22- Introduction to foundations:

Types

Sérgio Lourenço, HKU

Shallow Deep
foundations foundations

Pad Strip Pile

Raft
foundations
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Loads
 Normal Loads
 Shear Loads
 Moment Loads
 Torsion Loads

 Sources
 Dead Loads
 Earth Pressure
 Earthquake Loads
 Wind Loads
 …
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Types of foundations
 Shallow foundations can be used where the surface
soils are strong enough to support the loads imposed by
the foundation. neathered
S
,

 If soft soils are present near surface then a deep

Sze, 2015
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Types of foundations

Sze, 2015
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Shallow foundations
 Pad foundations
 Pad foundations are used to support an individual point
load such as that due to a structural column. They may be
circular, square or rectangular.
Column Column
Foundation Foundation

Mass concrete for steel Reinforced concrete with

Column Column
Foundation Foundation

Plain reinforced concrete Stepped reinforced concrete

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Shallow foundations
 Strip foundations
 Strip foundations are used to support a line of
loads, either due to a load bearing wall, or if a
line of columns need supporting where column
positions are so close that individual pad Load bearing wall or
row of columns

foundations would be inappropriate. Foundation

Section

Plan view

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Shallow foundations
 Raft foundations
 Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a
structure over a large area, normally the entire area of
the structure. They are used when column loads or other
structural loads are close together and individual pad
foundations would interact.

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 vs :
Shallow foundations pad ( 有机会下降 )
Some dsplome more
 Raft foundations ,

thanother
A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab
,


which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be
strengthened by ribs or beams incorporated into the
foundation.
 Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing
differential settlements as the concrete slab resists
differential movements between loading positions. They
are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing
capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area.

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Shallow foundations
 Raft foundations

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 Deep foundations
 Deep foundations include piles, piers and caissons or
compensated foundations using deep basements and also
deep pad or strip foundations.
 Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a
deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils
or unfavorable conditions are present near the surface:
 Insufficient soil “bearing capacity” near surface
 Excessive settlements on shallow foundations
 Differential settlements on shallow foundations
 Constructability issues (e.g., shallow GWT)
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Deep foundations
 Piles
 Piled foundations are relatively long,
slender members that transmit
foundation loads through soil strata of
low bearing capacity to deeper soil or
rock strata having a high bearing
capacity.
 They are used when for economic,
constructional or soil condition
considerations it is desirable to transmit
loads to strata beyond the practical
reach of shallow foundations.

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Deep foundations
 Piles
 Piles transfer the load to the ground by means of side
resistance along the length of the piles

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Deep foundations
 Piles
 In addition to supporting structures,
piles are also used to anchor
structures against uplift forces and
to assist structures in resisting
lateral and overturning forces.
 Piles resist horizontal forces: earth
retaining structures, wind and
earthquake forces for tall buildings
 Piles resist uplifting forces: offshore
platforms

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Deep foundations
 Piles
 Piles should carry the foundation through the depth of
scour (eg: rivers)
 Piles should carry the foundation through problematic
soils (expansive and collapsible soils)
.
_ xlays

ySand
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 Common foundation types in Hong Kong
 Large-diameter bored piles
 Normal size of 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.75 and
3.0m
 Advantages:
 Large loads
 Well-accepted design and construction
methods
 No ground heave
 Installation not straightforward, liable to
necking (changes in diameter); extension
beyond the ground level is not possible;
expensive
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一
Common foundation types in Hong Kong
 Large-diameter bored
piles
 Need to consider:
 Drilling (formation of hole,
eg: continuous flight auger)
 Casing (support) to avoid
collapse of walls
 Removal of soil (with fluid or
other means)
 Placement of cage
 Filling with concrete

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Common foundation types in Hong Kong
 H-piles
 Socketed h-piles (temporary casing, pre-
boring, inserting h-piles and grouting)
 Driven h-piles (driven by hydraulic hammer
or drop hammer)
 Advantages:
 Not liable to necking
 Material can be checked prior to installation
 Can stand above ground level
 Economic 異種
 However: not suitable for heterogeneous → sbp yround
molment
ground; high level of noise; ground heave near heuv
pile; small loads

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Common foundation types in Hong Kong
Building Height m Type
ICC 484 Shaft grouted barretes (∼piles with
external grouting)
2 IFC 416 Raft on rock
The Cullinnan 270 Large diameter bored piles
Azura 211 Percussive steel h-piles
Sze, 2015

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