GIT

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Introduction to a system

A system is a set of rules, an arrangement of things, or a group of related things that working together
toward a specific goal. Every system contains a model made by three major parts calls Input, Process
and Output (IPO).They describe the structure of a system.

Introduction to computer

An electronic device which is capable of receiving data in a particular form and of performing a set of
operations in accordance with a predetermined set of instructions (program) to produce a result in the
form of information.

Computer as a system

Computer is an organization of hardware and software, often together with end-users that function as
a unit to perform a specific task. As the above diagram illustrates, a computer follows the IPO model.
Therefore we can classify computer also as a system.

As the computer is a system, each component can’t work on its own. Computer works when its
components are connected properly. The basic components are,
• Keyboard and Mouse
• System Unit
• Monitor

The functions of the basic components as follows

• The Keyboard and Mouse are used to input Data and Instructions
• The system unit processes the data into information
• The monitor displays the (Output) information to the user

Peripheral Devices
A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in order to expand its
abilities. The term peripheral is used to describe those devices that are optional in nature, as opposed
to hardware that is either demanded or always required in principle. There are all different kinds of
peripherals you can add your computer. The main distinction among peripherals is the way they are
connected to your computer. They can be connected internally or externally.

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All hardware peripherals can be categorized as follows

• Input devices:
The devices are used to enter data and Instructions to computer
Keyboard, Mouse ,Graphics Tablets ,Cameras, Barcode reader, Digital camera, Joystick,
Microphone ,MIDI keyboard ,Scanner, Webcam, Touch pads ,Microphone ,OMR(Optical Mark
Reader) ,OCR(Optical Character Reader) ,MICR (Magnetic Ink character reader) ,RFID(Radio
Frequency Identification) Reader

▪ Keyboard
This is the most common input device. Though it is designed with the format of a
conventional type writer, it provides keys for additional functions. Normally
keyboards come in two sizes. That is from 101/102 keys to 104/108 keys.
▪ Pointing Devices

Mouse
This is the most popular pointing device used. Mouse provides input via buttons. The mouse
contains a left button and a right button. Mouse has a wheel to roll up and down in the screen.
Laptop computers use, a touch pad or a mouse is as the pointing device.

Touch screen
This is the input and output device in the modern computers and mobile phones. Data is fed by
touching the screen. It also acts as a pointing device.

Joy Stick
This is also a pointing device used in computer games which can move the cursor.
Light pen
Light pen is used to select menu items on the screen or to draw/write on the screen. The
appearance is similar to a normal pen. This is used in Computer Aided Designs (CAD).

▪ Imaging and Video Input Devices

Digital Camera
This is the input device used to input photographs and videos to the computer. Display screen
serves as the output device of the camera.

Webcam
The webcam is used to view a user connected to the computer through internet or to capture
videos. It is positioned on top of the laptop monitor, and for desktop computers, can be
connected externally.

Closed Circuit TV (CCTV)

The images or videos captured by cameras are fed as input to the computers. CCTVs are
commonly used to maintain road safety and the security of premises.

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 ▪ Scanners

Flatbed Scanners
This is an input device which functions like a photocopying machine. The scanned image or
document is captured by the laser beams and converted to digital data. The scanned picture /
document can be saved in the computer.

Bar Code Reader

This device is used to read the bar codes. The bar code is converted to an alphanumeric value
by the bar code reader and is fed to the computer connected to it.

Magnetic Ink Character Reader - MICR

This is available in banks. It is used to check the accuracy of a cheque. This device reads
numbers printed at the bottom of the cheque, its data such as bank code ,bank account number
and feed them to the computer.

Optical Character Recognition - OCR

This is used to capture text in a document and to edit that captured text in the document. This is
commonly used in libraries and in government institutes.

Optical Mark Recognition - OMR

This is an input device which recognizes marks made using a pencil or a pen. It is commonly
used to check forms filled in pen or pencil, correct MCQs of exam papers. It can read the
marks and feed that data to the computer.

Automated Teller Machine - ATM

ATMs have made bank transactions convenient for customers. ATM machine reads the
numbers in the debit or credit cards inserted into the machine and connect to the computer.
Once the bank account number is read through the ATM, one system connects with the bank's
computer for processing the transaction.

▪ Microphone
Microphone is used to feed sound to a computer.

• Output devices:
The devices are used to get output from the computer
Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc.) ,Printers (all types) ,Plotters ,Projector ,Speaker(s) ,Head Phone

There are several methods of producing the processed information by a computer system.
Some of them are,
(i) Soft copy
(ii) Hard copy
(iii) Sound

(i) Soft Copy

The output on the screen is called a soft copy. The soft copy output can be provided on the
following devices.

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Monitor/ Screen
This is also called Visual Display Unit (VDU). There are several types of monitors available
today.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

This type of monitor, is large in size and consumes more electricity.

Liquid Crystal Display - LCD

This is a flat screen type technology. LCD displays utilize two sheets of polarizing material
with a liquid crystal solution between them. LED consumes less electricity.

Light Emitting Diode - LED

LED screens are designed using light emitting diodes. LED displays have better brightness and
they are used for symbols, billboards and name boards in common places and roads. This has
become a popular medium today due to its low electricity consumption.

Multimedia Projector
This is the device used to get information output to a wide screen so that several people can
view it at the same time. This can be used as a visual aid by a teacher to display presentations,
to conduct business meetings or to watch videos for entertainment.

(ii)Hard Copy
Hard copies are tangible computer outputs. The following are devices which provide hard copy
output.

Printers

Dot Matrix Printer

Letters are printed on the paper as small dots here when the printer’s head strikes on the inked
ribbon with needle like tips.

Laser Printers
Laser printer utilizes a laser beam to produce an image (through a mirror) on a drum. The light
of the laser alters the electrical charge on the drum and apply toner (dried ink) in the cartridge.
There are laser printers which print about four A4 size papers per minute. Both black and
white, as well as colour laser printers are available. The laser printer produces clear and quality
printouts.

