INDEFINITE INTEGRATION FORMULAE:

x n 1
 x dx   c, n  1
n
1.
n 1

2.  dx  x  c

1
3.  x dx  log x  c
ax
4.  a dx 
x
c
log a

 e dx  e c
x x
5.

6.  sin xdx   cos x  c

7.  cos xdx  sin x  c

8.  sec2 x dx  tan x  c

 cos ec x dx =  cotx +c
2
9.

10.  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c

11.  cos ecx cot xdx   cos ecx  c

12.  tan xdx   log cos x  c or log sec x  c

13.  cot xdx  log sin x  c

 x 

14. sec xdx  log sec x  tan x  c or log tan    c
 4 2

x
15.  cos ecxdx  log cos ecx  cot x  c or log tan c
2

1
16.  1 x 2
dx  sin 1 x + c

1
17.  1 x 2
dx  cos 1 x + c

1
18.  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c
 1
19.   1 x 2
dx  cot 1 x  c

1
20. x x 1
2
dx  sec 1 x  c

1
21.  x x 1
2
dx  cos ec 1 x  c

ALGEBRA OF INTEGRATION

1.   f  x   f  x dx   f  x  dx   f  x dx
1 2 1 2

2.  k. f  x dx  k  f  x  dx

INTEGRATION BY PARTS:

Integration by parts is used in integrating functions of the type f  x  .g  x  or u.v as follows.

d 
I function  II nd function  dx  I st function   II nd function  dx     I st function     II nd function  dx  dx
st

 dx 
Where the Ist and IInd functions are decided in the order of LIATE;

L: Logarithmic function

I: Inverse trigonometric function

T: Trigonometric functions

A: Algebraic functions

E: Exponential Functions

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

f ' x f ' x
Integration of the type  f  x  . f '  x  dx ;   f  x   f  x  dx ;  g  f  x  . f '  x  dx
n
 n
dx ;
 
METHOD: Put f(x) = t and f ’(x) dx = dt and proceed.

f ' x
NOTE:  dx  log f  x   c
f  x
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS:
 GIVEN FUNCTION CORRESPONDING PARTIAL FRACTION

( Non repeated Linear

factors)
A B

f ( x) ax  b cx  d
(ax  b).(cx  d)

Repeated linear factor

f ( x) A B
(i) 
 ax  b  ax  b  ax  b 2
2

f ( x) A1 A2 A3 An
(ii)    ... 
 ax  b  ax  b  ax  b   ax  b   ax  b 
n 2 3 n

Quadratic factor

f ( x) Ax  B
ax  bx  c
2
ax  bx  c
2

Repeated quadratic
factor

f ( x)
(i) A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2
 ax2  bx  c  
2
(i)
ax  bx  c  ax 2  bx  c 2
2
 f ( x) (ii)
(ii)
A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 A3 x  B3 An x  Bn
 ax  bx  c 
n
   ... 
2

ax  bx  c  ax  bx  c   ax  bx  c 
2 2 2 2 3
 ax2  bx  c 
n

NOTE: Where A, B and Ai’s, Bi’s are real numbers and are to be calculated by an appropriate
method

p  x
NOTE: If in an integration of the type (i.e.) a rational expression deg  p  x    deg  q  x  
q  x
p  x
then we first divide p  x  by q  x  and write as
q  x

p  x remainder
 quotient  And then proceed with partial fraction.
q  x divisor

SOME SPECIAL INTEGRALS

1
1.  x a2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c

1 1 xa
2. x 2
a 2
dx 
2a
log
xa
c

1 1 ax
3. a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log
ax
c

x x2  a2 a2 x
 a  x dx   sin 1    c
2 2
4. 2 2 a

x x2  a2 a2
5.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
 log x  x 2  a 2  c
2

x x2  a2 a2
6.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
 log x  x 2  a 2  c
2
7. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
 b
If  f ( x)dx  F ( x) , then  f ( x)dx   F ( x)  F (b)  F(a)
b
a
a

