Scribd
Upload
10 views

PHYSICS PROJECT

The document is a physics investigatory project by Kartik Verma from A.G.D.A.V Centenary Public School, focusing on the verification of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Current Law. It includes sections such as a certificate of completion, acknowledgments, project aims, and detailed explanations of Kirchhoff's laws, resistors, and the experimental procedure. The project concludes with observations comparing theoretical and actual voltage drops across resistors in a circuit.

Uploaded by

Kartik verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

PHYSICS PROJECT

The document is a physics investigatory project by Kartik Verma from A.G.D.A.V Centenary Public School, focusing on the verification of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Current Law. It includes sections such as a certificate of completion, acknowledgments, project aims, and detailed explanations of Kirchhoff's laws, resistors, and the experimental procedure. The project concludes with observations comparing theoretical and actual voltage drops across resistors in a circuit.

Uploaded by

Kartik verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

A.G.D.A.

V CENTENARY PUBLIC
SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SESSION : 2024-25
NAME: Kartik Verma
CLASS: XII B
ROLL NO.:26606850
Index

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of project
4. Introduction
5. experiment
Certificate

This is to certify that Kartik verma of XII


has successfully completed the project on
“VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE
LAW”under my supervision. The report is
the result of his efforts & endeavours. The
report is found worthy of acceptance as
final Project report for the subject physics
of class XII.

Teacher’s signature
Examiner’s signature
ACKNOWLEDMENT

I would like to express my sincere


gratitude to my teacher for their constant
guidance and support throughout this
project. I also thank my classmates for
their valuable inputs and assistance.
Lastly, I acknowledge the resources and
references that helped deepen my
understanding of the concepts. Your
contributions were greatly appreciated.

Teacher’s signature
Aim of project

To study and verify kirchoff’s voltage


law and current law.
Introduction
Gustav kirchoff
Gustav Kirchhoff (1824–1887) was a
renowned German physicist and a pioneer
in the fields of electrical circuits,
spectroscopy, and thermodynamics. Born
in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad,
Russia), he displayed an early aptitude for
mathematics and science, studying at the
University of Königsberg under Franz
Neumann and Friedrich Richelot.
Kirchhoff is best known for formulating
Kirchhoff's Circuit Laws in 1845, which describe the
conservation of current and energy in electrical circuits. These
laws remain fundamental to electrical engineering and physics.
In collaboration with chemist Robert Bunsen, Kirchhoff made
groundbreaking contributions to spectroscopy. They discovered
that each chemical element produces a unique spectral
signature, leading to the identification of new elements such as
cesium and rubidium. His work in blackbody radiation laid the
groundwork for quantum theory, influencing later scientists like
Max Planck.
Kirchhoff's legacy extends across multiple disciplines, and his
theoretical insights continue to underpin modern science and
technology.

Kirchoffs’ current law (kcl)


Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) is a fundamental principle in electrical
circuit analysis. It states:
"The total current entering a junction in an electrical circuit is equal
to the total current leaving the junction."
This is based on the principle of conservation of electric charge, which
implies that charge cannot accumulate at a junction; whatever charge
flows into a point must flow out.
Mathematical Expression:
For a junction where multiple currents meet:
∑Iin=∑Iout
Alternatively:
∑I=0\sum I = 0
Here, currents entering the junction are considered positive, and
currents leaving the junction are considered negative.
KCL is widely used in analyzing and solving electrical circuits, especially
in conjunction with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL).

Kirchoffs voltage law ( kvl)


Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is a fundamental principle in electrical
circuit analysis. It states:
"The sum of all electrical potential differences (voltages) around any
closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero."
This is based on the principle of energy conservation, which implies
that the total energy gained and lost by charges as they traverse a
closed loop must balance out.

Mathematical Expression:
For a closed loop:
∑V=0
Where:
 VV represents the voltage (potential difference) across each

element in the loop.


 Voltage gains (e.g., across a power source) are taken as positive.
 Voltage drops (e.g., across resistors) are taken as negative.

Applications:
1. Circuit Analysis: Used with Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) to solve
complex circuits.
2. Power Distribution: Ensures voltage consistency in power
systems.
3. Electronics Design: Validates designs for voltage stability in
devices.

Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
Helectronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power
resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can
be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.
Colour code
Resistor Color Coding uses colored bands to quickly identify a
resistors resistive value and its percentage of tolerance with the
physical size of the resistor indicating its wattage rating.
Generally, the resistance value, tolerance, and wattage rating
are printed on the body of a resistor as numbers or letters when
the resistors body is big enough to read the print, such as large
power resistors.
But when a resistor is smaller (example: 1/4 watt carbon or film
type), the print is too small to read, so the specifications must
be shown in another way.
For traditional resistors there are usually FOUR coloured bands.
The first two coloured bands will show the first two digits, the
third band provides the multiplier by which the first two digits
must be multiplied (i.e number of zeros); together this gives the
value of the resistor (the resistance) in Ohms. The fourth
coloured band indicates the tolerance of the resistor that is how
close the actual resistance may be to the value indicated. A 1k
Ohm (1000 Ohm) resistor with a 20% tolerance could have a
value anywhere between 800 and 1200 Ohms. The tolerance
band is sometimes spaced further apart from the other three
bands, which helps when deciding which way round to read off
the value, which is sometimes difficult to establish immediately
APPARATUS REQUIRED
FIXED RESISTANCES OF DIFFERENT VALUES
250 MICRO AMMETER
 4VOLT BATTERY SOURCE
WIRES,
 SOLDERING KIT,
 VOLTMETER
EXPERIMENT
THEORY
KCL: "The total current entering a junction in an electrical
circuit is equal to the total current leaving the junction."
KVL: "The sum of all electrical potential differences
(voltages) around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to
zero."
Procedure
To explain the above theory part ,consider a Circuit having 4
resistance in given system with a common supply.
In the circuit there is total resistance ,
Rtotal = (15+ 20+5)= 40
From this circuit the current flow can be calculated as :
I =E/R=20/40= 0.5A
VR1= R1 x I = 15x0.5= 7.5V
VR2= R2x I = 20x0.5= 10V
VR3= R3x I= 5x0.5= 2.5
Now use voltmeter to confirm calculations for voltages across
the resistances and make sure that the metre is connected to
the circuit you With the correct polarity (Negative terminal
connected to the lower lead out wire of each register ).

Observations

Sno resistors Theoretical Actual value


. value of of potential
voltage drop drop
1 R1 7.5 7.7
2 R2 10 9.9

3 R3 2.5 2.6

You might also like