BANCO DE CONTENIDO

DIGITAL

INGLÉS
CEPRUNSA II FASE 2025
 CHAPTER I • The pronoun “it” is usually used for animals, plants and
inanimate objects.
Verb to be all forms / Personal pronouns / o We use “they” for both people and things.
Possessive adjectives / Wh-Questions /
Connectors 1.2.1. Affirmative form
1.1. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are words used to replace nouns, and refer
to specific people or things.

1.2.2. Negative form

1.2 Verb to be
The verb “to be” translates to two verbs in Spanish: “ser” and
“estar”. It is the most important verb to master. Here are some
useful tips:
• We always use capital “I”.
o I am a student.
• The pronoun “you” is used both for singular “tú” as well
as plural “ustedes”.
1.2.3. Interrogative form Let’s Practice!

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb “to be”.
1. ______ Ross and Rachel friends? No, they ______.
2. ______ Gaston Acurio from Arequipa? No, he ______.
3. ______ you from England? Yes, I ______.
4. ______ you in university? No, we ______.
5. ______ I in the team? Yes, you ______.

1.3. Possessive adjectives

1.2.4. Short answers

1.4. Vocabulary: Greetings and farewells 1.4.2. Farewells
Greetings and farewells are the expressions we use when we
see someone we know and when we leave.

1.4.1. Greetings

Let’s Practice!
What would you say in the following situations?
A: I’m going to sleep now. Tomorrow we can play more!
B: Alright. ________ Justin.
A: Thank you for shopping here. ________.
B: You too. Enjoy your weekend.
A: Hello. My name is Peter. I am the manager.
B: _________ Peter. My name is Derek.

1.5. Wh-Questions
We use wh-questions to ask for specific information. The
answer cannot be “yes” or “no”.
 1.6. Personal information
Asking for personal information is the most common way to
establish a relationship with someone. They are important to
get to know people.
Names
A: What is your name?

Examples: B: My name is Luis.

A: Who is that man? A: What is your last name?

B: He is our math teacher. B: My last name is Fernandez.

A: When is the exam? A: Do you have a nickname?

B: It’s next week. B: Yes, people call me Lucho.

Let’s Practice! Work and Occupation

Fill in the blanks with: What – Because – Where – Why A: What do you do for work?

A: _____ time is it? B: I am a ______.

B: It’s five thirty. A: Where do you work?

A: _____ are you stressed? B: I work at _____.

B: _____ I have an exam tomorrow. Age

A: _____ is my backpack? A: How old are you?

B: I am ______ years old.
B: It’s next to the table.
A: When is your birthday?
B: My birthday is on ______.
Background 1.7. Countries, nationalities and languages
A: Where are you from? We don’t really use the word “nationality” in everyday language.

B: I am from _____. It is a formal word, used for official purposes, and most

A: Where do you live? frequently in written English. You may find it in the travel
industry, as well as in immigration.
B: I live in ______.
Instead, we ask: Where are you from? Or “Where do you
Other
come from?
A: Are you married / single?
To which we reply: I am from Peru. / I come from Peru. /
B: Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
I am Peruvian.
A: Do you have a boyfriend? / girlfriend?
To know the nationality of a person, we usually add a suffix to
B: Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
the end of the country name. The most common suffixes are –
A: What is your number?
ish, –ian, –an, –ese. However, there are exceptions to the rule.
B: My number is _____.
Nationalities ending in -ish:
A: What is your insta?
B: My username is ______.
A: What is your email address?
B: My email address is_____.
A: Who do you live with?
B: I live with ______.
Nationalities ending in -ian: Nationalities ending in -ese:

Nationalities ending in -an: Irregular nationalities:

Finally, very frequently the language spoken in a place shares

its name with the nationality.
 In Spain, Spanish people speak Spanish. Jennifer likes nature, so she loves the Amazon.
In Japan, Japanese people speak Japanese. 1.9. Vocabulary: Jobs and occupations
This is not always the case:
In Brazil, Brazilian people speak Portuguese.
In Canada, Canadian people speak English.

1.8. Connectors: And, but, or, because and so

Connectors are short words or phrases that help us link two
ideas or statements. Connectors often add a new meaning to
the phrases.
The five connectors we will learn are:
AND – To express addition
OR – To express choice.
BUT – To express contrast.
BECAUSE – To express causation.
SO – To express effect.
Examples:
I like pop and rock music.
Do you prefer comedies or dramas?
I love dancing, but I hate clubbing.
Jennifer loves the Amazon because she likes nature.
Lawyer: Defends your client in court. CHAPTER II
Firefighter: Rescues people in danger and put off fires.
Demonstrative adjectives / Indefinite articles /
Manager / CEO: Executive, boss of a business.
Numbers / Date and time
Secretary: Helps office workers with organization and
2.1. Demonstrative adjectives
schedules.
Demonstrative adjectives are words used to express the
position of a noun, in relationship to the speaker. This position
can be both in space and in time. The most common ones are:
this, that, these and those.
Demonstrative adjectives show the physical distance of a noun,
differentiating between close and far away.
 She watches a movie. (It is not specified which movie)
Examples: We use a before consonant sounds:
A: Do you like this phone? I saw a cat.
B: No. I like that one! She eats a sandwich.
A: Are these your clothes? We use an before vowel sounds:
B: No. My clothes are those over there. I have an exam.
You can also use demonstrative adjectives to express how They use an umbrella.
close or how far away in time is an event. Sometimes, the letter “h” is silent. In this case, we use an:
I graduate from college this year! An honest man.
Remember that time we went to a concert? An hour.
She has free time these days. Finally, sometimes we use a for:
Those years in high school were the best of my life. Long “u”: a uniform.

