
•

Analysis:
a) Calculation of heat transfer rate to the nitrogen tank:

TO

= zD2 = n(4 m )2 = 50.27m2

•
Qt an que = hAs (T -To)

Qt anque = (25W / m 2.o C )(50.27m2)[ 20 -(-1969 b C

Qt an that = 271.43kW
SOLUTION 3.2:

b) Calculation of the evaporation rate of liquid nitrogen in the tank:

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Qtank = 1h • hfg
TO
• Qt even that
m. =
hfg

. 271.43kW
m. =-----------------------------
198 kJ/kg

m. = 1.37 kg/s

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 HEAT TRANSFER

EXERCISE 3.3:

An electric wire 1.4 m long and 0.2 cm in diameter extends across a room
maintained at 20°C. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of electrical resistance
and the surface temperature of that wire is measured to be 240°C in steady state
operation. The voltage drop and the current passing through the wire are also
measured, the result is 110V and 3A. Neglecting any heat transfer by radiation,
determine the convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and the
room air.

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ANALYSIS OF THE CONVECTION PROBLEM:

Factors affecting the heat transfer process:

• Properties of the fluent: Density, viscosity, specific heat and

thermal conductivity.

• Velocity field

• Temperature field

BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:

THE SPEED LIMITING LAYER (d): It is the area where the movement of

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the
fluid is disturbed by the presence of a solid with which it is in contact.
It is defined as that distance at which:

U = 0.99 •U
d - Velocity limit layer
OR
— = Current speed

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BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:

The characteristic variables will be: The tangential stress, the velocity gradient and
viscosity. The existence of speed. viscosity are what originate the boundary layer of

(Newtonian fluid)
du
T s = U.
dy y=0
SURFACE SHEAR STRESS ( t ): Consider the flow of a fluid over the surface of a
plate. The layer of fluid in contact with the surface will try to drag the plate due to the
effect of friction, by exerting a friction force on it. Similarly, a faster layer of fluid will try
to overwhelm the adjacent slower layer and will exert a frictional force by virtue of the
friction between the two.

To characterize this phenomenon the coefficient of friction is used:

ts

Cf =
r^(u2 /
2)

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BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:

THE THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER (dt): Associated with the temperature gradients
in the fluid caused by the presence of a surface at a different temperature.

A thermal boundary layer, and hence convective heat transfer, will exist only if the
surface temperatures T( s ) and the free stream temperatures T( ∞ ) differ.

Development of the thermal boundary layer on an isothermal flat plate

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BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:

The thickness of the thermal boundary layer is defined for that distance at which:

(Ts
- T(dt))
-To
= 99%
(Ts )

The characteristic variables of the thermal boundary layer are: the transmitted heat,
the temperature gradient and the thermal conductivity. At a point of the fluid in contact
with the surface the speed is zero, because the heat flow is transmitted by
conduction:

qs = -
ks .
y=0

To characterize this phenomenon the convection coefficient is used:

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CALCULATION OF THE CONVECTION COEFFICIENT:

To calculate the convection coefficient we need to characterize the flow kinetically and
thermally:

Six unknowns:
•Flow velocity field: u,v,w
•Pressure, temperature, density.

System of six equations:

•Quantity of movement (3)
•Conservation of mass(1)
•Energy(1)
•Fluid status(1)

Environmental conditions:
•Zero speed on the wall
•Zero velocity gradient in undisturbed flow.
•Surface temperature
•Zero temperature gradient in the undisturbed flow

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REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re):

It characterizes the type of flow, that is, whether the boundary layer is laminar or
turbulent. Surface friction and convective transfer depend largely on which of these
conditions exists.

When calculating boundary layer behavior, it is often reasonable to assume that the
transition begins at some position xc this position is determined by a dimensionless
number called the Reynolds number.

External flow:

x
m
Rex = rU• x

Recritical = 5x 5
critical

OR
oo — Velocity of fluid flow at a sufficient distance from the surface.
X — The distance from the leading edge of the flow, therefore Reynolds grows
linearly with x .

