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การวิเคราะห์แรงดันเกินฟ้ าผ่าในระบบส่ง โดยใช้โปรแกรม EMTP และ
ตัวอย่างกรณีศึกษา
นายชัชวาล เฉลิมวัฒนชัย
Email : [email protected]
What is Lightning Strike and the Phenomenon of lightning
Lightning has been a source of curiosity for humans from thousands of years. lightning
is a discharge of electrical charge between cloud and ground, the height of the cloud
above ground level may vary from 500 to 30000 feet. The energy in the Lightning
Strike may be an order of the 250-kilowatt hour.
What causes Lightning
The lightning is happening when the
atmosphere is changeability which
consists of heat storm and frontal
storm.
Heat storm is evaporation of water on
the earth upward to atmosphere and
form of cloud.
https://teara.govt.nz/en/interactive/7767/how-a-thunderstorm-forms
Frontal storm is moving of cloud from low to high temperature region.
Later Frontal storm become to heat storm.
https://kingsmillindustries.com/the-understanding-of-lightning-discharge-mechanism/
During the thunderstorm, these charges separate. The negative charges are formed
at the lower cloud and the positive charges are formed at the upper cloud. In
simple words, the upper cloud is positively charged and the lower cloud is
negatively charged.
https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/blog/lightning-lightning-works/#google_vignette
The upper cloud and lower cloud acts as the conductive plates of a capacitor. The air
between the upper cloud and lower cloud acts as the dielectric of a capacitor.
The upper cloud and lower cloud are good conductors of electricity. So the electric
current easily flows inside the cloud.
On the other hand, the air is a poor conductor of electricity. So the air does not allow
charge transfer between the upper cloud and lower cloud. Thus, air acts as a barrier
to the charge transfer between the clouds.
https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/blog/lightning-lightning-works/#google_vignette
However, the air allows the electric field exerted by the upper cloud and lower cloud.
Thus, there exists an electric field between the upper cloud and lower cloud.
In order to over the insulating barrier of the air, a tremendous amount of charge has
to build on the upper and lower cloud.
When the upper and lower cloud stores a tremendous amount of charge, they
overcome the insulating barrier from the air. As a result, the charge is transferred
between the clouds. The lightning we see in the sky is due to this charge transfer.
https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/blog/lightning-lightning-works/
Lightning stroke phenomenon
The lightning phenomenon is a two-step process.
In the first step, air surrounding the cloud is ionized and small strokes, referred to as
step leaders, divert the charge into the air. These step leaders have relatively low
current values, propagate in random fashion, and are 10 to 80 meters in length.
Eventually, the step leader comes with in striking distance (the length of
the last occurring step leader) of an object near
ground level and the stroke is diverted to that object.
https://quizlet.com/449106113/chapter-11-geog-202-flash-cards/
The second step in lightning stroke phenomenon is the return stroke.
The return stroke is the bright bolt seen by the observer, propagating
from the object on the ground back up to the cloud. The return
stroke contains the real “muscle” of lightning stroke.
Streamer Return Stroke
https://quizlet.com/449106113/chapter-11-geog-202-flash-cards/
Waves Shapes of Stroke Currents
The wave shapes consist of a portion showing the steep rise of voltage up to a peak or
crest value called the wavefront, and the other portion showing the decay of voltage
called the wave tail. Such a wave shape may be represented as the difference of two
exponentials, thus
Where the ∝ and β show the constants which
determine the shapes. The waves are defined by
times t1 and t2 in milliseconds. The times to reach
the impulse current or voltage to its maximum
amplitude is denoted by t1, while t2 denotes the
times when the current or voltages has fallen to one-
half of its peak value.
https://circuitglobe.com/lightning-stroke.html
Effects of Lightning Strike
Different effects
The effects of lightning are those of a high-strength impulse current that propagates
initially in agaseous environment (the atmosphere), and then in a solid, more or less
conductive medium (the ground):
➢ visual effects (flash)
➢ acoustic effects
➢ thermal effect
➢ electrodynamics effects
➢ electrochemical effects
➢ effects on a living being (human or animal)
Lightning causes two major types of accidents:
➢ accidents caused by a direct stroke when the lightning strikes a building or a specific
zone. This can cause considerable damage, usually by fire. In order to prevent any risk
of accident, lightning air terminals should be used.
