MODULE 2 IN

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

CHE 3111/L

Department of Chemical Engineering

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

 REF SEA-BSCHE-CHE3111/L-2020

MODULE 2:
STEADY – STATE HEAT CONDUCTION

At the end of this module you should be able to:

• Derive the conduction equation for steady – state conditions.
• Obtain steady – state temperature distributions in simple
conducting geometries without heat generation.

Engage
Heat flows through a solid by a process that is called thermal diffusion, or simply diffusion or
conduction. In this mode, heat is transferred through a complex submicroscopic mechanism
in which atoms interact by elastic and inelastic collisions to propagate the energy from
regions of higher to regions of lower temperature. From an engineering point of view there is
no need to delve into the complexities of the molecular mechanisms, because the rate of
heat propagation can be predicted by Fourier’s law, which incorporates the mechanistic
features of the process into a physical property known as the thermal conductivity.

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 Although conduction also occurs in liquids and gases, it is rarely the predominant transport
mechanism in fluids—once heat begins to flow in a fluid, even if no external force is applied,
density gradients are set up and convective currents are set in motion. In convection,
thermal energy is thus transported on a macroscopic scale as well as on a microscopic scale,
and convection currents are generally more effective in transporting heat than conduction
alone, where the motion is limited to submicroscopic transport of energy.

Explore
Fourier’s Law
The instantaneous rate of heat transfer through a homogeneous body by conduction is
directly proportional to the temperature difference driving force across the body and to the
cross sectional area (i.e., the area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow) of the body
through which the heat flows. The rate of heat transfer is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the body (i.e., the length of the path along which the heat flows).

Mathematically,
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘𝐴 𝑜𝑟 = −𝑘 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑐𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑒)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥

Where
A = area of the body perpendicular to the direction of heat flow
q = rate of heat flow through the body
T = temperature
x = length of heat flow path
k = proportionality constant or the thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity (k), is a physical property of the substance. It is one of the so called
transport properties of the material. It is independent of temperature gradient (difference)
but not necessarily of temperature.

For small temperature ranges, k may be considered constant.

For larger temperature ranges, k for liquids varies moderately with temperature and often
can be expressed as a linear variation

𝑘 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇

but k for liquid are essentially independent of pressure.

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 Steady – state Conduction
Consider the one – dimensional flow of heat through a control volume:

Unsteady – state balance for the x – direction only on the element of volume or control
volume.

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐼𝑁 + 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡

= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑂𝑈𝑇 + 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑈𝑀𝑈𝐿𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡

𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥│𝑥 + 𝑞(∆𝑥∙𝐴) = 𝑞𝑥│𝑥+ ∆𝑥 + 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (∆𝑥 ∙ 𝐴)
𝑑𝑡

Simplifying assumptions:
• Rate of heat transfer occurs only by CONDUCTION.
𝑑𝑇
• Steady heat flow: 𝜌𝐶𝑝 (∆𝑥 ∙ 𝐴) = 0 𝑑𝑡
• No heat generation: 𝑞(∆𝑥∙𝐴) = 0

The heat then becomes

𝑞𝑥│𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥│𝑥+ ∆𝑥

This simply means that the rate of heat input by conduction equals the rate of heat output
by conduction qx is constant with time.

Therefore, for one dimensional steady state heat flow

𝑞𝑥 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑥

Fourier’s law may be integrated for the case of steady – state heat transfer through a flat
wall of slab of constant cross – sectional area A where the temperature at point 1 is T1 and
at point 2 is T2 a distance of x2-x1 away.

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 Rearranging the above equation,

𝑞𝑥 𝑥2 𝑇2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑇
𝐴 𝑥1 𝑇1

On integration,
𝑞𝑥 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
=𝑘
𝐴 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )

where T1 > T2

Let
∆T = T1 – T2 = temperature difference
B = x2 – x1 = path length
∆𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐵

The integrated equation becomes,

∆𝑇
𝑞𝑥 =
𝐵
𝑘𝐴

where:
∆T = temperature difference driving force
B/kA = R = resistance to heat transfer

The above derived equation actually follows the basic general molecular transport equation
for momentum (mass x velocity), heat and mass transport processes.