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REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re):

Internal flow:

Rex - rue D

x
m

Re < 2300 The flow is laminar

2300 < Re < 10000 The flow is in transition
Re > 10000 The flow is turbulent

OR
OO Average flow velocity in the desired duct section.

For a circular section tube: D = is the Diameter. For a pipe D — of non-

circular section D = Hydraulic diameter.

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PRANDTL NUMBER (Pr):

The Prandt number indicates how effective this heat transfer is, this dimensionless
number physically describes the relationship between the relative thickness of the
velocity and thermal boundary layers.

INTRODUCTION:...................................................................................................................................................................................2
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CAUSE FLUID MOVEMENT................................................................................................3
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FLOW CONFIGURATION:....................................................................................................4
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE TRAJECTORY OF THE FLUID:...................................................................................5
NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING:..........................................................................................................................................................7
EXERCISE 3.1:.........................................................................................................................................................................................8
EXERCISE 3.2:.........................................................................................................................................................................................9
Properties:.................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Physics required:.....................................................................................................................................................................................10
Analysis:..................................................................................................................................................................................................10
SOLUTION 3.2:......................................................................................................................................................................................11
EXERCISE 3.3:.......................................................................................................................................................................................12
ANALYSIS OF THE CONVECTION PROBLEM:..............................................................................................................................13
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:.........................................................................................................................................................13

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BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:.........................................................................................................................................................15
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:.........................................................................................................................................................16
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY:.........................................................................................................................................................18
CALCULATION OF THE CONVECTION COEFFICIENT:...............................................................................................................19
REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re):................................................................................................................................................................20
REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re):................................................................................................................................................................22
Internal flow:...........................................................................................................................................................................................22
PRANDTL NUMBER (Pr):....................................................................................................................................................................23
PRANDTL NUMBER (Pr):....................................................................................................................................................................26
NUSSELT NUMBER (Nu):...................................................................................................................................................................27
NUSSELT NUMBER (Nu):...................................................................................................................................................................29
Lc = D.........................................................................................................................................................................................................29
CHILTON-COLBURN ANALOGY:.....................................................................................................................................................30
FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES:..............................................................................................................................................................33
FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES:..............................................................................................................................................................35
Hypothesis:..............................................................................................................................................................................................38
EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FOR NON-CIRCULAR DUCTS:.....................................................................................................46
EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FOR NON-CIRCULAR DUCTS:.....................................................................................................47
TUBE BATTERIES: CONFIGUR.........................................................................................................................................................56
TUBE BATTERIES: STEP CONFIGURATION..................................................................................................................................57
TUBE BATTERIES: CALCULATION OF THE NUSSELT NUMBER..............................................................................................58
TUBE BATTERIES: HEAT TRANSFER RATE..................................................................................................................................59
TUBE BATTERIES: HEAT TRANSFER RATE..................................................................................................................................61
TUBE BATTERIES: PRESSURE DROP AND POWER REQUIRED................................................................................................62

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EXERCISE 3.17:.....................................................................................................................................................................................65
EXERCISE 3.18:.....................................................................................................................................................................................66
EXERCISE 3.19:.....................................................................................................................................................................................67
EXERCISE 3.20:.....................................................................................................................................................................................68

• n is the kinematic viscosity.

• α is the thermal diffusivity.
• Cp is the heat capacity at constant pressure.
• μ is the viscosity.
• k is the thermal conductivity.

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PRANDTL NUMBER (Pr):

In gases the Prandtl number is around 1,

indicating that both the amount of movement
and heat diffuse through the fluid at a similar
speed.

In mercury, heat conduction is very effective

compared to convection, therefore the Prandtl
number is low as in the rest of liquid metals. In
contrast, for motor oil, convection is very efficient
at transferring heat compared to conduction, so
the Prandtl number is high.

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NUSSELT NUMBER (Nu):

This parameter is equal to the dimensional temperature gradient at the surface and
provides a measure of the convective heat transfer occurring at the surface.

It represents the relationship that exists between the heat transferred by convection
through the fluid and the heat that would be transferred if only conduction existed.