➢ accidents caused indirectly, as when the lightning strikes or causes power surges in
power cables or transmission links.
Direct effects
➢ Thermal effects: These effects are linked to the amount of charge associated with
lightning strikes. They result in fusion points melting holes of varying sizes at the point
of impact of materials with high resistivity. For material which is a poor conductor, a
large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. The heating of water vapour
contained in the material results in very high abrupt localized pressure which may
cause it to explode.
➢ Effects due to the initiation: In the event of a lightning strike a substantial increase in
the ground potential of the installation will occur depending on the grounding
network and soil resistivity. Potential differences will also be created between
various metal elements. Hence the need to pay particular attention when installing
earth rods and inter-connection of metal structures adjoining the conductors.
➢ Acoustic effects - thunder: Thunder is due to the sudden increase in pressure (2 to 3
atmospheres) of the discharge channel developed by the electrodynamic forces
during the lightning flash. The duration of a thunder clap depends on the length of
the ionized channel. For high frequencies, propagation of the spectral components
released by the shock wave is perpendicular to the channel. For low frequencies,
propagation is omnidirectional; hence the different forms of rumbling or claps heard
by an observer according to the distance and orientation of the successive channels
used by the lightning flash.
➢ Luminous effects: A lightning strike nearby violently sensitizes the retina of an
observer. The eye is dazzled and vision is lost for several long seconds
➢ Electrodynamic effects: Electrodynamic effects between conductors and other parts
occur due to large magnetic field of the lightning current. This results in substantial
mechanical forces, both attractive and repulsive, that are all the stronger when the
conductors are close together or the current is high.
➢ Electrochemical effects: The fleeting nature of lightning impacts (compared to stray
ground currents) mean that these effects are highly negligible and without influence
on earth rods.
Indirect Effects
The ever increasing use of sensitive electronics means that electrical equipment is
becoming more and more vulnerable to transient overvoltages caused by lightning.The
overvoltages are either of atmospheric origin or industrial origin. The most harmful are
however atmospheric overvoltages which are the result of three main effects:
➢ Conduction: An overvoltage that propagates along a conductor which has been in
direct contact with the lightning strike. This effect is all the more destructive as the
majority of the lightning energy is propagated through the entire network. This
problem is resolved by fitting the installation with suitable device able to support high
currents.
➢ Induction: caused by the electromagnetic field radiated by the lightning strike. It
generates an overvoltage on conductors within a range that is proportional to the
power and the rate of speed variation of the lightning strike. Consequently, under the
influence of abrupt variations in current, the cables, and even the ducts which act as
aerials, may be subjected to destructive overvoltages. This is the reason that placing
the network underground does not guarantee lightning protection.
➢ Rising up from the ground: When a lightning strike hits, an overvoltage can rise up
from the ground attempting to find a more favourable path to ground. This can, in
part, be dealt with through a) equipotential bonding between the metal structures
and ground of the entire installation of a structure. b) overvoltage protection installed
on services.
Influence of lightning
Thermal effect
Mechanical effect
Electrical effect
Electromagnetic field
Side flash
Overvoltage on transmission
Effects of Lightning on a Transmission Line
Strokes to a Phase-conductor
The charged cloud could discharge directly onto the line. If the line is struck a long
distance from a station or substation, the surge will flow along the line in both directions,
shattering insulators and sometimes even wrecking poles until all the energy of the surge
is spent. If it strikes the line immediately adjacent to a station, then the damage to plant
is almost certain, since it is doubtful whether the ordinary lightning arrestor could divert
to earth such a powerful discharge, without allowing a part to be transmitted to the
terminal apparatus.
When lightning strikes an overhead phase-conductor, the magnitude of the current and
the high frequency nature of the stroken causes voltage surges to be propagated in both
directions from the point of the strike.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Transients-detection-in-EHV-transmission-lines-Lopes-
Fernandes/ebb00a38e396387e39a790baa45c67a050c5817f
Case Study
Lightning strikes an overhead phase-conductor between Sai noi substation and
Chang Wattana substation (EGAT).
