ADEAGBO RAFIAT ADEBISI

SIWES REPORT

A Clinical Report

On

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES)

Held At

The Department Of Medicine, college of medicine, University of Ibadan,

Ibadan,oyo state.

Submitted By

Adeagbo Rafiat Adebisi

WITH MATRIC NUMBER

20/55EJ033

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY,

FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCE,

UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN, KWARA STATE NIGERIA.

From April 2024 to September 2024.

DECLARATION

I, Adeagbo, Rafiat Adebisi of the Department of microbiology with matric

number 20/55ej033 hereby declare that this clinical report was written by
me as a requirement for completing the students’ industrial work
experience scheme (SIWES) at Department of medicine, General medicine
laboratory, university of Ibadan, oyo state.
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that the students’ industrial work experience scheme

(SIWES) was carried out and completed by Adeagbo, Rafiat Adebisi with
matric number 20/55ej033 at General medicine laboratory, college of
medicine, and medical microbiology laboratory, university of Ibadan for
six months between April 2024 and September 2024 during which I was
exposed to first hand and practical experiences in microbiology.

€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦.     ___________________

Adeagbo , Rafiat Adebisi                  Â

    Signature and Date

   (20/55ej033)

€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦     Â
___________________

        Signature and Date

SIWES Supervisor

€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦      Â
____________________ Â Â

       Head of medicine department  Signature and Date

     Head of Department

Â
Â

DEDICATION

I dedicate this clinical report to God, for granting me the grace, energy
and capacity to carry out my externship program and for making it a
success. I also dedicate it to my family, and friends for their emotional,
financial, motivational, physical and all-round provisions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I want to give thanks and appreciations to Almighty God, for His mercy
and grace He showered on me to be able to complete this programme
successfully from day one to the end. Indeed, it is a blessing from Him.

I want to acknowledge and give a heartfelt appreciation to my

Parents Mr and Mrs Adeagbo for their  never-ending supports, prayer,
love and encouragement throughout the programme. I also want
appreciate my siblings, families and friends for their kind supports.

Also, special thanks to my supervisors at the General medicine laboratory,

university of Ibadan oyo state Mrs Olomu and the entire staff of General
medicine laboratory . They were always ready to assist, train, guide, teach
and put me through as to ensure I gained quality training during my
externship.

ABSTRACT

This report presents an overview of the Student Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES) undertaken at General medicine laboratory,
college of medicine,university of Ibadan, and medical microbiology,
university of Ibadan, oyo state from 8th April to 27th September. The
primary objective of the internship was to gain practical experience and
apply theoretical knowledge acquired during academic studies in a real-
world setting. The report details the various tests carried out such as
packed cell volume tests, urinalysis, spirometry, blood grouping and
genotype, malaria microscopy, analysis of stool , urine, sputum, high
vagina swabs. Additionally, the challenges faced during the internship and
the solutions implemented are discussed. Overall, this experience has
significantly contributed to my professional growth and understanding of
microbiology.

REPORT OVERVIEW

The SIWES program includes all the activities at the, general medicine
laboratory department of Medicine, and medical microbiology laboratory
university of Ibadan where I was taught how to use some equipment and
machines in the laboratory, how to perform packed cell volume test,
spirometry tests , urinalysis, centrifugation and separation of blood
samples, analysis of urine, stool, swabs, sputum, malaria microscopy,
preparation of medias, sensitivity tests, etc.

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ABSTRACT

REPORT OVERVIEW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF FIGURES,TABLES AND CHARTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

1.2. OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER 2

2.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PLACEMENT

2.2. LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT

2.3. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ( INCLUDING ORGANOGRAM )

2.4. THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS/UNITS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND

THEIR FUNCTION

CHAPTER 3

3.0 VARIOUS TESTS DONE IN THE LABORATORY

3.1. PACKED CELL VOLUME

3.2. SPIROMETRY

3.3. URINALYSIS

3.4. CENTRIFUGATION AND SEPARATION OF BLOOD SAMPLES

3.5. BLOOD GROUPING AND GENOTYPE TEST

3.6. FULL BLOOD COUNT TEST

3.7. HIV OR RETRO VIRAL SCREENING

3.8. PREPARATION OF GIEMSA STAIN

3.9. PREPARATION OF THICK AND THIN FILMS

CHAPTER 4

4.1. MALARIA PARASITE TEST ( MALARIA MICROSCOPY )

4.2. PREPARATION OF AGAR

4.4.1 NUTRIENT AGAR

4.4.2 MCCONKEY AGAR

4.4.3 BLOOD AGAR

4.4.4 CHOCOLATE AGAR

4.3. STOOL ANALYSIS

4.4 URINE ANALYSIS ( MICROSCOPY AND CULTURING)

4.4. SPUTUM ANALYSIS (MICROSCOPY AND CULTURING)

4.5. ANALYSIS OF HIGH VAGINA SWAB ( MICROSCOPY AND CULTURING)

4.6. ANALYSIS OF WOUND SWAB (MICROSCOPY AND CULTURING)

4.7. PLANT EXTRACT SUSCEPTIBILITY

4.7.1 GARLIC EXTRACT

4.7.2. THYME EXTRACT

CHAPTER 5

5.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. SUMMARY OF ATTACHMENT ACTIVITIES

