MODULE 1 IN

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

CHE 3111/L

Department of Chemical Engineering

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

 REF SEA-BSCHE-CHE3111/L-2020

MODULE 1:
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
At the end of this module you should be able to:
Exhibit competence in the fundamental
concepts of Heat Transfer.

Engage
The profession of chemical engineering was created to fill a pressing need. In the
latter part of the nineteenth century the rapidly increasing growth complexity and
size of the world’s chemical industries outstripped the abilities of chemists alone to
meet their ever-increasing demands. It became apparent that an engineer working
closely in concert with the chemist could be the key to the problem. This engineer
was destined to be a chemical engineer.

From the earliest days of the profession, chemical engineering education has been
characterized by an exceptionally strong grounding in both chemistry and
chemical engineering. Over the years the approach to the latter has gradually

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 evolved; at first, the chemical engineering program was built around the concept
of studying individual processes (i.e., manufacture of sulfuric acid, soap, caustic,
etc.). This approach, unit processes, was a good starting point and helped to get
chemical engineering off to a running start.

After sometime it became apparent to chemical engineering educators that the

unit processes had many operations in common (heat transfer, distillation, filtration,
etc.). This led to the concept of thoroughly grounding the chemical engineer in
these specific operations and the introduction of the unit operations approach.
Once again, this innovation served the profession well, giving its practitioners the
understanding to cope with the ever-increasing complexities of the chemical and
petroleum process industries.

As the educational process matured, gaining sophistication and insight, it became

evident that the unit operations in themselves were mainly composed of a smaller
subset of transport processes (momentum, energy, and mass transfer). This
realization generated the transport phenomena approach- an approach that
owes much to the classic chemical engineering text of Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot
(I).
There is no doubt that modern chemical engineering in indebted to the trans-port
phenomena approach. However, at the same time there is still much that is
important and useful in the unit operations approach. Finally, there is another totally
different need that confronts chemical engineering education-namely, the need
for today's undergraduates to have the ability to translate their formal education to
engineering practice.

Explore
What is Chemical Engineering?
Chemical Engineering is that branch of engineering concerned with the
development and application of manufacturing processes in which chemical or
certain physical changes are involved. These processes may usually be resolved
into a coordinated series of unit physical “operations” and chemical processes.

“Chemical Engineers solve problems.”

– Theodore and Ricci
Any chemical process, on whatever scale conducted, may be resolved into a
coordinated series of what may be termed “unit operations,” as pulverizing, mixing,
heating, roasting, absorbing, precipitation, crystallizing, filtering, dissolving, and so
on.

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 Transport Phenomena
⮚ Transport phenomena – also known as “Engineering Science”
⮚ pertains to rigorous mathematical description of all physical rate processes
in terms of mass, heat, or momentum crossing phase boundaries
⮚ deal with the transfer of certain quantities (momentum, energy, and mass)
from one point in a system to another

Macroscopic View (Unit Operation Approach)

⮚ the study is performed on finite dimensions, where the control volume
includes the entire system (lumped) and where the change in value of its
properties is obtained by writing balance equations containing the input and
output quantities per unit time.
⮚ the transport properties can be expressed by the transfer coefficients, that
state in an averaged form the contributions of the matter properties and the
transport regime.

Microscopic View (Transport Phenomena Approach)

⮚ caused by the chaotic movement of molecules and their aggregates in
turbulent motion, and which cause systems to evolve towards equilibrium
conditions.
⮚ identified through the resistance caused by the dissipation itself.

Transport phenomena are caused by the chaotic movement of molecules and their
aggregates in turbulent motion, and which cause systems to evolve towards equilibrium
conditions and are identified through the resistance caused by the dissipation itself. Transport
properties are expressed by phenomenological equations (empirical equations obtained
from a summary of experiments and observations.

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 Phenomenological Laws

⮚ Things only move when they are forced to move!