Data
➢ Tower type
➢ Line configulation
➢ Distance
➢ Conductor Sizing
➢ Sag
Tower type
Line configulation
Distance
Distance
Conductor
Conductor 1272 MCM ACSR 4 Bundle per phase
Source
Circuit breaker Tower
Length of transmission line Conductor
Lightning shape model
Spliter (3 phase) Line Transpose
A A
B B
C C
C C
B B
A A
8.704 4.359 9.581 10.15
191
ทรานเซีย้ นต์ไฟฟ้าและการป้องกันระบบไฟฟ้าในระบบส่งจ่ายไฟฟ้า :การวิเคราะห์แรงดันเกินสวิตชิ่ง โดยใช้
โปรแกรม EMTP และตัวอย่างกรณีศึกษา
นายชัชวาล เฉลิมวัฒนชัย
Email : [email protected]
Switching Overvoltage or Voltage Surge in Power System
The overvoltage or transients or surge voltages are the voltages whose values are much more than the normal
voltages. These are of short duration which can cause malfunction or failure of equipment in the system depending
upon the severity of the voltage level.
The overvoltage with a level above twice the standard peak voltage of the system will cause degradation of
electronic components and insulation in the equipment of the system. The main causes of overvoltages in power
systems are classified as,
➢ Internal causes, and
➢ External causes.
Overvoltage due to Internal Causes :
These causes are due to some abnormal conditions generated in the circuit itself. These abnormal conditions not only
change the system's parameters but also damage the circuit under severe conditions. Internal causes of overvoltages
are mainly due to,
➢ Switching surges,
➢ Insulation failure,
➢ Arcing ground, and
➢ Resonance.
Switching Surges :
Switching surges are the overvoltages produced on a power system due to switching operations. The study of
switching surges is important for designing the insulation of winding and for insulation coordination of EHV lines.
Some of the causes for the production of switching surges are listed below,
➢ Switching of an Unloaded Line or Open Line - Switching surges due to switching of an unloaded line arise due to
the traveling wave phenomenon being originated and due to the sudden application of a voltage in the line as
soon as the circuit breaker at the sending end is closed. Successive reflection of the voltage wave causes
overvoltages in the line.
➢ Switching of a Loaded Line - Surges are also produced during the switching operation of a loaded line. Let us
consider a loaded line that is suddenly interrupted which results in a voltage setup of 2Zn i across the switch.
Where i is the initial value of current at the time of opening of the line and Zn is the natural impedance of the
line. If Vp is the phase voltage and Vs is the voltage across the switch, then the maximum value of voltage to
which a line may be subjected is,
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑝 + 𝑉𝑠 𝑘𝑉
➢ Reactor Switching - Reactor switching may cause current chopping. Current chopping is the phenomenon of
current interruption before the natural current zero is reached. Current chopping results in the production of high
voltages due to the transfer of energy in inductance (1/2 LI2) to capacitance (1/2 CV2) across the contacts of the
circuit breaker. Overvoltages due to current chopping can be reduced by resistance switching.
https://nepsi.com/services/power-systems-studies/
➢ Short-circuits and Line-faults Interruption - In a circuit breaker, after clearing faults a transient restriking voltage
appears which may cause overvoltages.
https://www.electricaldeck.com/2021/11/what-is-overvoltage-in-power-system.html
➢ Auto-reclosing of Circuit-breaker in Long EHV Lines - High-speed three-phase auto-reclosure generates surges in
long lines due to closure on the trapped change of the line. The surge voltages are influenced by the non-
simultaneous reclosure of all the three-phase poles.
➢ Opening of Only One Phase due to Occurrence of Fault Cable Charging Circuit Switching OFF - In a 3-phase system,
when a fault occurs on any one phase, then the phase voltage of the remaining two phases will increase beyond its
normal value until the fault is cleared. This rise in voltage across the healthy phases appears as a surge.
Overvoltage magnitude depend on:
➢ transmission line length,
➢ line impedance,
➢ the degree and location of compensation,
➢ the circuit breaker characteristics,
➢ the feeder source configuration and
➢ the existence of remnant charge from prior energisation of the line.
Case Study
Reclosed phase “A” of circuit breaker at Tha Tako substation on 500 kV transmission line between Tha Tako substation
and Samkok substation (EGAT) in case of clearing single line to ground fault on such transmission line.