Convective heat transfer q conv

Heat transfer by conduction q
Nu hA T hLc with
L

(kf
Nu ) T) kf
L
Lc

Lc = Characteristic length

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NUSSELT NUMBER (Nu):

hD
•For a circular tube:
Wil kf
Lc =D
deb
Lc=D: Internal diameter of the tube.

•For a non-circular tube: hD 4A

Nu = —hid c hid p
L kf

Ac: cross-sectional area of the tube. p:

perimeter of the cross section.

The higher the Nusselt number, the more effective the convection.

A Nusselt number, Nu = 1 for a fluid layer, represents heat transfer through it by pure
conduction.

The Nusselt number is used in both forced and natural convection.

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CHILTON-COLBURN ANALOGY:

In those cases where it is not possible to have a more appropriate correlation for the
Nusselt number corresponding to the specific case being analyzed, said number can
be estimated, taking advantage of the analogy between the kinetic and thermal
layers.

C .R
fx
—L = NuL .Pr- 1/3 2L
Where

C ts

=
fx
r.( u2/2)

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EXERCISE 3.4:

A 2mx3m flat plate is suspended in a room and subjected to airflow parallel to its
suspensions along its 3m side. The temperature and speed of the free air stream
are 20ºC and 7 m/s. The total resistance force acting on the plate is 0.86 N.
Determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient for the plate.

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FORCED CONVECTION:

Incompressibl
Plates A e
Compressibl
e
External Single tube
Flow Circulars
Normal to You
tubes do
Non-circular

Laminat
Internal flow e
Turbulent

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FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES:

The development of the boundary layer as a function of distance is characterized by

the value of the Reynolds number along the plate.
U „ .x
Rex

Critical Reynolds number for flat surfaces

5
Re <5X 10 Laminar flow
critical

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5
Re >5X 10 Turbulent flow
critical

5x
Laminar flow boundary layer for flat walls:
d = Re1 /2
x

hx = Nux .k
The convection coefficient: x

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FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES:

Calculation correlations: li
•
Q= 1 hx (Ts — Tr).w.dx
li —1
•Laminar flow zone:
Check that:
0.6
Nusselt local: . 1/2 1/3
Nusselt average Nux = 0.3 3 2(Re x) Pr
1/2 1/3
Wildebeest = 0.664(Re r) .Pr
0—L , x = L7 ’
•Turbulent flow zone: 0.6
Check that: 57
5X 10 < Re < 10
0.8 1/3
Nusselt: , = 0.029 6(Re
Nux, ) , Pr
 HEAT TRANSFER
FLOW OVER3.5:
EXERCISE FLAT PLATES:

Coefficient of resistance to movement:

C _ 2
FD
F
(rV . 2D.A)
•Parallel flow on a flat plate, the friction coefficients are:

Laminate: Cf,x = 0.664 / ( Rex) (1/2) Rex < 5 x 105

Turbulent: Cf,x = 0.0592 / ( Rex) (1/5) 5 x 105 ≤ Rex ≤ 107

•The average friction coefficient relationships for flow over a flat plate:
Laminate: Cf, = 1.328 / ( ReL) (1/2) ReL < 5 x 105
Turbulent: Cf, = 0.074 / ( ReL) (1/5) 5 x 105 ≤ Rex ≤ 107

Combined: Cf, = (0.074 / ( ReL) (1/5) ) – (1742/ReL) 5 x 105 ≤ Rex ≤ 107

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Engine oil at 80°C flows over a 6 m long flat plate whose temperature is 30°C, with
a speed of 3 m/s. Determine the total force of resistance to motion and the rate of
heat transfer over the entire plate per unit width.

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EXERCISE 3.5:
SOLUTION 3.5:

Hot engine oil flows over a flat plate. It is desired to determine: a) The
total resistance force, b) the heat transfer rate per unit length of the plate.

Hypothesis:
1) There are stable operating conditions.
2) The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5 × 105
3) Negligible radiation effects.