2.2. Indefinite articles: a / an W-sounding “o”: a one-hour block.

Indefinite articles are words that help us talk about nouns Sounded “h”: a house.
without specifying it. There are two indefinite articles: “a” and
“an”.
Keep in mind, indefinite articles are used only for singular
nouns.
Examples:
I want an apple. (It can be any apple).
2.3. Vocabulary: Physical appearance 2.4. Cardinal numbers

2.5. Telling the time

2.6. Ordinal numbers

Seasons:
Unlike days and months, seasons are not capitalized.
2.7. Vocabulary: Days of the week, months and seasons * Fall is used in American English, while autumn is used in
Days: British English *
Days always start with capital letters.

Months:
Months, too, always start with capital letters.
2.8. Telling the date
To communicate the date, firstly we write the month, always
capitalizing the first letter. Then, we use cardinal numbers for
Let’s Practice!
the day, and lastly, we add the year.
Fill in the blanks with the correct date or time:
14:55: ________________________
January twenty-second: _____________
11/07/2022: __________________
11:30: _________________
1955: __________________

In the spoken language, there are two ways to read the year:
2.9. Vocabulary: Daily routines CHAPTER III

Present Simple / Adverbs of frequency / Vocab:

Weather / Vocab: Colors
3.1. Present simple
The present simple tense is used to talk about routines, habits
and facts. Unlike many other tenses, the present simple tense
has a special feature: verbs in the third person singular (he,
she, it) are conjugated differently. Let’s take a look:

3.1.1 Affirmative form

I – run
You – eat
He – plays
She – washes
Our daily routine is the collection of all activities we do on a
It – has
regular basis. For most of us, we have a routine for week days
We – fly
(MON – FRI), and another routine for the weekend (SAT and You – take
SUN). They – think
As you can see, the verbs conjugated with he, she and it, have
a different ending. In most cases, this ending is simply adding
the letter “—s” at the end of the verb. However, there are some
other rules:
3.1.2 Negative form
For the negative form, we add the auxiliary verb “do”, plus the
word “not”. In the case of he, she and it, we use “does” instead.
In the negative form, we do not change the main verb.

3.1.3 Interrogative form

For the interrogative form, we keep the auxiliars do and does,
and we also keep the verb in its base form. However, we do
change the order of the words.
 3.2.1 Verb “to be”
When the sentence uses the verb to be, we place the adverb
of frequency after the verb.

3.1.4 Short answers

3.2.2 All other verbs

For all other verbs, we place the adverb of frequency before
the verb.
3.2. Adverbs of frequency
We use adverbs of frequency to express how often we do an
activity. These range from 100% of the time – always, to 0% –
never.

3.3. Expressions of frequency

Expressions of frequency go at the end of the sentence.
3.4. Vocabulary: the weather

3.4.1. Nouns and adjectives

Very frequently, we can create adjectives for the weather by
simply adding the letter —y at the end of a noun:
Rain → rainy Fog → foggy
Sun → sunny Cloud → cloudy
Wind → windy
3.5. Vocabulary: colors CHAPTER IV

There is and there are / Prepositions of place /

Singular and plural nouns / Preferences / Modal
verb can
4.1. There is and there are
We use “there is” and “there are” to express the existence or
the presence of an object, animal or person. “There is” is
exclusive to the singular, “while there are” is exclusive to the
plural.

There are two ways we can use to describe something with

colors:
Noun + verb to be + color
My backpack is black.
Color + noun
I have an orange cat.
4.1.1. Affirmative form 4.2. Prepositions of place
In – Used to position something inside a large area or a three-
dimensional space.
On – Used to express something physically touching a surface.
At – Used to indicate a specific point, location or position.
4.1.2. Negative form

4.1.3. Interrogative form

Examples:
4.1.4. Short answers Let’s meet at the bus station.
The doctor is in his office.
There’s a phone on the table.
I like walking under the bridge.
The library is between the bus station and the school.
My things are behind my desk.
4.3. Singular and plural nouns
Just like in Spanish, there are two types of nouns in English:
singular and plural. Singular nouns name one person, place
or object:
Examples:
A horse.
A jacket.
An apple.
On the other hand, plural nouns name more than one:
Examples:
Two singers.
Some green trees.
Many students.