Data ➢ Tower type
➢ Line configulation
➢ Distance
➢ Conductor Sizing
➢ Sag
Tower
Line configuration and distance
Line configuration and distance
A B B C C A A
B A C B A C B
C C A A B B C
C C A A B B C
B A C B A C B
A B B C C A A
18 31 31 31 31 31 18
191
Conductor
Conductor 1272 MCM ACSR 4 Bundle per phase
Sag
Source
Circuit breaker
Length of transmission line Conductor
Conductor
Shunt Reactor Neutral Reactor
Spliter (3 phase) Line Transpose
Case No neutral ground reactor
Phase A – Vs
Phase A – X0004
Phase A – X0013
Case Neutral ground reactor
Case With neutral ground reactor
Phase A – Vs
Phase A – X0004
Phase A – X0013
Case With neutral ground reactor
ทรานเซีย้ นต์ไฟฟ้ าและการป้ องกันระบบไฟฟ้ าในระบบส่งจ่ายไฟฟ้ า :การ
วิเคราะห์แรงดันเกินชั่วครู่ในระบบส่ง โดยใช้โปรแกรม EMTP และ
ตัวอย่างกรณีศึกษา
นายชัชวาล เฉลิมวัฒนชัย
Email : [email protected]
Temporary overvoltage
Overvoltage can be classified based on their shape and duration in which they exist,
hence they can be majorly divided into two:
1. Transient overvoltage
2. Temporary overvoltage
Transient overvoltages are highly damped overvoltage with short duration of few
milliseconds or less and they include; slow-front, fast-front overvoltage and very
fast-front overvoltage.
Temporary overvoltages occur at a frequency close to the power frequency and
can last for a long period, up to few seconds, which can be weakly damped or
undamped.
Cases leading to temporary overvoltage are load rejection, line energization, fault
clearing, reclosing transformer energization, resonance and ferro-resonance.
Load rejection:
Overvoltages may arise when a loaded system becomes suddenly unloaded. Phase-to-
ground and longitudinal TOVs caused by load rejection are a function of the rejected
load, the system topology after disconnection, and the characteristics of the sources
(e.g., speed and voltage regulators of generators). In a symmetrical three-phase power
system the same relative overvoltages occur phase-to ground and phase-to-phase. The
longitudinal TOVs depend on whether phase angle difference is possible, the worst
possible situation being a phase opposition; such situation can occur when the voltages
on each side of the open switching device are not synchronized. A distinction should be
made between various system configurations when large loads are rejected. The rises
may be especially important in the case of load rejection at the remote end of a long
line (Ferranti effect) and they mainly affect the apparatus at the station connected on
the source side of the remote open circuit-breaker.
Faults to ground:
Phase-to-ground faults may produce power frequency phase-to ground overvoltages on
the unfaulted phases. TOVs between phases or across longitudinal insulation normally
do not arise. The overvoltage magnitude depends on the system grounding and on the
fault location. The duration of the overvoltage corresponds to the duration of the fault
(until fault clearing). In effectively grounded systems, the TOV is about 1.3 pu and the
duration of the overvoltage, including fault clearing, is generally less than 1 s. In
resonant grounded systems the TOV is about 1.73 pu or greater and, with fault clearing,
the duration is generally less than 10 s. Depending on the system configuration,
separated portions of the system may become ungrounded during fault clearing, and
high overvoltages can be produced in the separated part.
Transformer energization:
Resonance overvoltages can occur when a line and an unloaded or lightly loaded
transformer are energized together. The transformer can cause inrush currents due to
the nonlinear behavior of its core. The inrush currents, which can have a high
magnitude with a significant harmonic content, will interact with the power system,
whose frequency response may exhibit a resonance at a frequency included in the
transformer inrush current. The consequence may be a long-duration resonant TOV.
Resonance and ferro-resonance:
TOVs may arise from the interaction of
capacitive elements (lines, cables, series
capacitors) and inductive elements
(transformers, shunt reactors). The
resonant overvoltage is initiated by a
sudden change in the system
configuration (e.g., load rejection,
single-phase switching of a transformer
terminated line, isolation of a bus
potential transformer through breaker
capacitance, connection of a capacitor
bank). Resonant and ferro-resonant
overvoltages can have magnitudes
greater than 3.0 pu and last until the
condition is cleared or a power
component is damaged.