The basic equation is as follows:

𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

This equation simply means that in order to transport a property, we need a driving force to
overcome a resistance.

Types of Resistances
1. Single resistance
2. Compound resistances in series
3. Compound resistances in parallel

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 Single Resistance
➢ Conduction through a flat slab or wall

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Rate of heat transfer,

∆𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −
𝐵
𝑘𝐴

➢ Conduction through a hollow cylinder

Fourier’s law:
𝑞𝑟 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑟

Cross – sectional area normal to the heat flow:

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿

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 Substituting in the equation of Fourier’s law

𝑞𝑟 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑑𝑟

𝑞𝑟 𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑟 𝑇2
∫ = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑇
2𝜋𝐿 𝑟𝑖 𝑟 𝑇1

2𝜋𝐿
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑟 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑜 )
𝑖

Multiplying numerator and denominator by (ro – ri)

2𝜋𝐿 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑟 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑜 ) 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖
𝑖

𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝑟 ∙ = 𝑘𝐴𝐿 =
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑜 ) 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 𝑅
𝑖

Where
(2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝐿) − (2𝜋𝑟𝑖 𝐿) 𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑖
̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿 = = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
2𝜋𝑟 𝐿 𝐴
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑜 ) 𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑜 )
2𝜋𝑟𝑖 𝐿 𝐴𝑖

𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖
𝑟̅𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑜 )
𝑖

𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖
𝑅=
̅̅̅𝐿
𝑘𝐴

For a thick walled cylinder, the above defined AL and rL are applicable.
For a thin walled cylinder, where ro = ri,

𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖
𝑟= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
2

➢ Conduction through a hollow sphere

Heat conduction through a hollow sphere is another case of one – dimensional conduction.
Using Fourier’s law of constant thermal conductivity with distance dr, where r is the radius of
the sphere,

𝑞 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑟

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 Cross sectional area normal to heat flow:
𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Substituting in the equation of Fourier’s law:
𝑞 𝑑𝑇
2
= −𝑘
4𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑞 𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑟 𝑇2
∫ 2 = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑇
4𝜋 𝑟𝑖 𝑟 𝑇1

4𝜋𝑘(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞= = = 𝑟 − 𝑟
1 1 1 1 2 1
−
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘(4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 )
4𝜋𝑘

Conduction through solids in series

➢ Plane walls in series

∆𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ∆𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 ∆𝑇𝐶 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇4

𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐶
∆𝑇𝐴 = 𝑞𝐴 ∆𝑇𝐵 = 𝑞𝐵 ∆𝑇𝐶 = 𝑞𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝐶 𝐴𝐶

𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐶
∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ∆𝑇𝐴 + ∆𝑇𝐵 + ∆𝑇𝐶 = 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑞𝐵 + 𝑞𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝐶 𝐴𝐶

In steady heat flow:

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞𝐴 = 𝑞𝐵 = 𝑞𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐶
∆𝑇 = 𝑞 ( + + )
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝐶 𝐴𝐶

∆𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇4 ∆𝑇𝐴 ∆𝑇𝐵 ∆𝑇𝐶

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = = =
𝑅 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶

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 Where
𝐵𝑖
𝑅𝑖 =
𝑘𝑖 𝐴𝑖

➢ Multilayer Cylinders

Image source: engineeringlibrary.org

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑞= 𝑟 − 𝑟 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑟
2 1 3 2 4 3 2 1
+ 3 ̅̅̅̅̅2 + 4 ̅̅̅̅̅3
𝑘𝐴 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿,𝐴 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝐿,𝐵 𝑘 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴
𝐶 𝐿,𝐶 𝑘 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴
𝐴 𝐿,𝐴 𝑘 𝐴
𝐵 𝐿,𝐵 𝑘𝐶 𝐴𝐿,𝐶

Where
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 𝑟4 − 𝑟3
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿,𝐴 = 2𝜋𝐿 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿,𝐵 = 2𝜋𝐿 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐿,𝐶 = 2𝜋𝐿
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑙𝑛 ( 3 ) 𝑙𝑛 ( 4 )
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3

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 Compound Resistances in Parallel
Suppose that three plain solids A, B and C are placed side by side in parallel, and the
direction of heat flow is perpendicular to the plane of the exposed surface of each solid,

Image source: nzifst.org.nz

then the total heat flow is the sum of the heat flows through solids A, B and C.