4.4. Rules for singular and plural nouns

4.4.1. Rules for regular nouns
In most cases, transforming a singular noun into a plural one is
4.4.2. Irregular nouns
quite simple. Just add –s at the end. However, there are a few
There are a few words in English where the singular and plural
rules for other cases:
forms are very different. Here’s some examples:
4.5. Preference verbs
To talk about our preferences, we use the verbs like, love, hate
and don’t like. We always add –ing to the following verb.

4.6. Spelling rules for –ing

The ing form of verbs is called the gerund. In most cases, it is
formed by simply adding –ing at the end of the verb. There are,
however, some other rules:
4.7. Modal verbs: can and can’t 4.7.4. Short answers
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that help us communicate more
complex ideas. In the case of the verb “can”, it expresses
ability, possibility or permission. Used in a question, it
communicates a request.

4.7.1. Affirmative form

4.8. Vocabulary: Abilities, sports and free time activities

4.7.2. Negative form

4.7.3. Interrogative form

 CHAPTER 5

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
5.1. Present Continuous
We use present continuous to talk about events happening at
the at the time of speaking or around the time of speaking.

5.1.1. Affirmative form

For sentences in present continuous we normally use:

subject + verb to be + —ing verb + complement

SUBJECT VERB TO BE -ING VERB COMPLEMENT

I am watching TV.
When we talk about abilities, sports and free time activities, we
frequently use –ing at the end. Similarly, we also express our He is using the cooker.
ability to perform them using the modal can, in which case we
Daniella is sleeping on the armchair.
use the base form of the following verb.
They are going to the café.
Examples:
I love playing chess. / I can play chess. Mike and
are working in a swimming pool.
I can play the guitar. / I love playing the guitar. John
5.1.2. Negative form VERB —ING
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
For sentences in present continuous in the negative form we TO BE VERB

use: Are you watching TV?

subject + verb to be (not) + —ing verb + complement Is he using the cooker?

Is Daniella sleeping on the armchair?

SUBJECT VERB TO BE —ING VERB COMPLEMENT
Are they going to the café?

I ‘m not watching films. Are Mike and John working in a swimming pool?
He isn’t using the refrigerator.
For short answers in present continuous we use:
Daniella isn’t sleeping on the bed.
Yes / No, + pronoun + verb to be
They aren’t going to the bakery.

Mike and John aren’t working in a fire station.

Yes, I am. No, I ‘m not.

5.1.3. Interrogative form and short answers Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

5.1.3.1. Yes / No questions Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.

For Yes/No questions in present continuous we use: Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
verb to be + subject + —ing verb + complement + ?
5.1.3.1. WH— questions (information questions)

Wh— word + verb to be + subject + —ing verb + ?

WH— VERB TO SUBJECT —ING VERB

WORD BE

What are you watching?

What is he using?
B. We use the present continuous to talk about events
Where is Daniella sleeping? happening around the time of speaking.

Where are they going? - They’re going to the café these days.
- Mike and John are working in a swimming pool this
Where are Mike and John working?
summer.

5.2. Uses of Present Continuous

A. We use present continuous to talk about events happening
at the time of speaking.
- I’m watching TV right now.
- He’s using the cooker at the moment.
- Daniella is sleeping on the sofa now.
 5.4. Present continuous vs Present Simple
5.3. Stative verbs PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE
In present continuous we normally use active verbs (or actions):
For events or actions For permanent states and
watching, using, sleeping, going, working, playing, eating,
happening at or around the habits (repeated actions) or
drinking, cooking, doing. They involve activity, movement,
time of speaking. things that are always truth.
change, energy, time.
In the preset continuous we don’t use stative verbs (or states): Only for actions. For actions or states.

have, like, depend, want, be, cost, etc. With time expressions as: With time expressions as:
Stative verbs are: now, right now, at the every day, on Mondays,
POSSESSION PREFERENCE EMOTION MENTAL OTHERS moment, today, these days, always, often, sometimes,
STATES this month, etc. never.

have like want know cost

contain love need believe be
include hate wish forget depend
prefer remember
5.5. Parts of the house 5.6. Furniture and house objects
5.7. Places in town
 CHAPTER 6

BODY PARTS, CLOTHES AND ADJECTIVES

6.1. Vocabulary: Clothes

6.2. Vocabulary: Body parts

6.3. Common adjectives
6.4. Comparative adjectives
For adjectives with two or more
We use comparative adjectives + than to compare two objects,
syllables: write “more” before
places, animals or people.
expensive more expensive
Examples: difficult more difficult
- A dress is more expensive than a skirt. beautiful more beautiful
- Shorts are smaller than jeans. interesting more interesting
- My T-shirt is cleaner than my jacket.
Irregular adjectives change differently.
6.4.1. Spelling rules
good better
For adjectives ending in —
bad worse
For most adjectives: add —er CVC: double the consonant
far farther
and add —er