Combinations of temporary overvoltage origins:
The combination of TOVs of different origin may lead to higher arrester ratings and
consequently to higher protection and insulation levels. The combination ground fault
with load rejection is an example that can occur when, during a fault on the line, the load
side breaker opens first and the disconnected load causes a load rejection overvoltage in
the faulted part of the system before the supply side circuit-breaker opens. This
combination can also exist when a large load is switched off and the subsequent TOV
causes a ground fault on the remaining system. The probability of such an event,
however, is small, when the overvoltages due to the change of load are themselves small
and a subsequent fault is only likely to occur in extreme conditions; e.g., under heavy
pollution. The combination can further occur as a result of a line fault followed by failure
of a circuit breaker to open. The probability of such a combination, although small, is not
negligible since these events are not statistically independent. Such an occurrence, which
results from a generator connected through a transformer to a faulted long line, can
result in a significant slow-front transient overvoltage on the healthy phase and a
prolonged variable TOV which is a function of generator characteristics and governor-
voltage regulator actions. When the probability of such combinations is assumed high,
system studies are recommended.
The combination of resonance phenomena with other origins should only be
considered as an additional result of these resonances, since these phenomena must
be avoided. When resonance phenomena cannot be avoided, it is also recommendable
to carry out detailed studies.
Longitudinal overvoltages may occur during synchronization due to phase opposition at
both sides of the switch. The representative longitudinal TOVs are derived from the
expected overvoltage, which has amplitude equal to twice the phase-to-ground
operating voltage and duration of several seconds to some minutes. When
synchronization is frequent, the probability of occurrence of a ground fault and
consequent overvoltage shall be considered; in such cases the representative
overvoltage amplitudes are the sum of the assumed maximum ground-fault
overvoltage on one terminal and the continuous operating voltage in phase opposition
on the other.
A classification based on the frequency of oscillation distinguishes
three classes of TOVs
Overvoltages with a frequency of oscillation equal to the power frequency:
This group includes overvoltages at or near the power frequency being the waveshape
either a pure sinusoid or with a low harmonic content/distortion. The voltage shape
will usually exhibit a slowly decaying. This type of overvoltage is usually preceded by a
transient overvoltage immediately after the causing event; e.g. a switching operation.
Overvoltages caused after line energization, as well as overvoltages arising under
linear conditions, belong to this group.
Overvoltages with a frequency of oscillation higher than the power frequency:
In general, they are due to nonlinearities, which can result from power electronics,
saturated magnetic characteristics of transformers, shunt reactors, and measurement
transformers. Although these overvoltages are always a superposition of harmonics
and the fundamental, the harmonic component is dominant. TOVs of this type may
also be preceded by transients or some other abnormal state.
Overvoltages with a frequency of oscillation lower than the power frequency:
They are either true sub-harmonic voltages or voltages of a frequency below the
power frequency. These overvoltages usually appear across series capacitors. Often it
is not the voltage itself which is a nuisance, but the sub-harmonic or low frequency
current.
However, it was damped out by the shunt reactor also present on the onshore
substation. The event of reclosing to a fault and de-energization was found to be
critical and have potentials to cause stress to power equipment. In a case were the
overvoltage experienced is found to be greater than the power frequency withstand
level of the either the circuit breaker or the filter, which could lead to damage on
them, hence mitigation methods are needed.
Case Study
Reclosed phase “A” of circuit breaker at Tha Tako substation on 500 kV transmission line
between Tha Tako substation and Samkok substation (EGAT) in case of clearing single line
to ground fault on such transmission line.
Data
➢ Tower type
➢ Line configulation
➢ Distance
➢ Conductor Sizing
➢ Sag
Tower
Line configuration and distance
Line configuration and distance
A B B C C A A
B A C B A C B
C C A A B B C
C C A A B B C
B A C B A C B
A B B C C A A
18 31 31 31 31 31 18
191
Conductor
Conductor 1272 MCM ACSR 4 Bundle per phase
Sag
Source
Circuit breaker
Length of transmission line Conductor
Conductor
Shunt Reactor Neutral Reactor
Ground Fault
Spliter (3 phase) Line Transpose
Case
No neutral ground reactor
Case
Neutral ground reactor
Case Study
Lightning strikes an overhead phase-conductor between Sai noi substation and
Chang Wattana substation (EGAT).
Data
➢ Tower type
➢ Line configulation
➢ Distance
➢ Conductor Sizing
➢ Sag
Tower type
Line configulation
Distance
Distance
Conductor
Conductor 1272 MCM ACSR 4 Bundle per phase
Source
Circuit breaker Tower
Length of transmission line Conductor
Spliter (3 phase) Line Transpose
A A
B B
C C
C C
B B
A A
8.704 4.359 9.581 10.15
191