5.2. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PROGRAMME

5.3. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE SCHEME

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) known as I.T

industrial training, is a program designed for student in tertiary institution
to enable get acquainted or exposed to the practical aspect base on
whatever is studying , the program has exposed most student in acquiring
skills and experiences. SIWES is basically a program designed by the ITF
to prepare students for the challenges they will face in their respective
fields when they become part of nation’s work force. Furthermore, ITF
through SIWES, aims to ensure that the universities do not produce
“half-baked graduates” that will not be useful industrially because of
their inability to relate the theoretical knowledge so acquired in school
Lecture Theaters to the necessary industrial practice/works.

 1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a programme
founded in 1973, it is established by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to
resolve the question of the adequacy of the practical skills of higher
institution graduates. This Scheme is designed to familiarize
undergraduates with working conditions, and utilize theoretical skills
taught in the classroom to develop and improve practical skills in real-time
scenarios; this cumulatively results in a seamless transition from the
classroom to the world of work.

This Scheme ensures students are exposed to the management and usage
of machinery and instrumentations that are usually unavailable in all
institutions. This sustained exposure brings about the development of
technical skills valuable to possible employers of labor after graduation.

To respond to the concern of employers of labour that theoretical

knowledge taught in higher institutions does not indicate quality practical
knowledge in the field of study, the ITF instituted the Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme within the context of its enabling laws Decree
47 of 1971. SIWES is a tripartite programme involving the students, the
universities and the industries (employers of labour). The SIWES
programme is a structured and supervised training intervention in which
students are required to learn and develop in real-life scenarios to
strengthen their occupational competencies. This bridges the gap
between the theories taught in classes and practice.

According to the government’s educational policy, full participation in

the SIWES is made a compulsory requirement for the award of Diploma
and Degree certificates, especially for courses that require technical
expertise in most institutions of higher learning in the country. This
implementation spans six (6) months and covers students majoring in
technical, educational, engineering and applied science programmes.

 1.2. OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

a) Providing an avenue for students in Nigerian tertiary institutions to

gather experience and industrial skills relevant to their course of study.

b) Exposing students to work situations in handling machinery not

available at their institutions.

c) To provide the students with the opportunities to be involved in the

practical aspect of their respective disciplines; thus creating more
understanding to the theoretical aspect taught in their lecture rooms.

d) To make the transition from school to the labour market easier, and
enhance students contacts for later possible job placements.
e) Provision of the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in real work
situations to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

f) Involving employers in the educational process and preparing students

for employment after study.

CHAPTER 2

2.0. Â DESCRIPTION OF ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT

University College Hospital (UCH) is a major teaching hospital located in

Ibadan, Nigeria, affiliated with the University of Ibadan. Established in
1967, it offers a wide range of healthcare services, including specialized
medical and surgical care, outpatient services, and emergency care. UCH
is known for its commitment to quality healthcare and plays a significant
role in training medical students and residents, contributing to the
development of future healthcare professionals. With advanced facilities
and a dedicated team of healthcare providers, UCH serves as a leading
institution in Nigeria’s healthcare system, attracting patients seeking
comprehensive medical treatment.

The General Medicine Laboratory at University College Hospital

(UCH) is a key facility that supports the diagnosis and management of
various medical conditions. It offers a range of diagnostic tests, including
blood tests, urine analysis, and other laboratory investigations that help in
the evaluation of patients’ health and the identification of diseases.

The Medical Microbiology department, on the other hand, focuses on the

study of microorganisms that cause infections. This department conducts
tests to identify pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites,
and assesses their susceptibility to antibiotics. The work done in this lab is
crucial for diagnosing infectious diseases and guiding appropriate
treatment options for patients.
Together, these laboratories play a vital role in patient care by providing
accurate and timely diagnostic information that informs clinical decisions.

2.1. THE LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT

University College Hospital (UCH) is situated in Ibadan, Nigeria. It is along

Queen Elizabeth road Gate Agodi, in Ibadan. It was established in 1967
and is affiliated with the University of Ibadan. UCH is renowned for its
high-quality healthcare services and its role in medical education and
research in the region. The hospital has a rich history of providing
advanced medical care and training future healthcare professionals.