Bubble/Ink Jet Printer

Liquid ink stored in tanks is kept in the cartridge and ink is deposited on paper through small
nozzles and produce the print.

Plotter
This is commonly used in computer based planning (architectural designs, town planning,
designing sailing boats etc). A plan is drawn by moving a pen on the paper.

(iii)Sounds
The device which gives a sound output is called speaker. Speaker devices are designed for
personal and common purpose.

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 • Input and output devices:
• The devices facilitate for both Input and Output
Touch Screen, Modems, Headsets (Headset consists of Headphones and Microphone) ,
Electronic Whiteboard

• Storage devices:
The devices that are used to store data and Instructions for later retrieval.
➢ Magnetic (Hard Disk, Tape etc.) o
➢ Optical (CD/DVD/Blu-Ray Disc etc.) o
➢ Solid State (Flash drives, Memory cards etc.)

Several computer memory or storage devices are used to store data and information and the
functions of each are different.

➢ Primary Memory
The memory that can be directly accessed by the Central Processing Unit is called primary
memory/storage. There are three types of Primary Memory.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

This memory temporarily stores data. The data stored in RAM will be deleted when the
computer is witched off. Therefore this is also called volatile memory. Data coming from input
devices as well as data sent to output devices are held in RAM.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

The data in Read Only Memory is not erased when the computer is switched off. Therefore it is
a Non-volatile Memory. The commands required for booting up a computer are stored in
ROM. These commands are called BIOS (Basic Input Output System). Computer
Manufacturing companies store these commands in a ROM with a smaller capacity and is
connected to the mother boars

Cache Memory
Though this is smaller in capacity than other memory, it is faster. This is also called CPU
Memory. This acts as the mediator between CPU (Central Processing Unit) and Primary
Memory. The data frequently used by are stored here.
The Central Processing Unit checks cache memory first to see whether the required data is
available for processing. However, if the required data is not available then the data is fetched
to cache memory from RAM for processing.

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 • Storage devices

➢ Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory or the Secondary Storage is the device which stores data and information
permanently. This is also called External Storage. There are internal storage devices as well as
external portable secondary storage devices. Secondary memory is called non-volatile memory
since it does not erase when
electricity is not available. These can be classified as follows.

Magnetic Media Devices

Data is stored here by using magnetic field.

Hard disk Drive

The Hard Disk Drive (HDD), which is commonly used to store data and information, is located
inside the computer. However, there are external hard disks as well. Today there are hard disks
with large capacity due to the development of the technology. The user can read and write the
data stored in HDD. Therefore,
this medium is called Read / Write Memory. The capacity of a hard disk ranges from 250 GB
to 4 TB. The maximum capacity will increase with technological development.

Magnetic Tape
Used mostly in sever computers for back up due to its larger storage capacity. But tape is not
used in day today life as it is slow in reading and writing

Optical media
Since data stored digitally on a disk is read and written by laser beam, it is called optical
media. Optical media is commonly used to carry data and information and there are several
types. The followings are some of them;

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Solid State Devices
Since these devices contain solid parts and does not contain moving parts they are called Solid
State Devices. They are used to read and write data and information.

USB Flash Drive

This has become a very popular secondary storage device due to its easy portability and the
ability
to read and write data fast.

Memory Card
This has the same function of USB flash drive. However, the method of connecting to the
computer is different and it is smaller in physical size. This is used in digital cameras, mobile
phones and computer gaming devices.
E.g. - SD Card (Secure Digital Card)

• Processor:
• The device is used to process data into information
• This is the main component of a computer system. It is also called the brain of the
computer as well as it functions according to the given commands. CPU manages the
operating system and application software. CPU consists of three main components.

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 Computer Speed
• The unit used to measure clock speed of a computer is Hertz (Hz) and the units used to
measure computer speed are Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz).

Software
Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related
devices. Software is often divided into two categories

Application software
These are software that accomplishes user tasks. They act between the System Software and the
User. A user interacts with the Application Software to get his tasks done. Application Software
takes input from the user and processes it according to the users’ request.
Examples: Word Processor Spreadsheet Presentation Graphics Database Managers
Internet Browser Media Player

System software
This is a type of software which controls, co-ordinates computer operations and manages the
hardware of a computer. System Software forms the base on which the Application Software work.
They act as an interface between the hardware and the Application Software concealing the
technical complexity of the hardware.
o Examples of System Software: Basic Input/output System(BIOS) Operating System Device
Drivers Software utilities (Disk clean-up, Disk optimizer, Antivirus, back up etc.)

Processor:
The device is used to process data into information The basic elements of a processor:
➢ Control Unit : Control unit is responsible for all operations. It steps through instructions
(Programs) and coordinates actions of other components.
➢ Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): ALU operates as directed by CU. It provides arithmetic (add,
subtract, multiply, divided) and Logical (NOT, AND, OR) operations
➢ Registers: Provide local storage which holds instructions and data for operations. Registers
supply operands to the ALU for operations and store the results of operations.

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 Von Neumann architecture

➢ Control unit: Controls the operation of the computer.

➢ Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s Arithmetic and logic
operations
➢ Registers: Provides local storage for the processor
➢ Internal interconnection: Mechanism that provides communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers.
➢ Input / Output Devices: This architecture allows users to interact with the machine. For
this purpose, IO devices provide connection between processor and external world.
➢ Storage Devices: RAM, cache, a hard disk, an optical disk drive and externally connected
USB drives.
• Primary Storage Devices: Directly accessible to the processor, smaller in
capacity, faster in access speed and expensive. They include RAM, ROM and cache
memory.
• Secondary Storage Devices: Indirectly accessible to the processor through
I/O channels, larger in capacity, slower in access speed and inexpensive. They
include magnetic disks, optical discs, solid state storage device.
➢ Bus : It is an electronic communication mechanism. It allows two or more functional
units of the computer to transfer data, addresses and control signals.

Data and Information

What is data?
Data can be defined as a representation of raw facts, such as quantities, characters, or symbols
on which operations are performed by human or a 25 computer, which may be stored and
transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical
recording media.
Data is represented with the help of alphabetical letters (A-Z, a-z), Numbers (0-9), and or other
symbols (+,-,/,*,,= etc.).