Scheme

3
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EXERCISE 3.10:
The upper surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a speed of 70 km/h is 2.8 m
wide and 8 m long. This surface absorbs solar radiation at a rate of 200W/ m2 and the
ambient air temperature is 30ºC. It is assumed that the roof of the car is perfectly
insulated and that the heat exchange by radiation with the surroundings is small in
relation to convection, determine the equilibrium temperature of the upper surface of
said car.
A 4 m x 4 m flat plate is maintained at a constant temperature of 80°C and exposed to a
parallel flow of air at 1 atm, 20°C and 10 m/s. The total resistance force acting on the
upper surface of the plate is 2.4 N. Using the momentum-heat transfer analogy, a)
determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient and b) the rate of heat
transfer between the
upper surface of the
plate and the air.
The local
atmospheric
pressure in Denver,

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EXERCISE 3.10:
Colorado (altitude 1610 m) is 83.4 Kpa, air at this pressure and at 30°C flows with a
speed of 6 m/s over a 2.5 m x 8 m flat plate whose temperature is 120°C. Determine the
rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to a) the 8 m long side, b) the
2.5 m side.

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EXERCISE 3.10:
During a cold winter day the wind blows at 55 km/h parallel to a 4 m high and 10
m long wall of a house. If the outside air is 5°C and the surface temperature of the
wall is 12°C, determine the rate of heat loss from that wall by convection. What
would be your response if the wind speed were doubled?

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EXERCISE 3.10:

In the forming section of a plastics plant, a

continuous plastic sheet that is 1.2 m wide and 2
mm thick is rolled out at a speed of 15 m/min.
The temperature of the sheet is 90°C when
exposed to the surrounding air and subjected to
air flow at 30°C, at a velocity of 3 m/s on both
sides and along its surfaces perpendicular to the
direction of movement of the sheet itself. The
width of the cooling section is such that a fixed
point on the plastic sheet passes through that
section in 2 s. Determine the rate of heat transfer
from the plastic sheet to the air.
An array of power transistors, each dissipating 6
W of power, is to be cooled by mounting it on a 25
cm x 25 cm square aluminium plate and blowing air at 35ºC onto the plate with a fan

3
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 HEAT TRANSFER
EXERCISE 3.10:

at a speed of 4 m/s. The average temperature of the plate should not be higher than
65ºC. If heat transfer from the back side of the board is negligible and radiation is
ignored, determine the number of transistors that can be placed on the board.

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EXTERNAL FLOW OVER TUBES OR
SPHERES:

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EXTERNAL FLOW OVER TUBES OR

SPHERES:

Lamina
r
boundar
y layer

Separation

a) Laminar flow

Laminar boundary Boundary

transition layer N Layer <
Turbulent

Separation

b) Turbulent Flow

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Re <2X 105

The flow is turbulent

Re >2X 105

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EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FOR NON-CIRCULAR DUCTS:

Cross-section of the
cylinder Fluid Range of Re Nusselt number
Circle Nu = 0.989Re0.330 Pr1/3 1
0.4-4 *
Nu + 0.911 Re0 385 Pr1/3 U
Gas or 4-40 *
liquid 40-4000 •K > 4000-
)1
—0.193690.61860/3).
40,000 • 40,000-
400,000-
(
Square Gas 5000-100,000 Nu = 0.102Re°675 Pr1/3

Square • Gas 5000-100,000 Nu = 0.246Re0.588 Pr1/3

(tilted ( Z1 )
45°)

Hexag on Gas 5000-100,000 Nu = 0.153Re0638 Pr1/3

•)

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EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FOR NON-CIRCULAR DUCTS:

Hexagon (tilted É) Gas 5000-19,500 Nu = 0.160Re0.638 Pr1/3

45°) 19,500-100,000 Nu = 0.0385Re0-782 Pr1'3

/)

Vertical plate Gas 4000-15,000 Nu = 0.228Re°-731 Pr1/3

— Y)
o

Ellipse Gas 2500-15,000 Nu = 0.248Re0-612 Pr1/3

)
Y )

O
Wo-

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A steam pipe with a diameter of 8 cm, whose external surface temperature is