cheap cheaper sad sadder For adjectives ending in —y: change the
large larger hot hotter “y” for an “i” and add —er
small smaller thin thinner
easy easier
clean cleaner fat fatter
dirty dirtier
ugly uglier
pretty prettier
6.5. Superlative adjectives
For adjectives ending in —y: change
We use superlative adjectives to compare one thing with all the
the “y” for an “i” and add —est
other things in a group, e.g., objects, places, animals or people
from their group. easy the easiest
Examples: dirty the dirtiest
- This is the most expensive dress. ugly the ugliest
- These are the smallest shorts. pretty the prettiest
- This jacket is the cleanest.
For adjectives with two or more syllables:
6.5.1. Spelling rules
write “most” before
For most adjectives: add —est expensive the most expensive
cheap the cheapest difficult the most difficult
large the largest beautiful the most beautiful
small the smallest interesting the most interesting
clean the cleanest
Irregular adjectives change differently.
For adjectives ending in —CVC: good the best
double the consonant and add —est
bad the worst
sad the saddest far the farthest
hot the hottest
thin the thinnest
fat the fattest
 6.6. Adjective order
In English, the proper order for adjectives is known as the Royal
Order of Adjectives. The Royal Order of Adjectives is as follows:

opinion + size + age + color + NOUN

Example: A fast big modern red Ferrari.

The medium coffee is more expensive than the small coffee,

but the large coffee is the most expensive.
OPINION SIZE AGE COLOR NOUN
Let’s practice: Use comparatives or superlatives to A useful large new black sweater.
complete the sentences. beautiful long blonde hair.
1. Brazil is ______ (big) than Peru, but Peru is _____ An ugly small old gray jacket.
(interesting) A happy brunette face.
2. These shoes are the _____ (large) I have!
3. Daniel is _____ (happy) than Joe, buy Kelly is the _____. Let’s practice: Put the words in order.
4. I think your sunglasses are the _____ (beautiful) in the 1. an / new / important / message
class, but your cap is even _____ (good). It’s perfect! __________________________________
2. purple / hair / short / cool
__________________________________
 3. blue / pretty / eyes / big feeling cause
__________________________________ tired tiring
excited exciting
6.7. Adjectives with —ed and —ing.
bored boring
Adjectives that end in -ed generally describe emotions – they
tell us how people feel. embarrassed embarrassing

I was so bored in that lesson; I almost fell asleep. amused amusing

He was surprised to see Helen after all those years. annoyed annoying

She was really tired and went to bed early. exhausted exhausting
interested interesting
Adjectives that end in -ing generally describe the thing that
amazing amazed
causes the emotion – a boring lesson makes you feel bored.
Have you seen that film? It's really frightening.
Let’s practice: Choose the correct option to complete the
I could listen to her for hours. She's so interesting.
sentences.
I can't sleep! That noise is really annoying!

1. The game was very excited / exciting.

2. People are bored / boring because the play isn’t very
interested / interesting.
3. These activities are tiring / tired, I feel exhausting /
exhausted.
4. Rolando was really tiring / tired and went to bed early.
5. I’m not interesting / interested in politics.
Example: We are excited because the movie is very exciting.
 CHAPTER 7 7.1.2. Negative form

PAST SIMPLE TENSE Subject + was / were + not + complement

7.1. Past simple: verb to be, was and were
The verbs “was” and “were” are the past simple forms of the WAS /
SUBJECT NOT COMPLEMENT
WERE
verb to be. We use them to describe past states or past facts.
We use “was” and “were” for different pronouns. I was not at school yesterday.

You were not in the bed at 10 o’clock.

WAS WERE
Singular Plural Percy wasn’t a bad student.

I They weren’t sad last Sunday.

we
he
you
she
they 7.1.3. Interrogative form
it
7.1.3.1. Yes / No questions and short answers
7.1.1. Affirmative form
Was / were + subject + complement + ?
Subject + was / were + complement

SUBJECT WAS / WERE COMPLEMENT WAS / WERE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

I was at home yesterday. Was she at home yesterday?

Percy was a very good student. Was Percy a very good student?

You were in the bed at 7 o’clock. Were you in the bed at 7 o’clock?

Mike and Anna were happy last weekend. Were Mike and Anna happy last weekend?
For short answers we use: What was your name again?

YES, SUBJECT WAS / WERE

Ann and
Why were here?
Yes, she was. Mike

Yes, he was.
7.2. Was / Were born
Yes, I was.
We use “was born” and “were born” to talk about the birth of a
Yes, they were. person. We use two types of verbs.

NO, SUBJECT WASN’T / WEREN’T

Subject + was / were + born + complement
No, she wasn’t

No, he wasn’t. SUBJECT PAST SIMPLE PAST PART. COMP.

No, I wasn’t. I was born In 2000.

No, they weren’t. Ashley was born In Canada.

They were born last year.