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What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for the user.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. To be meaningful,
Information should contain the following characteristics:

Specifications for Personal Computer (PC)

What is the Specification? The specification is a list of the key components that make up the
computer. It is provided by retailers to help buyers decide which PC, and which combination of
features, they need. When buying a PC, it is important to start by deciding what you need to do
with the PC.
When reviewing a computer specification, the most important components to take account of
are
• Clock speed of the processor
• Capacity and clock speed of the RAM
• Capacity and speed of Hard Disk Drive(HDD)
• Type, size and resolution of the Monitor

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 • Mother board: compatibility and connect criteria (Wi-Fi, RJ45, USB etc.)

Operating Systems (OS)

PCs are generally purchased with an operating system pre-installed. It is worth checking that your
existing software will still work with the operating system of any new systems being purchased. It may
be possible to choose a particular operating system and, if so, this may help standardize new machines
with existing PCs.
Some operating systems are proprietary and required a license to use while others are freely
available.

Purchasing Considerations
consider the following points when purchasing PCs
What is the intended use of the PC and will the chosen specification fulfil these requirements?
• Is the PC compatible with existing computer hardware and software?
• Is the technical support service satisfactory?
• Warranty ( comprehensive, limited, onsite, number of years)
Application Software
If you choose to purchase any application software for your personal computer, select newer
compatible versions for your operating system and computer hardware. Do not install unnecessary
free software to your computer because they can be potentially harmful to the computer.

Anti-Virus Software
• Anti-virus software should be installed on your personal computer, configured to
automatically update, and scheduled to run regular scans. You may install either a free or
subscription-based anti-virus suite. NOTE: Do not run multiple anti-virus programs on the
same machine.
• Anti-malware / anti-spyware software, or a security suite which provides similar functionality,
is also recommended. Enable your computer’s firewall for additional protection

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In a binary system

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 A AB

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 Word processing software are designed to ‘Process words’ in order to produce professional
looking documents. It lets you create, edit, format, save, retrieve, print, check spelling &
grammar and mail merge documents.
Word processing packages – ex. Word pro, Word star, Word perfect 5.0, Ms word 2.x/ 4.x/ 95/
98/ 2000/2003 /2007/2010/2013,2016 ,Open Office Writer, Kingsoft Office writer etc.

starting MS Word
• Click start →point to all programs →point to t Microsoft office→select MS word
Creating a New Document
Choose File→ New from the menu bar or Press CTRL+N→blank document

Saving a file
Click the Save icon on the tool bar. or Select File → Save from the menu bar or Press
CTRL+S
- Specify the correct folder in the look in box
- Name your file by typing in the file name box
- click save
Saving a file by another name-
select file→save as→select the location → type the file name→ click save

Opening an existing file (to open a file you already saved)

clickfile→open from the menu or press Ctrl+O
- select the folder where you saved the file from look in field.
- select the file or type the file name in the file name field.
- click open

Closing a Document
Click the Close icon on the right side of the menu bar. or
Close the current document by selecting File→CloseorPress Ctrl+W

Editing
Copying and pasting Text
Highlight the text
• Click the Copy icon on the standard toolbar or
• Press CTRL+C.
Move the cursor to the location you want
• Click the Paste icon on the standard toolbar or
• Press CTRL+V.

Moving Text
Highlight the text
• Click the Cuticon on the standard tool bar or
• Press CTRL+X at once.
Move the cursor to the location you want

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 • Click the Paste icon on the standard toolbar or
• Press CTRL+V.

Formatting text
One of the following methods can be used to do the following
(i) Select suitable format before typing
(ii) Highlight the required part of the document and do the formatting
Methods of selection
word - Double click the mouse on that word
A sentence - Click on the first word of the sentence and drag till the last word
A paragraph - Click the mouse thrice on the paragraph
- Or click the first word of the paragraph and drag till the last word
A document - Press Ctrl + A on the key board
Format Keyboard Mouse
Bold Press Ctrl+B Click bold (B) icon on the tool bar
Italic Press Ctrl+i Click italic (I) icon on the tool bar
underline Press Ctrl +U Click underline (U) icon on the tool bar
Font face Press Ctrl +D -> select font→click Click font →click on and select from the
OK list
Font size Press Ctrl +D -> select or to Click font →click on and select from the
increase or decrease font →click list
OK
Change Press Ctrl+shift+A Click on Aa icon on the tool bar→select
lowercase to lowercase
all capitals
Superscript Ctrl+shift++ Click on x2 icon on the tool bar
subscript Ctrl+= Click on x2 icon on the tool bar
Grow font Ctrl+> Click on icon on the tool bar
Shrink font Ctrl+<
Click on icon on the tool bar
Aligning text
• Select the text
• From the formatting tool bar. Click the required icon

left center right justify

Ctrl+LCtrl+ECtrl+RCtrl+J

Line spacing

select the text → click on

Bulleted Lists
-Highlight the text
-Click on the Bullets icon → click the arrow to choose different bullet styles

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Numbered Lists
-Highlight the text
-Click the Numbering button →click the arrow to choose different numbering formats

Columns
Highlight the text
Click on the page layout tab→ and select the number of columns by dragging the mouse.
Select the number and width of the columns from the dialog box.

Drop Cap
Highlight the text
Select insert → click on drop cap
Select
Position - dropped
font
number of lines to drop
distance from the body text. →click ok

Indenting paragraphs
Highlight the text
• click on paragraph dialog box,
enter the desired line spacing, indentation(left,right,1st line, hanging), alignment or

click on increase or decrease indent icon to increase or decrease the left indentation

Inserting page numbers

click Insert tab→ select page numbers

Inserting Clip arts

• Select Insert menu→ picture →Clip arts –>select a picture and click to insert or

• Click on the icon select a picture and click to insert

Inserting picture from file - click on the icon→ select the file →click insert

Inserting WordArts
• click Insert tab→Click on the icon (wordArt)

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Spelling and grammar checking
• click review tab →Click on the icon or press F7
Misspelled words will be highlighted in red. Change or ignore it appropriately.