90ºC, passes through an open area that is not protected from the wind. Determine
the rate of heat loss from the tube per unit length, when the air is at 1 atm
pressure and 7ºC and the wind is blowing through it.
from the tube at a speed of 50 km/h.
(6,(

" 4) 'or
V /, . 62

42

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HEAT TRANSFER

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 HEAT TRANSFER
EXERCISE
3.13:

A stainless steel ball (r = 8055 Kg/m3, Cp=480 J/Kg.°C) with a diameter of 15

cm is extracted from the furnace at a uniform temperature of 350°C. The ball is
then subjected to air flow at a pressure of 1 atm and 30°C, with a speed of 6 m/s.
The moment comes when the surface temperature of the ball drops to 250°C.
Determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient during this cooling
process and estimate how long the process will take.
A long aluminum wire with a diameter of 3 mm is extruded at a temperature of
370°C. The wire is subjected to crossflow of air at 30°C at a speed of 6 m/s.
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the air per meter of length,
when it is first placed in the air.

4
7
 HEAT TRANSFER
EXERCISE
3.13:

Aluminum wire

4
8
 HEAT TRANSFER
EXERCISE
3.13:

A 6 mm diameter power transmission line carries a current of 50 A and has a

resistance of 0.002 ohm per meter of length. Determine the surface temperature of
the wire during windy conditions when the air temperature is 10°C and the wind is
blowing across the line at 40km/h.

4
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EXERCISE
3.13:

During a visit to a plant it is noted that a 12 m long section of a 10 cm diameter

steam pipe is completely exposed to ambient air, where its outer surface
temperature of the pipe is 75°C, when the ambient temperature is 5°C. Light winds
are also expected in the 10km/h range. The emissivity of the outer surface of the
tube is 0.8 and the average temperature of the surrounding surface, including the
sky, is estimated to be 0°C. Determine the amount of heat lost by steam during a 10-
hour work day.

5
0
 HEAT TRANSFER

TUBE BATTERIES: WIDELY USED IN EXCHANGERS

Make four rows and

luid ui cross
flow ovar tub* three tubes per row
bank
Internal flow of fluid
through tube

Row 1
Row 2

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TUBE BATTERIES: WIDELY USED IN EXCHANGERS

Flow
direction

a) Aligned tubes

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Characteristic length:
TUBE BATTERIES: CONFIGUR ONLINE
•Tube
diameter: D

Arrangement
in the tube bank:

Crossover: ST Je*
Longitudinal step: SL

Maximum input area:

Minimum bank area:

Flow area:

Maximum flow rate: —

V
max (ST
. V
D

Reynolds number: Re
D
DM
O
R
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TUBE BATTERIES: STEP CONFIGURATION

Characteristic length:
•Tube diameter: D

Arrangement in the tube bank:

•
— -%A,s, Eq 1 4
T AI ■ •
•Longitudinal step: SL 2A Ar #(- — , from An I___________TO
•Longitudinal step: SD 2
+ (S / 2)2
“9°

SD

Flow area: AL = ST .L
•Entrance area: D).L
AT = (ST —
•Minimum bank area:
•Maximum bank area: AD5 (SD—D).L X ,

(M4—Sy-----------------v •
V
Maximum flow rate: 2(SD — D) .

•/

Reynolds number: Re Vmax D

R Re DM k )
v^^^and V 50
 HEAT TRANSFER

TUBE BATTERIES: CALCULATION OF THE NUSSELT NUMBER

1) Evaluate the Prandl number:

•At fluid temperature Pr

•At surface temperature ,co—> co
T
Pr _> T
2)Determine the properties at average fluid temperature:

Tm = (Te + Ts)/2
Except, Prs

3)Determine C and n according to the ReDmax value and the

geometry.