2.2. OBJECTIVES OF ESTABLISHMENT

The objectives of University College Hospital (UCH) include:

1. Providing Quality Healthcare: UCH aims to deliver comprehensive

and high-quality medical services to patients across various
specialties.

2. Medical Education and Training: As a teaching hospital, one of its

primary objectives is to train medical students, residents, and other
healthcare professionals, ensuring they receive hands-on experience
in a clinical setting.

3. Research and Innovation: UCH is committed to advancing medical

knowledge through research, contributing to the development of
new treatments and healthcare practices.

4. Community Health Improvement: The hospital seeks to enhance the

health of the community by providing preventive care, health
education, and outreach programs.
5. Collaboration: UCH aims to work collaboratively with other healthcare
institutions and organizations to improve health outcomes and share
knowledge.

2.3. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ( INCLUDING ORGANOGRAM)

ORGANOGRAM

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, IBADAN

2.4. LIST OF DEPARTMENTS, UNITS IN THE ORGANIZATION AND THIER

FUNCTIONS

University College Hospital (UCH) has several departments and units, each
with specific functions that contribute to patient care, research, and
education. Here are some of the key departments and their functions:

1. Department of Medicine: Provides comprehensive care for adult

patients with various medical conditions, including chronic diseases
and acute illnesses.
2. Department of Surgery: Handles surgical interventions across
different specialties like general surgery, orthopedic surgery, and
urology.

3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Focuses on women’s

reproductive health, pregnancy care, and childbirth.

4. Department of Pediatrics: Cares for infants, children, and

adolescents, addressing their unique health needs.

5. Department of Pathology: Conducts laboratory tests and

examinations to diagnose diseases through tissue samples and
bodily fluids.

6. Department of Radiology: Utilizes imaging techniques such as X-

rays, CT scans, and MRIs to diagnose and monitor medical
conditions.

7. Department of Anesthesia: Provides anesthesia services for surgical

procedures and pain management.

8. Department of Pharmacy: Manages medications and provides

pharmaceutical care to ensure safe and effective use of drugs.

9. Department of Community Health: Focuses on public health

initiatives, preventive care, and health education in the community.

10. Department of Microbiology: Studies microorganisms to

diagnose infections and understand their role in diseases.
 CHAPTER 3

3.0. VARIOUS TESTS DONE IN THE LABORATORY

3.1. PACKED CELL VOLUME TEST(PCV)

Pcv is also known as Haematocrite . It is use to measure the amount of

blood present in the body and it is always expressed in percentage.

TYPES OF CAPILLARY TUBE

1. Non -Haparinised/plain capillary tube(blue).

2. Haparinised capillary tube(red,it contains anticoagulant).

MATERIALS NEEDED FOR PCV TEST

Anti coagulated blood

Plain capillary tube

Plasticine

Micro-Haematocrite machine

Micro-Haematocrite

Dry swab.

PROCEDURE

1. A lancet is used to prick the thumb of the patient

2. A plain capillary tube is then filled with blood to at least ¾ of the tube.

3. A dry swab is immediately placed on the pricked finger and the lancet is
disposed right after

4. The dry edge of the tube is then sealed with a plasticine.

5. The tube is then placed inside the micro-Haematocrite machine making

sure the lid is covered properly to prevent any form of leakage.

6. Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 10,000rpm

7. Allowing the centrifuge to stop itself.

8. The tube is then removed and placed on the micro-Haematocrite reader

to read the pcv. The base of the blood in the column  is aligned with O,
and the bottom of the meniscus of the plasma with 100. The volume of
the packed cell is taken directly from the PCV reader.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Harparinised tube must not be used for anti coagulated blood.

2. The blood must not be exposed to the naked flame to prevent

lysis .

3. Storing the blood sample beyond 6-8hrs.

NORMAL VALUE

Normal female PCV value. – 36%-40%

Normal male PCV value. Â - 40%-52%

Ï¿¼

3.2. SPIROMETRY ( LUNG FUNCTION TEST )

Spirometry is a common pulmonary function test that measures how

much air you can inhale and exhale, as well as how quickly you can
exhale. It helps assess lung function and is often used to diagnose
conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and other respiratory disorders.

MATERIALS NEEDED FOR SPIROMETRY TEST

1 The materials needed for a spirometry test typically include:

1. Spirometer

2. Mouth piece

3. Tissue

4. PROCEDURE

€¢ The patient is asked to avoid smoking and any strenuous

exercise few hits before the test and also asked about any medications
taken by them

€¢ The patient was then asked to sit in an upright position to

allow for maximum lung expansion

€¢ The patient is then instructed to place their mouth tightly

around the mouth piece attached to the spirometer, making sure the lips
cover more than half of the mouth piece.
 €¢the patient is then given breathing instructions on how the
test is been done which involves taking a deep breath in and then
exhaling forcefully into the spirometer.