7.1.3.2. Wh— questions
The kids weren’t born In Peru.
Wh— word + was / were + subject + complement + ? We can also make questions:
A: When were you born?
WH— WAS / WERE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT B: I was born in 2003.
WORD
A: Were you born in Spain?
Where was Ana yesterday?
B: Yes, I was.
When were you at home?
 Past tense for other verbs
like liked liked
PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
hate hated hated
For past simple tense. For perfect tenses.
was/were been love loved loved

worked worked agree agreed agreed

made made
ate eaten For verbs ending in consonant + —y, change the -y and add
an —i, and then add —ed.
7.3. Regular verbs: spelling rules
For most regular verbs: add —ed study studied studied

carry carried carried

BASE FORM PAST SIMPLE PAST PART.
marry married married
clean cleaned cleaned
cry cried cried
wash washed washed

work worked worked

For verbs ending in a stressed syllable with —CVC, double
play played played
the last consonant and add —ed.

For verbs ending in —e: add —d

stop stopped stopped

plan planned planned

hug hugged hugged

admit admitted admitted

7.4. Irregular verbs buy bought bought
Irregular verbs change differently or they don’t change at all.
bring bought brought wear wore worn
learn learnt* learnt* lead led led teach taught taught swear swore sworn
smell smelt* smelt* read read read catch caught caught bear bore born
spell spelt* spelt* hear heard heard think thought thought tear tore torn

put put put

cost cost cost
lend lent lent keep kept kept
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
send sent sent sleep slept slept
sit sit sit
shut shut shut
spend spent spent weep wept wept
let let let
forecast forecast forecast
bend bent bent feel felt felt
hit hit hit
meet met met

feed fed fed

mean meant meant begin began begun
pay paid paid
bleed bled bled
leave left left drink drank drunk
say said said
breed bred bred
deal dealt dealt swim swam swam
lay laid laid
dream dreamt dreamt sing sang sung

ring rang rung

see saw seen show showed shown* blow blew blown break broke broken

befall was/were
fell fallen
been sew sewed sewn* grow grew grown wake woke woken

goeat went ate eaten

gone/been saw sawed sawn* know knew known speak spoke spoken

dogive did gave given

done sow sowed sown* fly flew flown choose chose chosen

draw drew drawn steal stole stolen

sell sold sold run ran run
forget forgot forgotten
tell told told come came come
shoot shot shot
become became become
find found found get got got
bind bound bound take took taken sit sat sat
grind ground ground shake shook shaken lose lost lost
wind wound wound forsake forsook forsaken win won won

_______________
beat beat beaten drive drove driven
*These verbs are also used with -ed.
bite bit bitten ride rode ridden

hide hid hidden rise rose risen

forbid forbade forbidden write wrote written

7.5. Past simple: structure 7.5.2. Negative form
We use past simple tense to talk about past states or past Subject + did + not + verb + complement
actions that are completed.

Example: I watched TV yesterday.

SUBJ. DID NOT VERB COMPLEMENT

I did not play videogames.

Percy did not study on Sunday

You didn’t lay on your bed.

They didn’t have lunch together.

7.5.1. Affirmative form
For affirmative sentences we use the verb in past simple form: 7.5.3. Interrogative form
7.4.3.1. Yes / No questions and answers
Subject + verb (past simple) + complement
DID SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT
SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT
Did I watch TV yesterday?
I watched TV yesterday.
Did Percy study hard last week?
Percy studied hard last week.
Did you lay on your bed last night?
You laid on your bed last night.
Did Mike and Anna have breakfast together?
Mike and Anna had breakfast together.
For short answers we use: 7.6. Time expressions for the past

Yes / No + subject + did / didn’t - Yesterday - On Sunday

- Yesterday evening - In the morning

YES, SUBJ. DID NO, SUBJ. DIDN’T - In 2020 - At 7:00
Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
- Last Sunday - Two months ago
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
- Last night - Four weeks ago
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Remember:
Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
A year ago = last year
A month ago = last month
7.4.3.2. Wh— questions

WH— DID SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

When did you watch TV?

What did Percy study last week?

Where did you lay last night?

Who did they have breakfast with?

 CHAPTER 8 8.2. Countable and uncountable nouns
In English, some nouns are countable and other are
FOOD, QUATIFIERS AND ARTICILES uncountable. Countable nouns often use plural forms,
8.1. Food uncountable nouns normally use singular form.

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

Mostly in plural Mostly in singular

liquids and fluids
fruits and vegetables tiny particles
small particles meat
pieces and containers bread
common objects big loaves of food
people and animals materials
feelings and ideas

Examples:

- There is an onion.
- There are two onions.
- There is some milk.
- There is some turkey.

- There are three turkeys.

(Many turkeys are not common for the table or one family.)
8.2.1. Countable nouns 8.2.2. Uncountable nouns
8.3. Containers and units 8.4. Quantifiers
To quantify uncountable nouns, we use containers or units as: 8.4.1. How many and how much
bottles, bags, liter, loaves, currency, etc. • We use “how many” to ask for the number of countable
nouns.
• We use “how much” to ask for the amount of something

Three bottles of soda. that is uncountable.