Inserting Hyperlinks

• select the text -→click→insert→click hyperlink icon -→select the file to be

linked→click ok

Page set up
Select File→ page set up
select suitable
• margins - This allows to set the top, bottom, left & right margins. Also gutter margin
for binding purposes
• -Papersize- This allows to change the size of the paper for the document you are
creating ex. legal,A4,letter
• -Paper source
• -Layout
• -orientation (portrait/landscape)
portrait- length is greater than the width
landscape- width of the page is greater than the length

Print preview
• Select File→ print preview Or Click on the icon

Printing
• Select File→ Print or Click on the icon or Press ctrl+p
- select the printer
- Specify number of copies & page range & click ok

Inserting Auto shapes

• Select Insert→ shapes
Inserting Tables
position the insertion pointer
• click Insert tab →Click on the table icon on the toolbar(a drop down grid of rows
and column cells appears on the screen)→select the number of rows and columns
required by moving the mouse pointer across the grid until the bottom of the grid
displays the correct layout. OR
• click Table icon →select insert table →enter no of columns & rows →click ok
• or click table icon →select draw table→ draw the table
Merging (joining)cells in a table
- highlight the cells to be merged
- right click→ select merge cells

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splitting(dividing) a cell in a table
-select the cell to be splitted
- right click →select split cells

Inserting rows/columns into a table

-place the cursor at the place where you want wish to insert a column or row
- right click→point to insert→select insert rows or columns
Adding borders to a table
- click the insertion pointer inside the table
- right click →select borders & shading→select the border

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Microsoft Excel

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How to open Microsoft access

• Start → programs→Microsoft Access→Select blank access database→ click ok

• Select a drive→ give a name to the database→ click create
Creating tables

• Select tables object→Double Click create table in design view

• In the table view give field names, select data types and change the relevant field properties
• Select relevant key for primary key→Click primary key tool from the tool bar→Save the table
by giving a name—>Open the table and enter data to the table
Creating a Data Table(in 2010)

Create → Table Design → Give the field name and data type → Design properties→ Save the table

Select the field that should be made as Primary key → Click on Primary key → save the table.

Entering Data to the Table

The table view should be changed to input data to a prepared table.

Select the table from 'All Access Objects' window → Select Data Sheet View→ Enter data → Close the
table.

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Creating Forms

Create → Form Design → Add Existing Fields → Show tables → Select the required table→ Drag table
fields to the form or use form wizard to create the form

Showing Table Records in Data Form

Home Tab → View → Form View

creating queries

Create Tab → Query Design → Select the necessary tables → Select the necessary field from the

tables → run the query !

Designing Reports-Create Tab → Report Wizard → Select the necessary table or query →Select the
fields needed for the report from the table or query → Design the report as you need→clicking Next
button → Finish.

Microsoft PowerPoint

Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience. In order to make the
presentation effective , you need to
• know your audience
• keep the content simple
• start with familiar visuals
• make each slide independent
• use space effectively
• use text and colour effectively

To improve the quality of a presentation.

∗ Number of lines per slide should be 6-9.
∗ Font-size should be 32 points or more.
∗ Correct use of grammar and language
∗ Do not insert more than two images, drawings, tables or graphs in each slide.
∗ The use of dark red colour throughout the slide is a not a good practice since it may be
uncomfortable for the viewers’ eyes.
∗ It is ideal to use one animation or video in each slide.
∗ We have to prepare the contents of a presentation such that it does not divert the attention of the
audience away from the objectives.

Keynote Apple ,LibreOffice Impress ,Open Office.org Impress easy for you to make a presentation.
But today you can make your presentation even when there is no Office in your computer by
searching the web. For example by using MS Office 365 Powerpoint, Google Presentation or
Microsoft skyDrive PowerPoint you can complete your task.

Start → All Programs → Microsoft Office → Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010

Slide Pane - This is the vertical pane at the left side hand of the window. When this pane is viewed
one can see the slides in small size.

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Task pane - This pane is useful to add some features to the presentation.
Notes Pane - This pane is used to insert some notes about the slide of the presentation. The notes in
the Notes Pane are not visible to the audience when the presentation is run.
views

slide layouts

slide animation-The animation feature applies visual effects to individual items such as graphics, titles
or bulleted items on a slide.
Slide transition- This gives effects to a slide when slide moves from one slide to another during slide
show

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The size of the graphic can be increased or decreased to fit into a computer screen or a printing
paper.In changing the size of the original graphic, the size of the pixel is changed. When the
graphic has smaller number of pixels it’s quality decreases when it is enlarged. Colours used in
graphics are represented by the number of bits per pixel (bpp) used. Graphics which usemore
bits per pixel are higher quality.

Resolution

The physical dimension is displayed as the image resolution.

High resolution digital graphic using a large number of pixels is higher in quality. To
determine the quality of a graphic, the number of pixels per inch(ppi) used or the number of
dots per inch (dpi) used are considered.
Colour

RGB Model – This is widely used to create images on television screens or computer screens
using coloured lights. The primary colours used are red, green , blue.

CMYK Model
This model is used for printing on paper using coloured ink. The primary Colours
Used here are Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black.
Colours are very useful to maintain quality of the picture or illustration. Single colours are
known as primary colours. Colours made by mixing two colours are known as secondary
colours while tertiary colours are made by mixing 3 colours. There are 256(0-255) colour
variation in primary colour.

A mix of RGB gives out secondary colours.Mix of CMYK inks gives out RGB.
To make a tertiary colour, the colour combination should be from 000,000,000 to 255,255,255.

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Graphic size and compression

The size of a graphic is determined by the number of pixels, the number of lines and the
colour combinations used for the creation. A graphic with a large number of pixels, colours
and a high resolution has a large file size. There may be difficulties in storing and transmission
of such a graphic.