€¢ The patient is then instructed to taken in a deep breath, hold

it for a moment then fix the mouth piece connected to the spirometer into
the mouth and expel all the air as hard and fast as possible until no more
sir can be expelled.

€¢ The patient is asked to repeat this test an additional 3 more

times, then the spirometer records the volume and air of flow.

A spirometer machine

3.3. URINALYSIS TEST

URINALYSIS TEST

Urinalysis is used to detect the disease  in the kidney,diabetes

Mellitus,liver disease and urinary infection.

MATERIALS NEEDED

Urine sample(fresh)

Urinalysis reagent strip(combine ten)

PROCEDURE FOR URINALYSIS TEST

1. The test strip is dipped into the fresh urine sample.

2. After some seconds it is brought out

3 The test strip is removed by tapping the strip against the sample bottle
or placing it in a tissue paper to remove excess urine.

4. The strip is then matched and compare to the color chart.

5. The results are read between 30 seconds

10 PARAMETERS ON THE STRIP

1. BILIRUBINE Â Â Â Â Â – liver problem

2. UROBILINOGEN Â Â – Â liver problem

3. KETONE Â Â Â - Â Â un-treated diabetes

4. BLOOD Â Â Â - kidney problem/malfunction

5. PROTEIN Â Â Â – proteinsuria(kidney problem)

6. NITRATE. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â - Â Â Â Excess WBC

7. LEUKOCYTE Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â – Â Â Â Â Â Excess WBC

8. GLUCOSE Â Â Â Â - Â Â Diabetes (excess sugar)

9. SPECIFIC GRAVITY Â Â Â Â - Â 1.015-1.025 Â Â Â

10. PH Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â - Â Â 6-7

NORMAL VALUE

Normal value of specific gravity – Â 1.015-1.025

Normal value of PH Value      –   6-7

Normal urine color          –    Amber

Normal urine odour         -    Aromatic

3.4. CENTRIFUGATION AND SEPARATION OF BLOOD SAMPLES

Centrifugation is a process used to separate components of blood by

spinning it at high speeds. When blood is placed in a centrifuge, the
different parts of the blood separate based on their density. The heavier
components, like red blood cells, settle at the bottom, while the lighter
components, such as plasma, stay on top.

MATERIALS NEEDED
1 PPE such as gloves and lab coat

2 sterile anticoagulant tubes

3 centrifuge machine

4 pipette or dropper

PROCEDURE

1. The blood is collected in a sterile anticoagulant tube to

prevent it from clotting.

2. The blood tube is then placed in the centrifuge, making sure it is

balanced with another tube of equal weight on the opposite side if
required.

3. The centrifuge lid is then closed and the appropriate speed and time
is set according to the specific type of blood sample being processed.

4. The centrifuge is then allowed to spin for the designated time usually
around 10 to 15 minutes.

5. After the centrifuge stops, the lid is carefully opened and the blood
tube is taken out to separate Its layers which are the; plasma which is on
top, the buffy coat which is the middle layer and the red blood blood cells
in at the bottom.

6. A sterile pipette or a dropper is used to collect the separated

components for further analysis.

3.5. BLOOD GROUPING AND GENOTYPE TESTS

BLOOD GROUP

Blood group is use to determine the classification of blood based on the

presence or absence of inherited antigenetic substance on the surface of
the red blood cell.

MATERIAL NEEDED:

Blood sample

Anti sera  (A,B,AB &D)

Applicator stick

Dry swab

Tiles

Pasture pipette

PROCEDURE FOR BLOOD GROUPING

1. A drop of blood sample is placed on the tiles in 4 places using pasture

pipette.

2. A drop of Anti sera A is then placed on the 1 st portion using pasture

pipette.

3. A drop of Anti sera B is also placed on the 2 nd portion using pasture

pipette.

4. A drop of Anti sera AB is placed on the 3 rd portion using pasture pipette.

5. A drop of anti sera D is also placed in the 4 th using Pasteur pipette.

6. An applicator or stick was then used to emulsify the blood and reagent
together

7. Then rocked with the two hands

8. Agglutination is observed

  NOTE:

 X  No reaction or No agglutination

 ^  Agglutination

ANTISERA AANTISERA BANTISERA D RESULT

ˆš X √ A+

ˆš X X A-

X √ √ B+

X √ X B-

ˆš √ √ AB+

ˆš √ X AB-

X X √ O+

X X X O-
Ï¿¼

BLOOD GENOTYPE

Genotype is also known as the Genetic Constitution of an individual.