COUNTABLE

How many?
A bag of sugar. How many cookies are there?
How many people are we?
How many bell peppers do you have?

Two liters of water. How many loaves of bread do we need?

UNCOUNTABLE

A loaf of bread. How much?

How much soda is there?
How much fish can I have?
How much black pepper do you have?
Ten dollars (of money)
How much bread do we need?
8.4.2. Some and any Let’s practice: choose the correct option:
We use some and any in different situations both for countable
1. How many / much rice is / are there?
(only in plural) and uncountable (in singular).
2. How many / much mice is / are there in the kitchen?
SOME ANY There is / are about ten.
Affirmative Negative 3. Are there some / any chickens? No, there aren’t some /
There are some carrots. (C) There aren’t any carrots. (C) any chicken.
We have some pigs. (C) We don’t have any pigs. (C) 4. Excuse me, can I have some / any juice? Yes, here you
There is some fire! (U) There isn’t any fire. (U) have some / any.
We have some pork. (U) We don’t have any pork. (U)
8.4.3. A lot of, many, much, a few, a little
We use “a lot of” for big numbers and amounts, both for plural,
SOME ANY countable and uncountable nouns, mostly in affirmative form.
Interrogative Interrogative
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
offers or requests asking about the existence
a lot a lot
Do you want some carrots? (C) Are there any carrots? (C)
There are a lot of cafés. There’s a lot of coffee.
Can I have some fries? (C) Do you have any fries? (C)
We have a lot of pigs. We have a lot of pork.
Would you like some soda? (U) Is there any soda left? (U)
There are a lot of problems. There is a lot of pollution.
Can I get some pork? (U) Do we have any pork? (U)
We have a lot of computers. We have a lot of information.
We use “many” for big numbers, with plural and countable
nouns, both in negative and interrogative sentences. We use
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
“much” for big amounts (uncountable nouns) negative and
a few A little
interrogative form.
There are a few cafés. There’s a little coffee.
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE We have a few pigs. We have a little pork.

many much There are a few problems. There is a little pollution.

There aren’t many people here We have a few computers. We have a little information.
There isn’t much cheese.
today.
Do we have much food at
Are there many markets in
home? In short:
your city?

Be careful!

- There is much milk.

- There is a lot of milk. a few people a lot of / many people
- There is too much milk.

We use “a few” for small numbers (countable nouns). We use

“a little” for small amounts (uncountable nouns).

We use too much or too many + noun to mean more than

a little rice a lot of rice
we want or need of something.

• I've got too many books.

• She drinks too much coffee.

 THE ZERO ARTICLE

MORE PRECISE LESS PRECISE

Let’s practice: choose the correct option
Something specific: Something in general:
1. Oh, this is a lot of / much spaghetti. Thank you.
I love the cats. I love cats.
2. How many tomatoes do we have for the pizza? We’re OK,
(The ones I have at home) (All over the world)
we have a lot / a few, about three kilos!
Concrete nouns: Abstract nouns:
3. I don’t have many / much sugar, but I have too many / the house, the teacher, the pollution, contamination, love,
much red beans. dogs, the milk, the air peace, justice
4. There are a few / a little children waiting, I think they just Unions or group countries: Most countries:
want a few / a little hot chocolate for Christmas. the USA, the UK, the Peru, Japan, China, Belgium,
Philippines, the Netherlands Türkiye, Argentina
8.5. Articles: a / an, the and zero article.
Oceans, deserts, mountain Continents, cities, lakes,
A/AN THE
ranges: single mounts:
UNKNOWN KNOWN
the Pacific, the Gobi Desert, Asia, Tokyo, Lake Titicaca,
When it’s the first time we When it’s the second time the Himalayas Mount Everest
mention something: we mention something:
Something unique: People’s names:
I saw a doctor at the hospital. The doctor was my uncle Ben!
the Sun, the Moon, the Earth Dave, Lisa, Simpson, Trump
When we don’t know who When we know who exactly Superlatives: Comparatives:
exactly we are talking about: we are talking about: the biggest, the best, the bigger, better, worse, more
There’s a teacher in a class. The teacher is in our class! worst, the most beautiful beautiful
Only for singular nouns: For singular and plural: Ordinal numbers: Cardinal numbers:
a doctor, an hour, a house the teacher, the teachers
the first, the second, the third one, two, three, four
 CHAPTER 9 9.1.2. Negative form

PRESENT PERFECT
9.1. Present Perfect
The present perfect simple is used to talk about events in the
past that still have an effect on the present moment. It is formed
with the auxiliary verb “have / has” and a past participle.

9.1.3. Interrogative form

9.1.1. Affirmative form

9.2. Uses of Present Perfect 9.3. Time expressions and adverbs

Further examples with Present Perfect

9.4. Present Perfect vs Past Simple
The past simple is used to talk about something that happened
at a definite time. The present perfect is used when a particular
time is not specified. Further Examples
9.5. Vocabulary: travelling CHAPTER 10

FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO AND WILL

10.1. Future with be going to
Future forms in English are formed using auxiliary verbs. One
of the most commonly used constructions is “be going to” plus
the base form of the main verb.

