vi Editor

In this chapter, we will understand how the vi Editor works in Unix. There are many
ways to edit files in Unix. Editing files using the screen-oriented text editor vi is
one of the best ways. This editor enables you to edit lines in context with other
lines in the file.

An improved version of the vi editor which is called the VIM has also been made
available now. Here, VIM stands for Vi IMproved.

vi is generally considered the de facto standard in Unix editors because −

 It's usually available on all the flavors of Unix system.
 Its implementations are very similar across the board.
 It requires very few resources.
 It is more user-friendly than other editors such as the ed or the ex.

You can use the vi editor to edit an existing file or to create a new file from scratch.
You can also use this editor to just read a text file.
Starting the vi Editor

The following table lists out the basic commands to use the vi editor −
Sr.No. Command & Description

1 vi filename
Creates a new file if it does not exist, otherwise opens an existing file.

2 vi -R filename
Opens an existing file in the read-only mode.

3 view filename
Opens an existing file in the read-only mode.
Following is an example to create a new file testfile if it does not exist in the
current working directory –

$vi testfile

The above command will generate the following output −

|
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
"testfile" [New File]
You will notice a tilde (~) on each line following the cursor. A tilde represents an
unused line. If a line does not begin with a tilde and appears to be blank, there is
a space, tab, newline, or some other non-viewable character present.

You now have one open file to start working on. Before proceeding further, let us
understand a few important concepts.

Operation Modes
While working with the vi editor, we usually come across the following two modes
−
 Command mode − This mode enables you to perform administrative tasks
such as saving the files, executing the commands, moving the cursor, cutting
(yanking) and pasting the lines or words, as well as finding and replacing. In
this mode, whatever you type is interpreted as a command.

 Insert mode − This mode enables you to insert text into the file. Everything
that's typed in this mode is interpreted as input and placed in the file.
vi always starts in the command mode. To enter text, you must be in the insert
mode for which simply type i. To come out of the insert mode, press the Esc key,
which will take you back to the command mode.

Hint − If you are not sure which mode you are in, press the Esc key twice; this will
take you to the command mode. You open a file using the vi editor. Start by typing
some characters and then come to the command mode to understand the
difference.

Getting Out of vi

The command to quit out of vi is :q.

Once in the command mode, type colon, and 'q', followed by return.
If your file has been modified in any way, the editor will warn you of this, and not
let you quit. To ignore this message, the command to quit out of vi without saving
is :q!. This lets you exit vi without saving any of the changes.
The command to save the contents of the editor is :w. You can combine the
above command with the quit command, or use :wq and return.

The easiest way to save your changes and exit vi is with the ZZ command.
When you are in the command mode, type ZZ. The ZZ command works
the same way as the :wq command.

If you want to specify/state any particular name for the file, you can do so by
specifying it after the :w. For example, if you wanted to save the file you were
working on as another filename called filename2, you would type :w
filename2 and return.
Moving within a File
To move around within a file without affecting your text, you must be in the
command mode (press Esc twice). The following table lists out a few commands
you can use to move around one character at a time –
Sr.No. Command & Description

1 k - Moves the cursor up one line

2 j - Moves the cursor down one line

3 h
Moves the cursor to the left one character position

4 l
Moves the cursor to the right one character position
The following points need to be considered to move within a file –

 vi is case-sensitive. You need to pay attention to capitalization when using the

commands.

 Most commands in vi can be prefaced by the number of times you want the
action to occur. For example, 2j moves the cursor two lines down the cursor
location.

There are many other ways to move within a file in vi.

Remember that you must be in the command mode (press Esc twice).
The following table lists out a few commands to move around the file –

Given below is the list of commands to move around the file.