MATERIAL NEEDED

Electrophoresis tank

Cellulose acetate paper

Applicator

Buffer solutionÂ

Filter paper

A blood lysing rack ( for lysing the blood )

Pasture pipette.

PROCEDURE

1. A drop of blood sample is placed inside the holes containing water in

the rack

2. A pipette is then used to take the blood from the rack and placing it on
the electrophoresis plate

3. A filter paper is then used to dry the cellulose acetate paper

and the applicator is used to place the blood on the paper vertically on a
straight line.

4. The acetate paper is then placed into the electrophoresis tank

vertically and left for maximum time of 5 minutes

RESULT

AS Â Â – II

AA Â - I

SS Â Â -I I

AC Â Â -I Â Â Â I

SC Â Â – I Â Â Â Â I

CC Â - Â I Â Â Â Â I
 3.6. FULL BLOOD COUNT TEST ( FBC )

A full blood count (FBC) test is a comprehensive blood test that evaluates
various components of the blood. It measures the levels of red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets, along with hemoglobin concentration and
hematocrit levels.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Sterile blood collection tubes, usually with an anticoagulant

like EDTA to prevent clotting.

2. A needle for drawing blood.

3. Syringe or vacuum collection system for blood collection.

4. Personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves.

5. Labeling materials for identifying samples.

PROCEDURE

1. The procedure for carrying full blood count test is explained to

the patient making sure they are comfortable.

2. A needle is used to draw blood from the patient’s vein,

usually in the arm, and the blood is collected in a sterile blood collection
tube containing an anticoagulant.

3. The blood tube was then clearly labeled with the patient’s
information and the date of collection.

4. The sample was gently invert in the tube to mix the blood with
the anticoagulant.

5. The tube is then opened and placed directly under the probe
of the full blood count machine.

6. The machine takes in the blood sample for analysis which

measures the various components of the blood.

7. Result is then recorded.

 3.7. RETRO VIRAL SCREENING ( HIV SCREENING )

HIV or retroviral screening refers to the tests conducted to detect the

presence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a person’s blood.
These tests identify antibodies produced in response to the virus or the
virus itself.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. HIV strip

2. Anti coagulated blood

3. Centrifuge machine

4. Wet and dry swab

PROCEDURE FOR HIV TEST

1. The blood sample was placed into the centrifuge machine and spinned
for 5 minutes.

2. The machine was allowed to stop before bringing out the spinned
sample.

3. A HIV strip was dipped into the plasma for 2 minutes.

RESULT

When the control line is seen only,the result is negative, when the control
line and test line is seen the result is positive,when the test line is only
seen the result is invalid.
 3.8. PREPARATION OF GIEMSA STAIN

Giemsa stain is a type of dye used to stain cells and tissues for
microscopic examination. It is particularly useful for identifying blood cells,
parasites, and certain types of bacteria which are Gram negative and
Gram positive bacterias.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Giemsa powder or Giemsa stain solution

2. Buffer solution ( phosphate buffer) to prepare the stain

- Distilled water for diluting the stain

- Glass containers or beakers for mixing

- Stirring rod or magnetic stirrer for thorough mixing

- Glass slides for applying the stain

- A microscope for examining the stained sample

PROCEDURE IN PREPARING GIEMSA STAIN

1. The appropriate amount of giemsa stain was measured in a

buffer solution,the phosphate buffer.

2. The solution was then stirred thoroughly to ensure that the

dye is completely dissolved.

3. The solution was filtered through a filter paper to remove any

undissolved particles.

4. The prepared Giemsa stain was the stored in a dark glass

bottle to protect it from light, which can degrade the dye.

5. When ready to use, the Giemsa stain is applied onto the

prepared slides containing the samples which are to be analyzed.
 3.9. PREPARATION OF THICK AND THIN FILMS

Thick and thin films refer to two different types of blood smears used in
malaria diagnosis.

1. Thick Film: This type involves spreading a larger volume of blood on a

slide, creating a thicker layer. It allows for the concentration of parasites,
making it easier to detect low levels of malaria parasites. The thick film is
stained and examined under a microscope.

2. Thin Film: This involves spreading a smaller volume of blood in a thin

layer, which allows for better differentiation of the malaria species and the
examination of the morphology of the parasites. It is also stained and
viewed under a microscope.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Glass Slides: Clean and dry slides for preparing the smears.