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b b
1.  f ( x)dx   f (t)dt
a a

b a
2. 
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
b

a
3.  f ( x)dx  0
a

b c b
4.  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a a c

b b
5. 
a
f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
a

a a
6.  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0
 2a a a
7.  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f (2a  x)dx
0 0 0

2a a

8. 
0
f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx, if f (2a  x)  f ( x)
0

0 ,if f (2a  x)   f ( x)
a a
9. i) 
a
f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx , if f(x) is an even function.
0

a
ii) 
a
f ( x)dx  0 , if f(x) is an odd function.

AREA BY USING INTEGRALS

1. Area of the region under the curve y  f ( x) between the points a and b on x-axis is given by
b
Area   f ( x)dx
a

2. Area of the region under the curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) between the points c and d on y-axis is given by
d
Area   g ( y )dy
c

VII. VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area R about a line L in the plane.
Line L is known as the axis of revolution. Line L does not intersect the plane area R but may
touch the boundary of R.
Examples:
1. Sphere is a solid of revolution generated by revolving the semicircle region R about
its diameter L.
2. Right circular cylinder is a solid of revolution obtained by revolving a rectangle R
about its edge L.

1. If the area bounded by the curve y  f ( x) , the line y  p and the lines x  a, x  b
is revolved about the X-axis, then the volume of the solid of revolution is given by
b
V    y 2 dx
a

2. If the area bounded by the curve x  g ( y) , the line x  q and the lines y  c, y  d
is revolved about the Y-axis, then the volume of the solid of revolution is given by
d
V    x 2 dx
c
 List of Formulae

I. Trigonometry

2. Fundamental Identities :

(i) sin2   cos2  = 1 (ii) 1  tan2  = sec 2  (iii)

1  cot 2  = cos ec 2 

3.

c c c c
0 = 0c 30 = 45 = 60 = 90 =
6 4 3 2

1 1 3
sin  0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos  1 0
2 2 2

1
tan  0 1 3 not defined
3

4. sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos (A  B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B

C  D C  D
5. sin C + sin D = 2 sin   . cos  
 2   2 

C  D C  D
sin C  sin D = 2 cos   . sin  
 2   2 

C  D C  D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos   . cos  
 2   2 

C  D C  D
cos C  cos D = 2 sin   . sin  2 
 2   

6. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A  B)

2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B)  sin (A  B)

2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A  B)

2 sin A sin B = cos (A  B)  cos (A + B)

 tan A  tanB
7. tan (A  B) = ;
1 tan A tanB

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

cos 2A = cos2 A  sin2 A = 1  2 sin2 A = 2cos2 A  1

1  cos 2A
sin2 A =
2

1  cos 2A
cos2 A =
2

2 tan A
8. tan 2A = ;
1  tan2 A

2 tan A
sin 2A =
1  tan2 A

1  tan2 A
cos 2A = ;
1  tan2 A

sin 3A = 3 sin A  4 sin3 A

cos 3A = 4 cos3 A  3 cos A ;

3 tan A  tan3 A
tan 3A =
1  3 tan2 A

 ab 
9. tan1 a  tan1 b = tan1   a > 0, b > 0, ab < 1.
 1  ab 

 a b 
tan1 a  tan1 b = tan1   , a > 0, b > 0.
 1  ab 

10. (i) sin1(sin x) = x

(ii) sin(sin1 x) = x

(iii) cos1(cos x) = x

(iv) cos(cos1 x) = x etc.