Graphic compression is used to compress file size. Compression can be carried out at the time
of saving the graphic or later. The file formats used for compression in saving a graphic may
or may not cause affect to the original quality of the graphic. The file formats are created
using different algorithms to suit the compression.

There are two methods for graphic compression - Lossy compression and Lossless
compression. (Figure 4.10)

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 Computer Networks
Two or more computer systems and other computing devices that are linked together to facilitate
communication and resource sharing is called a computer network .
Advantages can share resources ex. printers
• can share software
• can share data and information
• provides data security
• easy to transfer files
Types of networks
Computer networks can be classified according to geographical distribution of computers in the
computer network.

NETWORK
PAN LAN WAN
PAN(Personal Area Network)
 A PAN is a type of wireless network that works within a very small area (around 10 meters)
your immediate surroundings. PANs connect cell phones, headsets, keyboards, camera, laptop
and so on.

LAN (Local Area Network)

 A LAN connects computers inside a room or several rooms in a building.
 LANs are widely used by Schools, universities, and other organizations

WAN(Wide Area Network)

 WANs are countrywide and worldwide networks. These networks spans a relatively large
geographical area. The best example for WAN is the internet.

Communication Devices of a Network

Modem
 The modem is used to convert digital signal to analog and analog signal to digital. It enables
digital personal computers to communicate over existing worldwide analog telephone
network.

Router
 Router is used to forward or direct messages from one network to their destination in another
network.

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Network Interface Card (NIC)
 A NIC provides the hardware interface between a computer and a network.

Switch
 Central device that coordinates the flow of data by sending messages directly between sender
and receiver

Wireless Base Station

 A base station is a fixed communications location and is part of a network’s wireless
communication system. It relays information to and from a transmitting/receiving device, such
as a mobile phone.
Mobile communication
 Communication over a wireless network.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication): Is a digital mobile telephony system.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): packet-based communication technology that enables data
transfers through cellular networks and use for mobile Internet, and other data communications

Transmission Media
Guided and Unguided media
Transmission media is a pathway that transmits the information from sender to receiver.
Transmission media can be classified as
• Guided media
• Unguided media

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 Guided Media
 Guided media are more commonly known as wired media whereas unguided media are more
commonly known as wireless media.
Twisted pair(TP)
 Two wires twisted around one another.
There are two types
(i)Unshielded twisted pair(UTP) (ii)Shielded twisted pair(STP)
used in normal Telephone wires
It’s a better quality and secure
transmission medium, however
expensive than UTP cables

Advantages twisted pair cables Disadvantages of Twisted pair cables

 Inexpensive and readily available  Sensitive to RFI(Radio frequency Interference) and
 Easy to work with and install EMI(Electro magnetic interference
 Not durable as coaxial
 Does not support at high speed as other media
 difficult to transmit data for long distance
Coaxial Cable
It’s a two wire conductor. Cable is called coaxial because two conductors share a common axis. It has
a single core with an outer conductor that acts as a shield. The signal is transmitted on the inner core.
The inner core and the outer core are separated by an insulator.
Ex. Antenna wire Disadvantages
 Can be affected by strong interference
 More expensive than twisted pair
Advantages  Difficult to install
 Resistant to RFI & EMI(electro magnetic interference)
 Faster data transmission than twisted pair(TP)
 More durable than twisted pair
Fiber Optics
Use light waves to transmit data through a thin glass or plastic fiber. Used in modern telephone
networks
Advantages Disadvantages
 Security is high  Expensive
 Not affected by RFI & EMI  Complex to layout and design
 Very durable
 High transmission speed

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 Unguided/wireless/radiated media
Data is transmitted as signals through air without using physical medium.
Radio waves
 Data transmission is performed using Radio waves .
 Wifi and Bluetooth are examples for radio wave communication
Infrared transmission
 Offer high speed data transfer., but cannot penetrate through walls and floors
 Widely used for short range communication Ex. Television remote controls ,wireless
keyboards

Client server model

 Client and server computers communicate with each other over a network.
 Computers that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are
servers.
 The Computers that consume services are clients.

Peer to Peer Networks

 In peer-to-peer (P2P) network model each computer has the same capabilities. That means
each nodes function sever as well as client
 They do not have a file server or a centralized management source .

hybrid network
 A hybrid network is a network with both client server and peer to peer relationship.

Wired and wireless networks

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 URL
Every Website has a unique address. This address is known as Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

Parts of an URL

URI- Uniform Resource Identifier

URI is a strings used to identify a resource in World Wide Web using specific protocols.

Internet
Internet is network of networks that use the internet protocol suite to link devices all over the
world.
Basic requirements needed to access the internet
• Device (Computer etc.)
• ISP - Internet Service Provider E.g. SLT
• Connecting device (NIC, Modem /Router etc.)
• Web browser software
Services provided by internet
• WWW (World Wide Web)
• Electronic Mail (E-mail)
• News Groups
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Voice / Video Communication
• IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
• Streaming media – video or audio sent in compressed form over the internet and played
immediately. A user does not have to wait to download a file to play it. Because media is
sent in a continuous stream of data, it can play as it arrives.
Web browser
• Browsers are programs that are used to access, navigate and view websites.
Ex. Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Mozilla Firefox.

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Search Engine
Search engines, search and list particular sites in the World Wide Web according to a specified
keyword or phrase given by user. ex. Yahoo, Google

E-mails in communication
E-mail or electronic mail is a method used to exchange electronic messages over the Internet. An
email ID (Address) is needed to communicate by email.
You can create free email accounts in websites like goole.com, yahoo.com, hotmail.com etc.

Headers in an email
To- Is used to enter the main recipients email addresses.

Cc - Stands for Carbon Copy. The Cc field is for people who want to aware about the message, but
are not directly involved.

Bcc - Stands for Blind Carbon Copy: Which is similar to Cc, but the recipients in the To or Cc fields
cannot see that a copy sent to these addresses in the Bcc field.