2. Cover Slips: Optional, primarily for thin films to cover the sample.

3. Lancet or Needle: For obtaining a blood sample.

4. Alcohol Swabs: To disinfect the skin before drawing blood.

5. Staining Solutions: Such as Giemsa stain for coloring the blood smears.

6. Distilled Water: For diluting the stain and rinsing slides.

7. Microscope: To examine the stained films.

8. Pipettes or Droppers: For applying blood and stain to the slides.

PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN PREPARATION OF THICK AND THIN FILM

THICK FILM PREPARATION :

1. A glass slide is cleaned with alcohol and allowed to dry.

2. A lancet is then used to prick the finger and collect a drop of blood.

3. A larger drop of blood from the finger is placed on the center of the
slide.

4. The blood is spread using another slide at an angle to create a

thick layer.

5. The slide is allowed to air dry completely.

6. The slide is then stained with Giemsa stain for 10-30 minutes, then
rinsed with distilled water and views under the microscope.
THIN FILM PREPARATION :

1. A glass slide is cleaned with alcohol and left to dry.

2. A lancet is used to obtain a drop of blood.

3. A small drop of blood is placed on the slide.

4. Another slide is then used to spread the blood in a thin layer, ensuring
it covers a larger area.

5. The slide is then allowed to air dry completely.

6. The slide is stained with Giemsa stain for 10-30 minutes, then rinsed
with distilled water and viewed under the microscope.

CHAPTER 4

4.1 MALARIA PARASITE TEST ( MICROSCOPY)

4.2 Malaria parasite test, also known as a malaria smear or
blood test, is a diagnostic procedure used to detect the presence of
malaria parasites in the blood.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Glass Slides: For preparing the blood smears.

2. Cover Slips: Optional, mainly for thin films.

3. Lancet or Needle: To obtain a blood sample.

4. Alcohol Swabs: To disinfect the skin before drawing blood.

5. Giemsa stain for coloring the blood smears.

6. Distilled Water: For rinsing the slides after staining.

7. Microscope: To examine the stained blood films.

8. Pipettes or Droppers: For applying blood and stain to the slides.

9. Timer: To keep track of staining time.

PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN MALARIA MICROSCOPY

1. A small blood sample was obtained through a finger prick.

2. The blood is spread on a glass slide to create thick and thin films.

3. The slides is then stained with giemsa stain, which helps to visualize
the parasites under a microscope.

4. Microscopic examination of the stained slide was done under a

microscope to identify and count the malaria parasites.

5. The presence of parasites confirms malaria infection, and the type of

parasite can also be determined, which is crucial for treatment.

4.2. PREPARATION OF AGAR ( SOLID MEDIA )Â

SOLID MEDIA

4.2.1 NUTRIENT AGAR: this is an ordinary medium meat for general

purpose often used in sensitivity test. Its appearance is creamy in color. It
is prepared by mixing 28gram of nutrient agar with 1000mls of distilled
water after which the mixture is sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for
15minutes, and then it was allowed to cool at 45°C. After cooling, it was
poured in sterile plates (petri dishes) in aseptically allowed to solidify /gel
before it is used for culturing.

4.2.2 MACCONKEY AGAR: is an indicator medium which contains lactose,

which is used to differentiate lactose and non-lactose fermenter. Â It is
pink color and prepared by suspending 5.2g in 1 liter deionized water.
Brought to boiling in order to dissolve completely. Sterilized by autoclaving
for 15minutes at 121c poured in to sterile petri dishes. Dried the surface
of agar incubation.

4.2.3 BLOOD AGAR: It is an enrichment medium because of its hemolytic

property, it is reddish in color and prepared by mixing 37gram of blood
agar base powder into 1000mls of distilled water, heat dissolve the
medium and sterilized at 121°c for 15 minutes in an autoclave after
which it was allowed to cool to 45°c. Then add 5%-7% of sterile
defabrication blood, swirl to mix and pour plate aseptically.

 4.2.4 CHOCOLATE AGAR: this is enrichment medium. It is brownish in

color like chocolate and smell like it as well. Prepared by mixing 37gram of
nutrient agar into  1000mls of  distilled water after which the mixture is
sterilized into autoclave at 121°c for 15minutes then; it was allowed to
cool at 80°c. After cooling, a sterile screened blood was swirl to mix up
and then pour plates aseptically.

4.3. STOOL ANALYSIS

This is an analysis that is used to investigate

Parasitic diseases such as ascariasis, hookworm, strongyloidiasis and

whipworm can be diagnosed by examining stools under a microscope for
the presence of worm larvae or eggs. Some bacterial diseases can be
detected with a stool culture. Toxins from bacteria such as Clostridium
difficile (‘C. Diff.’) can also be identified. Viruses such as rotavirus can also
be found in stools.

Equipment and materials used:

Âœ“ Stool sample

Âœ“ Glass slide

Âœ“ Cover slip

Âœ“ Normal saline

Âœ“ Microscope

PROCEDURE:

1. A fresh stool sample was collected in a clean, sterile container.

2. A small amount of the stool was placed onto a glass microscope slide
using a clean spatula. A drop of saline was then added to the stool sample
on the slide.