Writing Fourier’s equation for each solid and summing,

𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝐴 + 𝑞𝐵 + 𝑞𝐶 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) + (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 ) + (𝑇5 − 𝑇6 )
𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐶

Where qT is the total heat flow, T1 and T2 are the front and rear surface temperatures of solid
A; T3 and T4 for solid B and T5 and T6 for solid C.

If we assume that T1 = T3 = T5 (front temperatures the same for A, B and C) and T2 = T4 = T6

(equal rear temperatures),

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 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1 1 1
𝑞𝑇 = + + = ( + + ) (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝐵𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑘𝐶 𝐴𝐶

Explain
To have a better understanding about heat conduction process, a video link is provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YK7G6l_K6sA

Sample Problems
Problems on Plane and Composite Wall:
1. The wall of a furnace is constructed from 15 cm thick fire brick having constant thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/m-K. The two sides of the wall are maintained at 1400K and 1150K,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through the wall that is 50 cm x 3 m on a side?

2. The roof of an electricity heated home is 6 m long, 8 m wide and 0.25 m thick, and is
made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8 W/m-K. The
temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the roof one night are measured to be 15OC
and 4OC, respectively, for a period of 10 hours. Determine a) the rate of heat loss and b)
the cost of heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is 0.08 /kWh.

3. A large window glass 0.5 cm thick (k = 0.78 W/m-K) is exposed to warm air at 25OC over its
inner surface with convection coefficient of 15W/m2-K. The outside air is at -15OC with
convection coefficient of 50 W/m2-K. Determine the heat transfer rate and temperature at
the inner and outer surfaces of the glass.

4. Consider a 0.8-m high and 1.5-m wide double pane window consisting of two 4-mm thick
layers of glass (k=0.78 W/m-K) separated by a 10-mm wide stagnant air space (k=0.026 W/m-
K). Determine the steady rate transfer through this double-pane window and the
temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 20OC while
the temperature of the outdoors is -10OC. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on
the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2-K and h2 = 40 W/m2-K.

5. A layer of pulverized cork 6 in thick is used as a layer of thermal insulation in a flat wall. The
temperature of the cold side of the cork is 40°F (4.4°C), and that of the warm side is 180°F
(82.2°C). The thermal conductivity of the cork at 32°F (0°C) is 0.021 Btu/ft-h-°F (0.036 W/m-
°C), and that at 200°F (93.3°C) is 0.032 Btu/ft-h-°F (0.055 W/m-°C). The area of the wall is 25
ft2 (2.32m2). What is the rate of heat flow through the wall in Btu per hour (watts)?
6. A food cold storage room is to be constructed of an inner layer of 19.1 mm of pine wood,
a middle layer of cork board, and a 50.8 mm of concrete. The inside wall surface
temperature is -17.8°C and the outside surface temperature is 29.4°C at the outer concrete
surface. The mean conductivities are: for pine, 0.151; for cork board 0.0433; for concrete

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 0.762 W/m-K. The total inside surface area of the room to be used in the calculation is
approximately 39 square meters (neglecting corner and end effects). What thickness of cork
board is needed to keep the heat loss at 586 W?

7. The walls of a refrigerator are typically constructed by sandwiching a layer of insulation

between sheet metal panels. Consider a wall made from fiber glass insulation of thermal
conductivity k= 0.046 W/m-K and thickness of 50 mm and steel panels, each of thermal
conductivity k= 60 W/m-K and thickness of 3 mm. If the wall separates refrigerated air at 4°C
from ambient air of 25°C, what is the heat gain per unit surface area? Coefficients
associated with natural convection at the inner and outer surfaces may be approximated
as hi=ho=5 W/m2-K.