10.1.1. Affirmative form

10.1.2. Negative form

10.1.3. Interrogative form and short answers
Questions with “be going to” are formed by swapping the
subject and “be.”

10.2.2. “Be going to” for predictions

Be going to is used to predict future events that are very near
(and can be seen) or seem sure to happen. Such predictions
are based on present evidence:

10.2. Uses of be going to for future plans

10.2.1. “Be going to” for future plans
“Be going to” is used to talk about future plans and intentions. 10.3. Future with Will

Usually, the decision about the future plans has already been “Will” is used to form some future tenses in English. It can be

made: used in several different ways, which are all different from the
future with “going to.”
10.3.1 Affirmative form

10.4. Uses for will in the future tense

10.3.2. Negative form
10.4.1. “Will” for predictions
“Will” is used to talk about predictions about the future when
there is no firm evidence for that prediction.

10.3.3. Interrogative form and short answers

10.4.2. “Will” for quick decisions

“Will” is used to describe quick decisions that someone has
made at the time of speaking. They are often a solution to an
unexpected problem.
 10.4.5. “Think” with “will”
10.4.3. “Will” for making offers “Think” can be used with “will” to show that a prediction is just
“Will” is also used to offer to do something for someone. an opinion, or a decision is not final.

10.4.4. “Will” for making promises

10.5. Time expressions for future
"Will" can be used when we make a promise.
10.6. Vocabulary about technology ANNEXES
COMMON REGULAR VERBS