Sr.No. Command & Description

1 0 or | Positions the cursor at the beginning of a line

2 $ Positions the cursor at the end of a line

3 w Positions the cursor to the next word

4 b Positions the cursor to the previous word

5 ( Positions the cursor to the beginning of the current sentence

6 ) Positions the cursor to the beginning of the next sentence

7 E Moves to the end of the blank delimited word

8 { Moves a paragraph back

9 } Moves a paragraph forward

10 [[ Moves a section back

11 ]] Moves a section forward

12 n| Moves to the column n in the current line

13 1G Moves to the first line of the file

14 G Moves to the last line of the file

15 nG Moves to the nth line of the file

16 :n Moves to the nth line of the file

17 fc Moves forward to c
18 Fc Moves back to c

19 H Moves to the top of the screen

20 nH Moves to the nth line from the top of the screen

21 M Moves to the middle of the screen

22 L Move to the bottom of the screen

23 nL Moves to the nth line from the bottom of the screen

24 :x Colon followed by a number would position the cursor on the line

number represented by x
Control Commands

The following commands can be used with the Control Key to performs functions
as given in the table below –

Given below is the list of control commands.

Sr.No. Command & Description

1 CTRL+d Moves forward 1/2 screen

2 CTRL+f Moves forward one full screen

3 CTRL+u Moves backward 1/2 screen

4 CTRL+b Moves backward one full screen

5 CTRL+e Moves the screen up one line

6 CTRL+y Moves the screen down one line

7 CTRL+u Moves the screen up 1/2 page

8 CTRL+d Moves the screen down 1/2 page

9 CTRL+b Moves the screen up one page

10 CTRL+f Moves the screen down one page

Editing Files
To edit the file, you need to be in the insert mode. There are many ways to enter
the insert mode from the command mode –

Sr.No. Command & Description

1 i - Inserts text before the current cursor location

2 I - Inserts text at the beginning of the current line

3 a - Inserts text after the current cursor location

4 A - Inserts text at the end of the current line

5 o - Creates a new line for text entry below the cursor location

6 O - Creates a new line for text entry above the cursor location
Deleting Characters
Here is a list of important commands, which can be used to delete characters and
lines in an open file −
Sr.No. Command & Description

1 x - Deletes the character under the cursor location

2 X - Deletes the character before the cursor location

3 dw - Deletes from the current cursor location to the next word

4 d^ - Deletes from the current cursor position to the beginning of the line

5 d$ - Deletes from the current cursor position to the end of the line

6 D - Deletes from the cursor position to the end of the current line

7 dd - Deletes the line the cursor is on

As mentioned above, most commands in vi can be prefaced by the number of
times you want the action to occur. For example, 2x deletes two characters under
the cursor location and 2dd deletes two lines the cursor is on.

Change Commands
You also have the capability to change characters, words, or lines in vi without
deleting them. Here are the relevant commands −
Sr.No. Command & Description

1 cc - Removes the contents of the line, leaving you in insert mode.

2 cw
Changes the word the cursor is on from the cursor to the end of the word.

3 r Replaces the character under the cursor. vi returns to the command mode
after the replacement is entered.
4 R
Overwrites multiple characters beginning with the character currently under the
cursor. You must use Esc to stop the overwriting.

5 s
Replaces the current character with the character you type.
Afterward, you are left in the insert mode.

6 S
Deletes the line the cursor is on and replaces it with the new text.
After the new text is entered, vi remains in the insert mode.
Copy and Paste Commands
You can copy lines or words from one place and then you can paste them at
another place using the following commands −
Sr.No. Command & Description

1 yy
Copies the current line.

2 yw
Copies the current word from the character the cursor is on, until the end of the
word.

3 p
Puts the copied text after the cursor.

4 P
Puts the yanked text before the cursor.
Advanced Commands
There are some advanced commands that simplify day-to-day editing and allow
for more efficient use of vi –

Given below is the list advanced commands.

Sr.No. Command & Description

1 J Joins the current line with the next one. A count of j commands join many lines.

2 << Shifts the current line to the left by one shift width.

3 >> Shifts the current line to the right by one shift width.

4 ~ Switches the case of the character under the cursor.

