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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Practical Skills Workbook by Bryan Earl New - Unlocked-17

The document describes a teacher demonstration involving the diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases, which react to form ammonium chloride. It outlines the aim of the experiment, which is to determine how gas particle mass affects diffusion rates, and provides safety guidance and required apparatus. The method emphasizes the importance of conducting the experiment in a fume cupboard while wearing appropriate safety gear.

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8 views1 page

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Practical Skills Workbook by Bryan Earl New - Unlocked-17

The document describes a teacher demonstration involving the diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases, which react to form ammonium chloride. It outlines the aim of the experiment, which is to determine how gas particle mass affects diffusion rates, and provides safety guidance and required apparatus. The method emphasizes the importance of conducting the experiment in a fume cupboard while wearing appropriate safety gear.

Uploaded by

israr ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 States of matter

1.1 Rate of diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen


chloride (Teacher demonstration)
When two or more gases come into contact with each other they
KEY TERMS
slowly mix together. Diffusion is the movement of gases from an area
of high concentration to a lower concentration. In this experiment diffusion
hydrogen chloride gas, HCl(g), evaporates from concentrated kinetic particle theory
hydrochloric acid. Ammonia gas, NH3(g), evaporates from a relative molecular mass
concentrated ammonia solution. The two gases will mix and react to
form the white solid ammonium chloride.
ammonia + hydrogen chloride → ammonium chloride
NH3(g) +   HCl(g) →   NH4Cl(s)
This is a teacher demonstration and it is recommended that it is
performed in a fume cupboard. It is also recommended that a sheet SAFETY GUIDANCE
of black paper be placed behind the demonstration so that the l Eye protection must be
formation of the white solid ammonium chloride can be observed worn.
clearly. l This demonstration must
be setup and carried out
Aim in a fume cupboard.
l Care should be taken
To determine how the mass of gas particles affects the rate of diffusion
when opening the bottle
of gases.
of the ammonia solution
because pressure can
Apparatus and chemicals build up inside the
l Eye protection bottle. Do not keep the
l Access to a fume cupboard bottle of ammonia open
l Protective gloves for a long period of time.
l Stopwatch l Concentrated ammonia
l A length of glass tubing of recommended length 50–100 cm with solution – corrosive,
internal diameter of 2–3 cm hazardous to the aquatic
l 2 × retort stands complete with bosses and clamps environment.
l 2 × cotton wool buds l Ammonia gas – toxic,
l 2 × bungs to fit the ends of the glass tube hazardous to the aquatic
l Concentrated hydrochloric acid environment.
l Concentrated ammonia solution l Concentrated hydrochloric
acid – corrosive.
Hydrogen chloride gas –
Method
l
corrosive.
Throughout, the teacher/demonstrator must wear eye protection and l Ammonium chloride –
safety gloves. low hazard.
1 While working in a fume cupboard, clamp the glass tubing at
both ends. Ensure that the glass tubing lies horizontally.

16 Photocopying prohibited Cambridge IGCSE™ Chemistry Practical Skills Workbook

310513_01_CAM_IGCSE_CPS_WB_016-025.indd 16 12/4/20 7:38 AM

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