Present Past Participle Meaning

Accept Accepted Accepted Aceptar
Act Acted Acted Actuar
Achieve Achieved Achieved Lograr, alcanzar
Admire Admired Admired Admirar
Advise Advised Advised Aconsejar
Affect Affected Affected Afectar
Agree Agreed Agreed Acordar
Answer Answered Answered Responder
Appear Appeared Appeared Aparecer
Arrive Arrived Arrived Llegar
Ask Asked Asked Preguntar
Attack Attacked Attacked Atacar
Bake Baked Baked Hornear
Behave Behaved Behaved Comportarse
Believe Believed Believed Creer
Belong Belonged Belonged Pertenecer
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Pedir prestado
Call Called Called Llamar
Cancel Canceled Canceled Cancelar
Carry Carried Carried Llevar
Cause Caused Caused Causar
Celebrate Celebrated Celebrated Celebrar
Clean Cleaned Cleaned Limpiar
Clear Cleared Cleared Aclarar
Climb Climbed Climbed Trepar
Close Closed Closed Cerrar
Compare Compared Compared Comparar
Compete Competed Competed Competir
Complete Completed Completed Completar
Continue Continued Continued Continuar
Cook Cooked Cooked Cocinar
Correct Corrected Corrected Corregir
Count Counted Counted Contar
Create Created Created Crear
Cross Crossed Crossed Cruzar
Change Changed Changed Cambiar
Check Checked Checked Verificar Look Looked Looked Mirar
Damage Damaged Damaged Dañar Love Loved Loved Amar
Dance Danced Danced Bailar Match Matched Matched Unir
Decide Decided Decided Decidir Measure Measured Measured Medir
Depend Depended Depended Depender Mention Mentioned Mentioned Mencionar
Describe Described Described Describir Miss Missed Missed extrañar
Design Designed Designed Diseñar Move Moved Moved Mover
Die Died Died Morir Name Named Named Nombrar
Discover Discovered Discovered Descubrir Need Needed Needed Necesitar
Discuss Discussed Discussed Discutir Note Noted Noted Notar
Disturb Disturbed Disturbed Molestar Notice Noticed Noticed Notar, fijarse
Dry Dried Dried Secar Number Numbered Numbered Numerar
Eliminate Eliminated Eliminated Eliminar Offer Offered Offered Ofrecer
End Ended Ended Terminar Open Opened Opened Abrir
Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Disfrutar Order Ordered Ordered Ordenar
Fill Filled Filled Llenar Organize Organized Organized Organizar
Fix Fixed Fixed Arreglar, fijar Paint Painted Painted Pintar
Follow Followed Followed Seguir Pass Passed Passed Pasar,
Fry Fried Fried Freir Persuade Persuaded Persuaded Persuadir
Guess Guessed Guessed Adivinar Plan Planned Planned Planear
Happen Happened Happened Suceder Play Played Played Jugar, tocar,
Hate Hated Hated Odiar Practice Practiced Practiced Practicar
Help Helped Helped Ayudar Predict Predicted Predicted Predecir
Hope Hoped Hoped Esperar Prefer Preferred Preferred Preferir
Identify Identified Identified Identificar Present Presented Presented Presentar
Imagine Imagined Imagined Imaginar Program Programmed Programmed Programar
Impress Impressed Impressed Impresionar Protect Protected Protected Proteger
Improve Improved Improved Mejorar Provide Provided Provided Proporcionar
Include Included Included Incluir Rain Rain Rain Llover
Increase Increased Increased Aumentar Receive Received Received Recibir
Interview Interviewed Interviewed Entrevistar Recommend Recommended Recommended Recomendar
Introduce Introduced Introduced Introducir Relate Related Related Relacionar
Invite Invited Invited Invitar Relax Relaxed Relaxed Descansar
Jump Jumped Jumped Saltar Remember Remembered Remembered Recordar
Knock Knocked Knocked Golpear Repair Repaired Repaired Reparar
Last Lasted Lasted Durar Repeat Repeated Repeated Repetir
Learn Learned Learned Aprender Resist Resisted Resisted Resistir
Like Liked Liked Gustar Rest Rested Rested Descansar
Link Linked Linked Unir Return Returned Returned Volver
List Listed Listed Listar Review Reviewed Reviewed Revisar
Listen Listened Listened Escuchar Sail Sailed Sailed Navegar
Live Lived Lived Vivir Save Saved Saved Ahorrar, salvar
Scare Scared Scared Asustar Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Share Shared Shared Compartir Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Shop Shopped Shopped Comprar Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Shout Shouted Shouted Gritar Break Broke Broken Romper
Skate Skated Skated Patinar Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Slow Slowed Slowed Disminuir Build Built Built Edificar
Snow Snowed Snowed Nevar Burn Burnt / Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar
Solve Solved Solved Resolver Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Spell Spelled Spelled Deletrear Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Start Started Started Empezar Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Stop Stopped Stopped Detener Catch Caught Caught Coger
Study Studied Studied Estudiar Come Came Come Venir
Suggest Suggested Suggested Sugerir Cost Cost Cost Costar
Surprise Surprised Surprised Sorprender Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Talk Talked Talked Hablar Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Taste Tasted Tasted Probar Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Thank Thanked Thanked Agradecer Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Touch Touched Touched Tocar Dream Dreamt /Dreamed Dreamt /Dreamed Soñar
Travel Traveled Traveled Viajar Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Try Tried Tried Tratar Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Turn Turned Turned Girar Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Underline Underlined Underlined Subrayar Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Use Used Used Usar Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Wait Waited Waited Esperar Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Walk Walked Walked Caminar Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Want Wanted Wanted Desear Find Found Found Encontrar
Wash Washed Washed Lavar Fly Flew Flown Volar
Watch Watched Watched Ver, vigilar Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Water Watered Watered Regar Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
Wish Wished Wished Desear Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
Work Worked Worked Trabajar Give Gave Given Dar
Worry Worried Worried Preocuparse Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST MEANING
Hear Heard Heard Oir
PARTICIPLE
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Be / am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / LearnedAprender
Leave Left Left Dejar Understand Understood Understood Entender
Lend Lent Lent Prestar Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Let Let Let Permitir Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto
Lie Lay Lain Mentir Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Light Lit Lit Encender Win Won Won Ganar
Lose Lost Lost Perder Write Wrote Written Escribir
Make Made Made Hacer
Mean Meant Meant Significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Pay Paid Paid Pagar Fuchs, Marjorie and Bonner, Margaret (2006). Focus on
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer grammar. An integrated skills approach. White Plains, USA:
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Pearson / Longman
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Hughes, John, Stephenson, Helen and Dummet, Paul (2019).
Say Said Said Decir Life Student’s Book. Elementary. Hampshire, United Kingdom:
See Saw Seen Ver
Sell Sold Sold Vender National Geographic Learning
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se) American international organization for cultural relations and
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shine Shone Shone Brillar educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar SC037733 .https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir Woodward Education - All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy |
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar Terms and Conditions | Site Map Last Updated: 20 January
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear
2023
Spend Spent Spent Gastar https://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Comparatives_Superlatives.htm
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie https://www.vocabulary.cl/english/weather.htm
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar https://www.vocabulary.cl/Basic/Colours.htm
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Take Took Taken Coger https://www.vocabulary.cl/english/clothes.htm
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tell Told Told Decir Murphy, R. (2015). Essential Grammar in Use Fourth edition.
Think Thought Thought Pensar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Fuchs, Marjorie and Bonner, Margaret (2006). Focus on
grammar. An integrated skills approach. White Plains, USA:
Pearson / Longman
Hughes, John, Stephenson, Helen and Dummet, Paul (2019).
Life Student’s Book. Elementary. Hampshire, United Kingdom:
National Geographic Learning
American international organization for cultural relations and
educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131
SC037733 .https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/
Woodward Education - All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy |
Terms and Conditions | Site Map Last Updated: 20 January
2023
https://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Comparatives_Superlatives.htm
https://www.vocabulary.cl/english/weather.htm
https://www.vocabulary.cl/Basic/Colours.htm
https://www.vocabulary.cl/english/clothes.htm

Murphy, R. (2015). Essential Grammar in Use Fourth edition.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.