3. Gently a cover slip was placed over the sample to avoid air bubbles

4. A microscope was used to examine the slide under low and high power
objectives.

5. Observations were documented

OBSERVATION:

Microscopically dark formed stool, light brown, water stool, mucus, blood
stain where seen.

Microscopically ova, cyst trophozoites were seen.

4.3. URINE ANALYSIS ( MICROSCOPY AND CULTURING )

MICROSCOPY

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Clean, Sterile Urine Container: To collect the urine sample.

2. Centrifuge: For spinning the urine sample to concentrate the sediment.

3. Microscope Slides: To prepare the sample for microscopic examination.

4. Cover Slips: To cover the urine sample on the slide.

5. Microscope: For examining the prepared slides.

6. Pipette or Spatula: To transfer the sediment onto the slide.

7. Gram stain: for better visualization of cells and bacteria

PROCEDURE

1. A small quantity of urine was taken in a test tube.

2. The test tube was then placed inside the centrifuge machine
to spin for 5 minute.

3. The supernatant is discarded.

4. The bottom of the test tube was tapped to resuspend the deposit

5. A drop of the deposit is placed on the slide.

6. A Cover slip is used to avoid air bubble.

7. The slide was then Placed on the mechanical stage of the microscope
and magnified with X10 and view with X40 objectives.

RESULT
Likely cell observe are: PUS CELL, HYLIN GAST, RED BLOOD CELL, YEAST
CELL, EPITHLIA CELL, HYDROXIDE.

URINE CULTURING

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Sterile Urine Container: For collecting the urine sample.

2. Culture Media: Such as blood agar, MacConkey agar, or cysteine-

lactose-electrolyte-deficient (CLED) agar, which provide nutrients for
bacterial growth.

3. Inoculating Loop: A sterile tool used to transfer urine to the culture

media.

4. Incubator: To provide the appropriate temperature for bacterial growth.

5. Petri Dishes: For spreading the urine sample on the culture media.

6. Colony Counting Equipment: Such as a colony counter or grid for

quantifying bacterial colonies.

7. Refrigerator: To store urine samples and culture media if needed.

PROCEDURE

1. A clean ,sterile container was used to collect the urine sample to

minimize contamination.

2. A sterile loop was inoculated in the urine sample onto appropriate

culture media ( McConkey ).

3. The inoculated media was incubated at 35-37 degrees Celsius for 18-24
hours, allowing bacteria to grow.

4. Observation:

- After incubation, it was observed that the sample had small, circular,
smooth and slightly raised colonies.

6. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing:

- If an infection is identified, perform sensitivity testing to determine

which antibiotics are effective against the bacteria.
 4.4. SPUTUM ANALYSIS

Sputum analysis is a diagnostic test that examines mucus ( sputum )

coughed up from the lungs.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Sterile Sputum Collection Container: To collect and store the sputum

sample.

2. Microscope Slides and Coverslips: For microscopic examination

of the sputum sample.

4. Culture Media: Such as blood agar or chocolate agar for culturing

bacteria.

5. Inoculating Loop: To transfer sputum to the culture media.

6. Incubator: To provide the appropriate temperature for bacterial growth.

7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Such as gloves and masks, to

ensure safety during sample handling.

8. Refrigerator: For the proper storage of samples and culture medias

PROCEDURE FOR CULTURE EXAMINATION

1. The patient was instructed to cough deeply and expectorate sputum

into a sterile container.

2. Macroscopic Examination was done visually to inspect the sputum for

color, consistency, and odor, noting any abnormalities that may indicate
infection.

3. A sterile inoculating loop was used to transfer a portion of the

sputum onto appropriate culture media( blood agar medium ).

4. The inoculated media was incubated in an incubator set at 35

-37 degree Celsius for 18 to 24 hours.

5. Observations were recorded

PROCEDURE FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

1. The sputum sample was collected in a sterile container and

allowed to settle for a few minutes. This helps separate the mucus from
any cellular
 2. A sterile spatula is used to transfer a small amount of the
sputum onto a clean glass microscope slide and Spread evenly to create a
thin smear

3. The smear was allowed to air dry completely. This step is

crucial to prevent the sample from washing off during the staining
process.

4. The smear was heat-fix by passing the slide through a flame briefly.
This helps to adhere the cells to the slide and preserve their structure.

5. Giemsa stain was used to stain the smear.

6. After staining, the slide was rinsed gently with distilled water to remove
excess stain.

7. The slide was allowed to air dry and then examined under a
microscope.

4.5 ANALYSIS OF HIGH VAGINA SWAB

MATERIALS NEEDED.