5 ^G Press Ctrl and G keys at the same time to show the current filename and the
status.
6 U Restores the current line to the state it was in before the cursor entered the line.

7 U This helps undo the last change that was done in the file.
Typing 'u' again will re-do the change.

8 J Joins the current line with the next one. A count joins that many lines.

9 :f Displays the current position in the file in % and the file name, the total number
of file.

10 :f filename Renames the current file to filename.

11 :w filename Writes to file filename.

12 :e filename Opens another file with filename.

13 :cd dirname Changes the current working directory to dirname.

14 :e # Toggles between two open files.

15 :n In case you open multiple files using vi, use :n to go to the next file in the series.

16 :p In case you open multiple files using vi, use :p to go to the previous file in the
series.

17 :N In case you open multiple files using vi, use :N to go to the previous file in the
series.

18 :r file Reads file and inserts it after the current line.

19 :nr file Reads file and inserts it after the line n.

Word and Character Searching

The vi editor has two kinds of searches: string and character. For a string search,
the / and ? commands are used. When you start these commands, the command
just typed will be shown on the last line of the screen, where you type the
particular string to look for.

These two commands differ only in the direction where the search takes place −
 The / command searches forwards (downwards) in the file.
 The ? command searches backwards (upwards) in the file.

The n and N commands repeat the previous search command in the same or the
opposite direction, respectively. Some characters have special meanings. These
characters must be preceded by a backslash (\) to be included as part of the
search expression.
Sr.No. Character &Description

1 ^ - Searches at the beginning of the line (Use at the beginning of a search

expression).

2 . - Matches a single character.

3 * - Matches zero or more of the previous character.

4 $ - End of the line (Use at the end of the search expression).

5 [ - Starts a set of matching or non-matching expressions.

6 < - This is put in an expression escaped with the backslash to find the ending
or the beginning of a word.

7 > - This helps see the '<' character description above.

The character search searches within one line to find a character entered after the
command. The f and F commands search for a character on the current line
only. f searches forwards and F searches backwards and the cursor moves to the
position of the found character.

The t and T commands search for a character on the current line only, but for t,
the cursor moves to the position before the character, and T searches the line
backwards to the position after the character.
Set Commands
You can change the look and feel of your vi screen using the
following :set commands. Once you are in the command mode, type :set followed
by any of the following commands.
Sr.No. Command & Description

1 :set ic - Ignores the case when searching

2 :set ai - Sets autoindent

3 :set noai - Unsets autoindent

4 :set nu - Displays lines with line numbers on the left side

5 :set sw
Sets the width of a software tabstop.
For example, you would set a shift width of 4 with this command — :set sw =
4
6 :set ws
If wrapscan is set, and the word is not found at the bottom of the file,
it will try searching for it at the beginning

7 :set wm
If this option has a value greater than zero, the editor will automatically "word
wrap".
For example, to set the wrap margin to two characters,
you would type this: :set wm = 2

8 :set ro
Changes file type to "read only"

9 :set term
Prints terminal type

10 :set bf
Discards control characters from input
Running Commands

The vi has the capability to run commands from within the editor. To run a
command, you only need to go to the command mode and type :! command.

For example, if you want to check whether a file exists before you try to save your
file with that filename, you can type :! ls and you will see the output of ls on the
screen.

You can press any key (or the command's escape sequence) to return to your vi
session.
Replacing Text
The substitution command (:s/) enables you to quickly replace words or groups
of words within your files. Following is the syntax to replace text –
:s/search/replace/g
The g stands for globally. The result of this command is that all occurrences on
the cursor's line are changed.

:%s/foo/bar/g to replace all occurrences of the word foo in the current file with
the word bar. Leaving off the g at the end only replaces the first occurrence of
foo on each line of the current file

Important Points to Note

The following points will add to your success with vi −

 You must be in command mode to use the commands. (Press Esc twice at any time to ensure that
you are in command mode.)
 You must be careful with the commands. These are case-sensitive.
 You must be in insert mode to enter text.