Subject
Used to insert the topic for the message.
Attachments
Allows attaching files such as documents or images with emails.
Reply
To reply a someone's email message, without composing a new message, using “Reply" facility a
replay can be sent.
Forward
To forward a someone's email message to another person "Forward" facility can be used.

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Folders

Social Networking
Social networking sites focus on connecting people and organizations that share a common
interest or activity. Facebook, Google+, and LinkedIn are some of them.

Text messaging: Also known as texting or SMS (short message service), is the process of sending a
short electronic message.

Instant messaging (IM): Allows two or more people to chat online with each other via text
transmission over the internet.

Blogs and Micro blogs

Helps people to communicate across the web. These communication offer greater flexibility and
security. It allows the users to publish short text and updates.

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is using the Internet remote servers to store, manage and process data rather
than using local servers or personal computers.

Internet of things (IoT)

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as
"connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and
exchange data
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an
IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects
and other Internet-enabled devices and systems

Characteristics of IOT
• Interconnectivity:
Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure
• Architecture:
Based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or
service platforms through different networks
• Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically
• Everything-as-a-service: Consuming resources as a service
• Time considerations: Billions of parallel and simultaneous events
• Intelligence: Knowledge extraction from the generated data

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Need of IOT
• Automation
Everything in home need to monitor and control
e.g.:- air condition, security lock, refrigerator, heating, ventilation, telephone etc.
• Infrastructure Management
Infrastructures such as railway, bridge etc., have to monitor and track for reduce risk of failure
and danger.
• Environmental Monitoring
e.g.:- We can prevent damages and losses with the support of earthquake or tsunami warning
systems

IOT Enabling Technologies

• RFID (radio-frequency identification)
To identify and track the data of things
• Sensor
To Collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of things
• Smart technology
To enhance the power of the network by developing processing capabilities to different part of
the network
• Nano Technology
To make the smaller things have the ability to connect and interact

IoT Applications
• Smart Cities
• Smart Energy and the Smart Grid
• Smart Transportation and Mobility
➢ IoT enabling traffic management and control:
➢ IoT enabling new transport scenarios (multi-modal transport):
• Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure
• Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing
• Smart Health
• Food and Water Tracking and Security

Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected computer networks.
• Internet enables businesses, organizations, governments, and individuals to communicate
in a variety of ways.
• One of the most popular ways users communicate on the Internet is by publishing and
interacting with Web pages.

Web Browsers:
• A Web browser is a software that allows users to view and interact with Web pages.
e.g.:- Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari and etc.
There are two main functions in the web Browser.
1. Read and interpret the Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) used for creating the
Web
pages and then converts to a format to display on the Web.
2. Allow users to navigate Web pages.

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 • Each program has developed through a number of versions, with newer versions
supporting more recent Web features.
e.g.:- Newer version web browser supported for HTML-5 and some other new feature.

Web Page:
• A Web page is just one single HTML file within Web site.
• It has a unique name on a Web site.
• It may have multimedia contents such as text, images, graphics, animations, sounds,
videos and hyperlinks etc.

Home Page/Index Page:

• The main page of any Web site is called the home page.
• It is usually the first page a visitor sees when visiting a Web site.
• Usually it contains general information about the Web site and related links.
Link Page:
• There are some links on web pages. They are used to open pages in same website or other
web sites. These pages are called link pages.
Web Site:
• It is a collection of related Web pages under one domain name.
e.g.:- National Institute of Education: www.nie.lk
Department of Education Department: www.moe.gov.lk
Google Web Site: www.google.com

Building blocks/ Basic elements of a Web Page.

• Web pages consist of different elements.
• Each of these elements is used to communicate information in different ways.
• The common elements are,
1. Text: It consists of words, letters, numbers, and other symbols.
2. Graphics: include drawings, charts, diagrams, paintings, photographs, and navigational
buttons.
3. Audio: It is live or recorded sound.
4. Video: It is live or recorded movies.
5. Animation: It refers to the movement of text or graphics.
6. Hyperlinks: These are used to link webpage of the same web site, other web sites and
another
section of same web page.

Organization of contents:
• The layout of a web page determines the arrangement of the various elements and
sections.
• The following are some examples for organization of a Web page.
1. Frames: Frame divides a Web page into sections and allows users to access different pages and
sites.
2. Lists: Lists are block formatting elements that define a block structure.
3. Tables: HTML tables enable users to effectively present large amounts of data in rows and
columns.

Website Requirement analysis

• ‘Website Requirement analysis’ is a process that assists in analysing challenges and
opportunities with respect to the business model of the website
• The ‘requirement description’ should be contained the user requirements to be satisfied

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 • Key elements that should be included in the requirement description
➢ Purpose of the website
➢ User interface design
➢ Subscription and Registration process
➢ User specific tools and pages
➢ Security requirements
➢ Future Enhancements
➢ Technical options available (e.g.: Java script, PHP, ASP etc.)

Hypertext mark-up language.

Introduction:
• You can create your own Web site using HTML
• HTML is the core technology in which all Web pages are written

What is HTML?
• HTML is a language for describing Web pages.
• HTML stands for ‘Hyper Text Mark-up Language’.
• HTML is a mark-up language; it’s not a programming language.
• A mark-up language is a collection of mark-up tags.
• It is not case sensitive.

What are Tags?

• HTML mark-up tags are usually called HTML tags or just tags.
• HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>.
There are two different types of tags:-
1. Container Element:-
Container Tags contains start tag/opening tags& end tag /closing tags i.e. <HTML>
</HTML>
2. Empty Element:-
Empty Tags contains start tag i.e. <BR>

HTML Editor
• HTML documents are plain text documents so you can use any text-editing program to
code HTML and create a web page.
Eg:- Notepad++, Notepad, PSPad
• You can also use a verity of web specific coding environments.
Eg:- Brackets, Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft DreamViewer

Save the source code.

• When you save an HTML file, you can use either the “.htm” or the “.html” extension.
• We use “.htm” is a habit from the past when the software only allowed three letters in file
extensions. In most cases, it is perfectly safe to use “.html”.
• Web pages can differ widely in terms of content and layout; all pages have certain HTML
tags that give them the same basic structure.