1. Sterile Swabs: These are used to collect the sample from the vaginal
canal.

2. Sterile Specimen Containers

3. Gloves

4. Microscope Slides: For preparing smears for microscopic examination.

5. Gram stain

6. Culture medias (.

PROCEDURE

1. After collection of the vagina sample with a swab, the swab is placed
immediately inside the container to avoid contamination.

2. Microscopic Examination: The collected sample is then spread onto a

glass slide and examined under a microscope after heat fixing the sample
and gram staining. Which helped to identify the presence of pathogens,
such as bacteria, yeast, or parasites.
3. Culture Testing: The sample was also cultured on.

5. Documentation and Interpretation: The results of the microscopic

examination, culture, and pH testing were documented.

4.6. ANALYSIS OF WOUND SWAB

The analysis of a wound swab involves several important steps to identify

infections and assess the healing process.

PROCEDURE IN THE ANALYSIS OF WOUND SWAB

1. After collection of the wound sample using a sterile swab, the swab is
immediately placed inside the swab container to minimize contamination.

2. Microscopic Examination: The collected sample is spread onto a glass

slide to make a smear, then the smear is heat fixed and then gram
staining was performed, rinsed and allowed to air dry the slide was then
examined under a microscope.

3. Culture Testing:

4.

4.7 PLANT EXTRACT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY

4.7.1 GARLIC EXTRACT

PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN EXTRACTION OF GARLIC EXTRACT

1. The garlic cloves were peeled and chopped into smaller pieces to
increase the surface area for extraction.
2. The chopped garlic was placed in a mortar and pestle. Ethanol was then
added, to help extract the active compounds. The mixture was grinded
thoroughly to create a uniform paste.

3. Filtration: The mixture was then transferred into a filter paper to

separate the liquid extract from the solid residues. The liquid was then
collected in a clean container.

4. Storage: The garlic extract was then stored in sterile container

and placed inside the refrigerator, to preserve its properties.

4.7.2 THYME EXTRACT

PROCEDURE FOR THYME EXTRACT

1. The dried thyme is placed in a mortar and pestle and ethanol

was added, to aid in the extraction of essential oils and other active
compounds. The mixture was grinded well to create a uniform paste.

2. The mixture was then transfered into a filter paper to separate

the liquid extract from the solid plant material. The liquid extract was then
collected in a clean container.

5. The thyme extract was stored in a suitable container and placed in the
refrigerator, to maintain its potency and prevent degradation.

EXPERIEANCE GAINED FROM GENERAL MEDICINE

LABORATORY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY.

Âœ“ Whenever a cause of problem is revealed then, the solution to such

problem is around ones owner. As a microbiology who need to get familiar
microbes and the importance, this period of my SIWES has broadened my
knowledge on microbes generally. I have also been able to have the
practical understanding of my course on how some microbes can be
distrust the normal body system. This was known through the series of
test carried out on samples supplied by patients.

Âœ“ Familiarities with  instrument/machinery used in the laboratory such

as the hematocrit graph reader, light microscope, standard wire loop,
incubator, weighing balance, test tubes, refrigerator, autoclave, hot air Â
oven, centrifuge, slides, and petri dishes.
CHAPTER 5

5.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. SUMMARY

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the

Federal Government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing students of higher
institutions to acquire industrial skill and practical experience in their
approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the
industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.

This report is based on the experiences gained during my six months

SIWES programme at General medicine laboratory and medical
microbiology laboratory university of ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State. This
report highlights how various types of tests are done such as: pcv
test,malaria parasite test blood group test sputum , urine analysis etc. I
was opportune to work in the laboratory which exposed me to safety
precautions, rules and regulations, and various types of tests.

5.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion this program has enabled students to gain a lot and many
can now practice the applied aspects of their various disciplines and other
related areas on their own.

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

I recommend this student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) to

the all leaders ahead and I make sure that what is writing in this report is
all done by me and I appreciate the school in which of sending me out for
work scheme experience and now I know the different between theory and
practical.

I would like to suggest that Provisions of attachment should be made

easier for the students, this can be achieved when various Laboratories
accept as many students as possible. If more students are accepted and
trained, thus leading to increase in man power and enhanced productivity.

Also, siwes should be a non-stopping program for students concerned, as

it breaches the gap between theory and practical aspects.

5.2. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PROGRAM

During my SIWES programme, I had quite number challenging
experiences that I struggled with, but in return helped me to develop
more as a person ready for transition into the world of work upon
graduation. During my first few weeks at medical microbiology section,
the work was challenging and required much effort more than I thought. Â
However, not only that I completed the programme in a modest way, the
training couldn’t have been a worthwhile experience without all these
challenges as it helped me to develop as a microbe.

5.3. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF SCHEME