4)Check:
1000 < Re DM <2X 106
0.7 < Pr < 500

5)Determine the Nusselt number: According to the respective

5
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correlation

TUBE BATTERIES: HEAT TRANSFER RATE

The heat transfer rate can be determined from:

Q=4 4 2, , M©e, - 1, +
Where the surface area is determined by: )

^3. 2 DL
The mass flow is defined by: ‘\ G

rm = rv NtStL --x
. 4 /9 ,

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 HEAT TRANSFER
TUBE BATTERIES: HEAT TRANSFER RATE

D ® or b0®
The appropriate temperature difference for internal flow (flow over the

tube banks is internal through sco) is the average temperature

logarithmic:
L . -ubo
N

(Ts - (Te)h (Ts - Ti

A
ln /(Ts 7- Ti)] ln(ATe/ATi)
T
[ (T of the fluid is
The temperature at the outlet
determined: s

TO-
—■ — A h .
(s
= Ts — (Ts — Ti
)
■ and m'Cp
e = 2.718281

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 HEAT TRANSFER
TUBE BATTERIES: PRESSURE DROP AND POWER REQUIRED

Quantity of interest associated with the tubes, which is the difference between
the pressures at the inlet and outlet of the bank. It is a measure of resistance
that the tubes offer to the flow over them: p. 1 - •
Pb
or Q
Where :
NL = NUMBER OF ROWS F

V = friction FACTOR X =
max
correction FACTOR
2

The power required to move a fluid through a tube bank is

proportional to the pressure drop and, when this drop is taken into account, the
pumping power required can be determined from:

P = V
W, , r f xr
L. .
max

bomb (—
V i V
, A m 2
a
x
, P
= 5
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TUBE BATTERIES: FRICTION AND CORRECTION FACTOR

 HEAT TRANSFER
TUBE BATTERIES: FRICTION AND CORRECTION FACTOR

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EXERCISE 3.17:

In an industrial installation, air will be preheated before entering an oven by means

of water from a boiler. This water is at 120ºC and flows through the tubes of a bank.
Air enters the duct at 20ºC and 1 atm, with an average velocity of 4.5 m/s and flows
over the tubes in a perpendicular direction. The outer diameter of the tubes is 1.5
cm and they are arranged in an aligned manner with longitudinal and transverse
steps of SL=ST= 5 cm. There are 6 rows in flow direction with 10 tubes in each row.
Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit length and the pressure drop across
the bank.

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EXERCISE 3.18:

In an industrial installation, exhaust gases at 1 atm and 300ºC are used to preheat
water by passing them over a bank of tubes through which the water flows at a
rate of 6 kg/s. The average temperature of the tube walls is 80ºC. The exhaust
gases approach the bank in a perpendicular direction at 4.5 m/s. The outer
diameter of the tubes is 2.1 cm and they are aligned with longitudinal and
transverse steps of SL = ST = 8 cm. There are 16 rows in the flow direction with 8
tubes in each row. Using the properties of air for exhaust gases, determine a) the
rate of heat transfer per unit length of tubes, b) the pressure drop across the bank,
and c) the rise in temperature of the water flowing through the tubes, per unit
length of the tubes.

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 HEAT TRANSFER

EXERCISE 3.19:

In an industrial installation, the air for combustion will be preheated before being
introduced into a furnace, by means of hot water at 90°C that flows through the
tubes of a bank located in a duct. Air enters the duct at 15°C and 1 atm, with an
average velocity of 3.8 m/s, and flows over the tubes in a perpendicular direction.
The outer diameter of the tubes is 2.1 cm and they are arranged in an aligned
manner with longitudinal and transverse steps of SL = ST = 5 cm. There are eight
rows in the flow direction with eight tubes in each row. Determine the rate of heat
transfer per unit length of tubes and the pressure drop across the bank.

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 HEAT TRANSFER

EXERCISE 3.20:

Air is to be heated by passing it over a bank of 3 m long tubes inside which water
vapour is condensed at 100ºC. The air approaches the bank in a perpendicular
direction at 20ºC and 1 atm, with an average speed of 5.2 m/s. The outer diameter of
the tubes is 1.6 cm and they are arranged in a staggered pattern with longitudinal
and transverse steps of SL=ST= 4 cm. There are 20 rows in the flow direction with 10
tubes in each row. Determine a) Heat transfer rate, b) pressure drop across the
bank, and c) rate of steam condensation inside the tubes.