⮚ All sorts of transport ONLY take place when a force, “DRIVING FORCE”, is
applied. Transport can generally be expressed as a flux,”J”, which is given
by the amount transported per area per time.
⮚ The transported amount is proportional to the applied driving force.

J = -A (dX/dx)
Where:
J= flux (amount of transported material)
A= phenomenological coefficient/constant
dX= gradient; driving force
x = direction of transport; x-axis for one-dimensional case

Transport Properties
Transport properties of a substance: the ability of the substance to transfer matter, energy
or some other properties, from one place to another.
⮚ Diffusion: migration of matter down a concentration gradient.
⮚ Thermal conduction: migration of energy down a temperature gradient
⮚ Electric conduction: migration of electric charges along an electric potential
gradient
⮚ Viscosity: migration of linear momentum down to a velocity gradient.
⮚ Surface Tension: a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an
external force.

The study of transport phenomena allows the following calculations:

a) the loss of pressure in a fluid during its flow inside a pipe;
b) the velocity profile of a fluid moving inside a channel;
c) the length of pipe needed to heat the fluid flowing inside it to the desired temperature;
d) the amount of heat dissipated from a surface in contact with a fluid stream;

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 e) the contact area needed between two phases to transfer the desired amount of matter
in a defined time.

Basic Transport Mechanism

⮚ Radiation
● arises as a result of wave motion
● energy in the form of heat is transferred because of a temperature gradient

⮚ Convection
● occurs simply because of bulk motion
● momentum is transferred in the presence of a velocity gradient

⮚ Molecular Diffusion
● transport mechanism arising as a result of gradients
● mass is transferred in the presence of a concentration gradient

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 General Transport Equations

Different Kinds of Transport

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 Equilibrium vs Rate Considerations
A state of equilibrium exists when the forward and reverse rates of a process are equal thus
equilibrium represents a limiting value. The transfer of a substance from one phase to another
obviously requires time.

Factors Affecting Rate of Transfer

⮚ the surface of contact between the phases
⮚ the resistance to the transfer
⮚ the driving force present for heat and mass transfer.

Explain
Watch the video link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wt8ZZItVzSM

Elaborate
Formative Assessment
1. Complete the table of thermal conductivity by filling the necessary data:
Material Thermal Conductivity
BTU/h-ft-oF W/m-K
AISI 442 at 500 C
o

Pyrex at 10oC
Hardboard

2. Using the Nomograph, determine the viscosity of the following in kg/m-s.

Brine, 25% NaCl solution at 70oC
Kerosene at 650oR
Chloroform at 354 K

Evaluate
Evaluative Assessment
Answer as required. Show final and answers in four decimal places. Write legibly.

1. Determine the diffusivity in m2/s of the following solutions at 25 oC and 1 atm.

a. Benzene in carbon tetrachloride
b. Chloroform in ethanol

2. Complete the table of thermal conductivity by filling the necessary data.

Material k Material k
BTU/h-ft- F
o W/m-K BTU/h-ft- F
o W/m-K
Corrugated 85%
cardboard magnesia at
400 K

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 AISI 308 at Sawdust at
100 oC room
temperature
Silica Firebrick
powder

3. Using the Nomograph, determine what is required in the following:

a. 70% HAc at 50 oC
b. Water at 298.15 K
c. Ethanol at 300 K

4. Complete the table of properties of the following substances.

Substance 𝜌, kg/m3 µ, Pa – s Cp, J/kg - K k, W/m – K
Glycerol at 20 C
o

Water at 30 oC
Butanol at 45 oC
Ammonia at 350 K
Silicon carbide at
400 K
Air at 95 K

References

McCabe, Warren L. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th edition.McGraw-

HillEducation,c2005.

Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Process and Unit Operations, 3rd Ed., PTR Prentice Hall, c
1995.

Green, Don W. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’Handbook , 8th Ed. McGraw Hill Professional,
c2008.

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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 8