   
11. (i) sin1(cos x) = sin1 sin   x   = x
  2  2

   
(ii) cos1(sin x) = cos1 cos   x   = x
  2  2
12. (i) sin1(x) =  sin1 x

(ii) cos 1(x) =   cos 1 x

(iii) tan1(x) =  tan1 x

a b
13. (i) cos ec 1   = sin1  
b a

a b
(ii) sec 1   = cos 1  
b a

a b
(iii) cot 1   = tan1  
 
b a


14. (i) sin1 x  cos 1 x =
2


(ii) tan1 x  cot 1 x =
2


(iii) sec 1 x  cos ec 1x =
2

II. Calculus
A. Derivatives of the following functions w.r.t. x.

dy dy
y or f(x) or f (x) y or f(x) or f (x)
dx dx

c (const.) 0 sec x sec x . tan x

xn n . x n1 cot x  cos ec2 x

1
(ax  b)n n(ax  b)n1 . a sin1 x
(1  x 2 )

du dv 1
uv  cos 1 x
dx dx (1  x 2 )

dv du 1
u.v u v tan1 x
dx dx 1 x2
 dy dy
y or f(x) or f (x) y or f(x) or f (x)
dx dx

du 1
cu c cos ec 1x ,|x|>1
dx |x (x 2  1)|

du dv dw 1
u.v.w vw  wu  uv sec 1 x ,|x|>1
dx dx dx |x (x 2  1)|

du dv
u v u 1
dx dx cot 1 x
v 1 x2
v2

sin x cos x ex ex

cos x  sin x ax a x log a

1
tan x sec2 x loge x
x

1
cosec x cosec x . cot x loga x
x loge a

B. Integration of following functions w.r.t. x.

f(x)  f(x) dx
x n1
xn  c , n  1
n 1

(ax  b)n 1 1
(ax  b)n .  c , when n  1
n 1 a

1
log | x | + c
x

ex ex  C

ax
a x C
log a

sin x cos x + c

cos x sin x + c

sec2 x tan x + c

cos ec2 x cot x + c

cosec x cot x cosec x + c

 f(x)  f(x) dx
sec x tan x sec x + c

1
sin1 x or  cos 1 x  c
1 x2

1
tan1 x or  cot 1 x  c
1 x2

1
sec 1 x or  cos ec1x  c
x x2  1

1 x
sin1    c
(a  x 2 )
2
a

1 1 x
tan1    c
a  x2
2
a a

1 1 x
sec 1    c
x x a 2 2
a a

1
log | x  (x 2  a 2 ) | c
x 2  a2

1
log | x  (x 2  a 2 ) | c
x  a2
2

f '(x)
log | f(x) | + c
f(x)

uv u v dx  
du
dx
  v dx  dx
(Integration by parts)
tan x log | sec x | + c
cot x log | sin x | + c
cosec x log | cosec x  cot x | + c
sec x log | sec x + tan x | + c
1 1 xa
x  a2
2 log c
2a xa
1 1 ax
a2  x 2 log c
2a ax

e ax . sin (bx) eax

[a sin(bx)  b cos(bx)]  c
(a2  b2 )

e ax . cos (bx) eax

[a cos(bx)  b sin(bx)]  c
(a2  b2 )
 f(x)  f(x) dx
a2  x 2 x a2 x
(a2  x 2 )  sin1    c
2 2 a
x 2  a2 x a2
(x 2  a2 )  log | x  (x 2  a2 ) | c
2 2
ex [f(x)  f'(x)]
ex f(x)

Note : All the given formulae can be used even if we have a term (ax + b) in place of x. Replace x by
(ax + b) in the integral value and divide the same by a.

C. Standard Substitutions
Sr. No. Expression Substitution

(i) 1 x2 x = sin 
1
(ii) a2  x 2 x = a sin 

(i) 1 x2 x = tan 
2
(ii) a2  x 2 x = a tan 

(i) x2  1 x = sec 
3
(ii) x 2  a2 x = a sec 

1 x2
(i) x = tan 
1 x2
4
a2  x 2
(ii) x = a tan 
a2  x 2

2x
(i) x = tan 
1 x2
5
2ax
(ii) x = a tan 
a  x2
2

1 x
(i) x = cos 2
1 x
6
ax
(ii) x = a cos 2
ax