8. Establish an expression for the heat transfer rate of the figure shown below.

9. Find the conduction heat transfer rate through the composite wall shown below.

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 Problems on Radial Systems:
1. A 10 ft length pipe with an inner radius of 1 m and an outer radius of 1.25-m has an outer
surface temperature of 250°F. The heat loss is 30,000 BTU/hr. Find the interior surface
temperature. Assume k= 25 BTU/h-ft-°F.

2. A stainless steel pipe with a length of 35ft has an inner diameter of 0.92 ft and an outer
diameter of 1.08 ft. The temperature of the inner surface of the pipe is 122°F and the
temperature of the outer surface is 118°F. The thermal conductivity of the stainless steel pipe
is 108 BTU/h-ft-°F.
Calculate: a) the heat transfer rate through the pipe; b) the heat flux at the outer surface
of the pipe.
3. A thick walled cylindrical tubing of hard rubber having an inside radius of 5mm and an
outside radius of 20 mm is being used as temporary cooling coil in a bath. Ice water is flowing
rapidly inside and the inside wall temperature is 274.9 K. The surface outside temperature is
297.1 K. A total of 14.65 W must be removed from the bath by the cooling coil. How many
meters of tubing are needed?
4. A thick walled tube of stainless steel (A) having a k of 21.63 W/m. K with dimensions of
0.0254 m ID and 0.0508 m OD with 0.0254 m layer of asbestos (B) insulation, k= 0.2423 W/m-K.
The inside wall temperature of the pipe is 811K and the outside surface of the insulation is
310.8 K. For a 0.305m length of pipe, calculate the heat loss and also the temperature at the
interface between the metal and the insulation.

5. A thick walled nuclear coolant pipe (ks= 12.5 BTU/hr-ft-°F) with 10 in inside diameter and 12
in outside diameter is covered with a 3 inlayer of asbestos insulation (ka = 0.14 BTU/hr-ft-°F). If
the inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 550°F, calculate the heat loss per
foot of length. The outside temperature is 100°F.

6. A standard 1-inch schedule 40 pipe carries saturated steam at 250°F. The pipe is lagged
(insulated) with a 2-inch layer of 85 percent magnesia pipe covering, and outside this
magnesia there is a ½ in layer of cork. The inside temperature of the pipe wall is 249°F, and
the outside temperature of the cork is 90°F. Thermal conductivities, in Btu/ft-h-°F are: for steel,
26: for magnesia, 0.034; for cork 0.03. Calculate the (a) heat loss from 100 ft of the pipe in
Btu/hr; (b) temperatures at the boundaries between metal and magnesia and between
magnesia and cork.
7. A thick walled tube of stainless steel having k = 21.5 W/m-K with dimensions of 0.0254 m ID
and 0.0508 m OD is covered with 0.0254 m layer of asbestos (k= 0.2423 W/m-K). The inside
wall temperature of the pipe is 90 K and the outside surface of insulation is 315 K. For a 0.3 m
length of pipe, calculate the heat loss and also the temperature at the interface between
the metal and the insulation. Repeat using ALM.

8. Calculate the critical radius of insulation for a 10mm diameter tube having the following
insulation thicknesses: 0, 2,5,10, 20 and 40 mm. The insulation is composed of cellular glass
(k=0.055 W/m. K), and the outer surface convection coefficient is 5 W/m2. K.

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 9. An electrical wire having the diameter of 1.5 mm and covered with a plastic insulation
(thickness=2.5mm) is exposed to air at 300K and ho= 20W/m2-K. The insulation has a k of
0.4W/m-K. It is assumed that the wire surface temperature is constant at 400K and is not
affected by covering. Calculate a) the value of critical radius b) heat loss per meter of wire
length with no insulation c) heat loss per m of wire length with insulation.