49
HTML Structure
Name of HTML Meaning Example
Component
Delimiters Delimiters surround the tag and inform the <,>,/
parser that it should read the enclosed
information as an HTML element.
Tags Tags contain elements which provide <html>
instructions for how information will be .
processed or displayed .
</html>
Elements The basic unit of an HTML document. The name <HR> - The tag contain the
of the element is given in the name of the tag. Horizontal Ruler element
Attribute Defines a special property of an HTML element. <IMG SRC="image.jpg">
It means that the element ‘IMG’ has
an attribute ‘SRC’. which specifies
the name of the image file, which is
assigned the value “image.jpg”

HTML Tags (<html> and </html>) :-

• When a browser encounters these tags, it knows that anything within the two tags defines
a Web page.
• Older Web browsers expect to see the HTML tags; with the latest version of HTML and
newer versions of browsers, the tags are not always necessary, but adding them is good
form.

Head Section (<head> and </head>):-

• This tag adds descriptive and accessory information to your Web page.
• The document header contains information that does not appear in the browser window.
• It’s including title information and so on.

Body Section (<body> and </body>):-

• The visible content that makes up your Web page, including paragraphs, lists, tables, and
images, lives in the body of your HTML document.

Adding Comments :
You can use comments to write notes to yourself within an HTML document. Comments do not
appear when a browser displays a Web page.
e.g. :- <! --Enter the comments -->

Background color
• The body tag attribute ‘bgcolor’ specifies the background color of a document.
Eg:-<body bgcolor=”Red”>, or Color Value codes use for the attribute values.

HEAD element.
• <TITLE>...</TITLE> :Indicates the title of the document and appears in a browser's
bookmark file.
BODY elements

50
 1. Text Formatting:
Elements What is it? How to use it?
Heading Tag There are six heading elements <h1>This is a heading </h1>
(<H1>,<H2>,<H3>,<H4>, <H5>,<H6>).
All the six heading elements are container tag
and require a closing tag.
<h1> will print the largest heading.
<h6> will print the smallest heading.
Paragraph Tag HTML documents can be divided into <p>This is the tag for paragraph
paragraphs. </p>
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag. <p align= “right”>National
You can control the horizontal positioning, or Institute of Education,
alignment, of your paragraphs using the Magaragama</p>
ALIGN attribute.
You can choose to align a paragraph to the
left, right, center, or justify.
Line Break and For a line break or a new line without starting National Institute of Education
Horizontal Line Tag a new paragraph Use the <br> tag. <hr> National <br> of Education.
Defines a horizontal line use <hr>tag.
<br>,<hr> elements are empty HTML
elements, It has no end tag.
BoldTag Bold is symbolized by a <b> in front of the <b> This is BOLD Area </b>
text you want bold, and a </b> at the end of
the area you want bold. This tag mostly used
for text formatting.

ItalicTag This causes the text to slant. The tag is a <i> This is Italic Area </i>
simple <i>in front of the text that you want
italicized and a </i> at the end of the text you
want italicized.
This tag mostly used for text formatting.

Font Tag This element is used to format the size,

typeface/Font type (Eg:- ‘Times New Roman’
) and color of the enclosed text.

1. You can change the appearance of your <font face= “Arial”>This text font
text using the<font> tags and, along with the is ARIAL</font>
‘FACE’ attribute.

2. You can change the font size of your Web <font size=5>This text font size is
page text using the SIZE attribute. It takes 5</font>
the size from 1 to 7, here 1 create small size.
<font color= “red”>This text font
3. You can enhance your text by adding size is 5</font>
color. The COLOR attribute works with the <font color=“green" size="3"
tag <font> to change text on a page from the face="Times New
default black to a color. Roman">National Institute of
Education</font>

51
 2. Lists
Lists provide methods to show item or element sequences in document content.
There are three main types available:-
1. Ordered lists
2. Unordered lists
3. Definition lists

List Name What is it? Example

Ordered lists You can use numbered lists on your Web page
to display all kinds of ordered lists.
You use two kinds of elements for a numbered
list:

1. The ordered list element (<ol>) specifies that

this is a numbered list <ol type=“a”>
2. List item elements (<li>) mark each item in <li>Apple</li>
the list. <li>Orange</li>
<li>Banana</li>
Two attributes control the appearance of <li>Mango</li>
ordered lists </ol>
1. Start : Specifies the first number in the list
2. Type : Specifies the numbering style from the
list
E.g.:- 1, A, a, i, I are type attribute values.

You can add a bulleted list to your document to

set a list of items apart from the rest of the
page of text.
Unordered List A bulleted list requires the following elements: <ul type=”square”>
<li> Apple</li>
1. The unordered list element (<ul>) specifies <li>Orange</li>
that you’re creating a bulleted list. <li>Banana</li>
2. A list item element (<li>) marks each item in <li>Mango</li>
the list </ul>
‘Type’ attribute specifies the style of bullet list.
Eg:- disc, square, circle

Table tags
<table border=1> - create a table with borders.
<tr> </tr>- table row
<th></th> - table header
<td></td> - table data
<caption> table cation

52
 3. Multimedia Objects
Multimedia features in HTML allow users to include images, video clips, Audios and other HTML
documents in their web pages.

Tag What is it? How to use it?

Image Tag In HTML, images are defined with the
<img>tag.
The image tag is empty, which means that it
contains attributes only and it has no closing
tag.
Attributes for image tag:

1. Src:It’s used to display an image on a page, <img src=

you need to use this attribute and the ‘src’ C:\New_folder\img1.jpg”>
stands for “source”.

The value of the src attribute is full path of

image file you want to insert.
If the image saved in the same folder as the
HTML file, you reference it with just the file
name

2. Width: You can set the image width in <img src=”img1.jpg”>

pixels or percentage. <Img src=”img1.jpg” height=150
width=175>

Audio Tag HTML5 introduced the <audio> element to <audio src="audio/test-audio.ogg"

include audio files in web pages. controls auto play></audio>
Attributes for Audio tags:
1. Src: specifies the path to the audio file.
2. Controls: indicates whether the player
should display controls. No controls will be
shown by default.
3. Autoplay: indicates that the audio should
start playing automatically.