10. A spherical vessel made of carbon (k= 54 W/m-K) with an ID of 50 cm and an OD of 55

cm is filled with liquid nitrogen at its normal boiling point of 77K. If the outer surface of the
vessel is maintained at 97 K by blowing air, estimate the rate of conduction through the
vessel.

11. A spherical tank of carbon dioxide with 1.8 m outside diameter, 25 mm wall thickness shall
be insulated. The temperature in the tank is -17°C. The insulation shall be designed such that
an outside temperature of 30°C is maintained, the heat rate into the tank is kept at 305 W.
The outside and inside convection resistances can be neglected. The insulation has a k 0f
0.05 W/m-K and the steel is 47 W/m-K. Calculate for thickness of insulation.

12. A hollow sphere of pure copper contains a liquid chemical mixture at 212°F which releases
45 Btu/hr of heat. The inside diameter of the sphere is ½ ft and the outside diameter is 1 ft. The
sphere is insulated with a 4-inch cork. What is the surface temp of the cork insulation? Thermal
conductivity varies linearly from 32°F to 212°F. K30°C = 0.03 Btu/hr-ft

Elaborate
Formative Assessment
1. A plane wall 15 – cm thick has a thermal conductivity given by the relation
k = 2.0 + 0.0005 T, W/m – K
where T is in Kelvin. If one surface of this wall is maintained at 150 oC and the other at
50 oC, determine the rate of heat transfer per square meter. Sketch the temperature
distribution through the wall.

2. Show that the rate of conduction per unit length through a long, hollow cylinder of
inner radius ri and outer radius ro made of a material whose thermal conductivity
varies linearly with temperature, is given by
𝑞 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
= 𝑟 − 𝑟
𝐿 𝑜 𝑖
𝑘𝐴
Where
Ti = temperature at the inner surface
To = temperature at the outer surface
A = 2π(ro – ri)/ln(ro/ri)
k = ko(1 + β(Ti + To)/2)
L = length of cylinder

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 Evaluate
Evaluative Assessment
Answer as required. Show final and answers in four decimal places. Write legibly.

1. The composite wall of an oven consists of three materials, two of which are of known
thermal conductivity, kA = 20 W/m – K and kC = 50 W/m – K, and known thickness, LA =
0.30 m and LC = 0.15 m. The third material, B, which is sandwiched between materials
A and C, is of known thickness, LB = 0.15 m, but unknown thermal conductivity kB.
Under steady – state operating conditions, measurements reveal an outer surface
temperature of 600 oC, and an oven air temperature of 800 oC. The inside convection
coefficient h is known to be 25 W/m2 – K. What is the value of kB?

2. A 3 – m high and 5 – m wide wall consists of 16 – cm by 22 – cm cross section horizontal

bricks (k = 0.72 W/m – K) separated by 3 – cm thick plaster layers (k = 0.22 W/m – K).
There are also 2 – cm thick plaster layers on each side of the brick and a 3 – cm thick
rigid foam (k = 0.026 W/m – K) on the inner side of the wall. The indoor and outdoor
temperatures are 20 oC and -10 oC, respectively and the convection heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2 – K and h2 = 25 W/m2 – K,
respectively. Assuming one – dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation,
determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall.

3. The spherical, thin – walled metallic container is used to store liquid nitrogen at 77 K.
The container has a diameter of 0.5 m and is covered with an evacuated insulation
system composed of silica powder (k = 0.0017 W/m – K). The insulation is 25 mm thick,
and its outer surface is exposed to ambient air at 300 K. The latent heat of vaporization
of liquid nitrogen is 2 x 105 J/kg. If the convection coefficient is 20 W/m2 – K over the
outer surface. Determine the rate of liquid boil – off of nitrogen per hour. Show
expiration of critical radius of insulation.

References
McCabe, Warren L. Unit Operations of ChemicalEngineering, 7th edition.McGraw-
HillEducation,c2005.

Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Process and Unit Operations, 3rd Ed., PTR Prentice Hall, c
1995.

Green, Don W. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’Handbook , 8th Ed. McGraw Hill Professional,
c2008.

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