Video Tag The <video>element has a number of <video src="video/puppy.mp4"

attributes which allow you to control video width="400" height="300"
playback: controls></video>
1. Src: specifies the path to the audio file.
2. Width, Height: specify the size of the player
in pixels.
3. Controls: indicates that the browser should
supply its own controls for playback.
4. Auto play: indicates that the video should
start playing automatically.

Anchor tag<A>
Helps to link another page
<a href next.html>next page</a>

53
Authoring tool to create web pages
Introduction
• "Web page Authoring tools" used to design, code, and create professional-looking Web
pages, Web sites, and Web Applications.
• The visual-editing features of Authoring tools allow you to create pages without writing a
line of code.
• It is easier to create a Web site than HTML editor such as Notepad, Notepad++ and etc.
• Although writing web pages using HTML editor is more powerful, it’s lot slower than using
a web authoring tool.
• The IDE of Web page authoring tools consists of toolbars, windows, objects, panels,
inspectors, and tools etc. Those are used to create your Web pages attractively and
manage your Web site efficiently.
• In Integrated Development Environment (IDE) the Document window and panels are
incorporated into one larger application window.
Some Parts of the Workspace:

Component Details
Document Tab Displays the name of the Web page and default name is Untitled-1.

Document Window Displays the current document, or Web page, including text, tables,
graphics, etc.
Design view Use to assemble your Web page elements to design your page.

Code view It is a hand-coding environment for writing and editing code.

Split view It allows you to see both Code view and Design view in the same window.

Panel groups These are sets of related panels docked together under one heading and
control over a wide range of commands and functions.

Insert Bar It allows quick access to frequently used commands to create and insert
various types of objects-such as images, tables, links and dates.

Status Bar It provides additional information about the document you are creation

54
Create a New Web Page
• Enter a title in the "Title:" textbox at the top of the document window. This is the title that
will appear in the title bar of the browser window when people view your page; it is also
the text that will be used when someone creates a bookmark to your page.
• Save the document: Make sure the main page (in the root folder and any subfolders) is
named ‘index.htm’ or ‘index.html’.

Page Properties
• To set properties that affect the entire page, choose Page Properties from the Modify
menu.

• Title: Name of your web page.

• Background Image: You can specify a relative or absolute path to an image to appear in
the background of every page. Also you can browse and select an image.
• Background: You can set the background color for the page by using the color palate.
• Text: You can set the text color.
• Links, Visited Links, Active Links: You can assign a color for these link texts.
• Left Margin, Top Margin, Margin Width and Margin Height: you can place your graphics
and images by setting the margins.
• Tracing Image and Image Transparency: This setting allows you to select a background
image and adjust the transparency of the image according to their importance.
Text
o Text can be typed or cut and paste from another source.
o Properties panel allows you to format the typed text. Text options are also available from
the Text menu.

• Format: To choose heading levels and other formatting styles from the dropdown menu.
• Size: When specifying a size, you can use font size (1, 2, 3, etc.) or (+) and (-) sizes (+1, +2,
+3, etc.), Default size is 3.
• Color: To choose color for the selected text from dropdown color palette.
• Ordered and Unordered Lists: To create an ordered (numbered) or unordered
(bulleted) list use the appropriate button.
• Increase or Decrease Indent Buttons: To increase or decrease Indent of the selected
paragraph.

55
• Inserting Common Objects
Image
• Insert > Image. Locate and select an image
• Use Alt component to add the alternative text that describes the image.
• You can also change image alignment (Align) and make the image a Link. You can also set
vertical and horizontal space (V Space or H Space) and add a border (Border) around the
image.

• Makes safe use of ICT with awareness on relevant issues

56
57
58
59
Operating system

60
61
Creating a Folder
1. Select the drive where the folder to be created.
2. Now select 'Folder' under 'New' in 'File Menu' or 'New folder' under 'Tools'.
3. Provide a suitable folder name

Managing files and folders

We have to perform many activities using the files and folders in a drive.
1. Copy and paste of files/folders
2. Select the file/folder to be copied
3. Select copy (Edit → Copy or Ctrl +C)
4. Select the destination drive or folder
5. Select paste (Edit → Paste or Ctrl + V)

Cut and Paste of files/folders

1. Select the file/folder to be cut
2. Select to cut (Edit → cut or Ctrl +X)
3. Select the destination drive or folder
4. Select paste (Edit → Paste or Ctrl + V)

Renaming a file/folder
1. Select the file/folder to be renamed
2. Select to rename under File menu
3. Key the new name and Enter

Deleting a file/folder
1. Select the file/folder to be deleted
2. Select to delete under File menu or use Delete key on the Keyboard
3. Click ‘Yes’ in the dialog box that appears.
Then the deleted file/folder would be placed in Recycle Bin temporarily.

Restore a Deleted file/folder

1.Open Recycle bin
2.Select the file/folder to be restored

62
3.Click Restore under File menu

File names and extensions

Computer is a machine which allows for storage of large volumes of data while
facilitating the quick retrieval of those saved data when we need. The data we
save must be given a file name for the purpose of identification. There are many
file names used in the storage media which are relevant to a particular Operating
System and Application Software. But all these file names consist of two
components,
namely file name and file extension. However the file extension are hidden to the
user by the Operating System by default.

Now double click on any folder. Then we can view file extensions of any file.

63
A file name and a location are given when saving a file in the computer. The Operating System
maintains many other information relevant to the file.
▪ Type of file
▪ Size of the File
▪ Saved Date and Time
To view these data, right click on a particular file and then click on ‘properties’ from the
list that appears.

How to find the processor, processor speed and operating system

Control panel→ System and Security →system

64
How to find the currently installed programs
Control Panel→Programs→ Programs and features

How to change mouse pointer and speed

Settings → devices→ mouse→ additional options

65