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Image-formation

The document explains total internal reflection, which occurs when light transitions from a high to low index of refraction and reaches a critical angle, resulting in no light passing through the medium. It also covers image formation in lenses, detailing the behavior of rays in both convex and concave lenses, and introduces the thin lens equation for calculating image distance and magnification. Additionally, examples are provided to illustrate the concepts of real and virtual images, as well as magnification ratios.

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SCIENCE Benjie Avecilla
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18 views

Image-formation

The document explains total internal reflection, which occurs when light transitions from a high to low index of refraction and reaches a critical angle, resulting in no light passing through the medium. It also covers image formation in lenses, detailing the behavior of rays in both convex and concave lenses, and introduces the thin lens equation for calculating image distance and magnification. Additionally, examples are provided to illustrate the concepts of real and virtual images, as well as magnification ratios.

Uploaded by

SCIENCE Benjie Avecilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Total internal reflection

When light goes from high to low index of refraction, it is bent away from the normal. If we keep
on decreasing the angle of incidence like the one shown in figure 2, we will reach a point where no
more light is refracted – that is, no more light passes through the glass. Everything is reflected within
the glass, hence the name, total internal reflection.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2. Demonstrating total internal reflection from


glass to air. At figure 3, no more light comes out of the glass.

The angle to which light starts total internal reflection is called the critical angle. It differs from
every material.
Example Find the critical angle for glass-air interface.

𝑛𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑟
1.52(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐 ) = 1.00𝑠𝑖𝑛90 900 is the angle of refraction.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐 = 0.6579 in your calculator shift sin 0.3679 =

𝜃𝑟 = 41.14°

Image formation in Lenses


Another product of the study of refraction of light are the lenses. Let us first trace images using
three principal rays similar to mirrors. Shown in figure 3 is image formation for convex or converging
lenses.
1. Ray 1 is drawn from the object parallel to the axis, when it passes through the lens, it bends and
passes through the focal point F behind the lens.
2. Ray 2 is drawn from the object, passes through the other focal point (front side of lens) and when
it hit the lens, it refracts and passes through it parallel to the axis.
3. Ray 3 is drawn from the object going to the center of the lens (or axis) where it passes through
unbent. This is true only if the lens is really thin.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3. Three principal rays for image


tracing in thin convex/converging lenses.
In concave or diverging lenses, these rays must be extended to form an image. Refer to figure 4
as for demonstration.
1. Ray 1 comes from the object goes to the
lens parallel to the axis. Since it is a
diverging lens, it will diverge the ray as
if it is coming from the near focus F. Then
extend the refracted ray backwards.
2. Ray 2 comes from the object going to the
far focus F. When it hits the lens, it is bent
parallel to the axis. Extend this refracted
ray backwards.
3. Ray 3 still goes to the center of the lens
unbent.
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4. Image tracing with concave or
diverging lenses.
The intersection of refracted (or extension of) rays is where the image is formed. You may simply
use two rays, it won’t make any difference. Take note that in the converging lens (fig 3), the image
formed is real while in diverging lens, the image formed is a virtual image.

Activity
Trace the formation of the image in a concave and convex mirror when the focal length is 2cm and
the object is located at the following positions and identify whether the image formed is real or
virtual.
1.Focus (F).
2. Focus 2 (2F)
3. Between Principal axis and Focus 1
4. Beyond Focus 2

Thin lens equation


Mirror and thin lens equation are the same and were both derived from similar triangles.
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑜
where: f is the focal length. It is positive (+) for converging lenses and negative (-) for diverging
lenses.
di is the distance of the image from the lens. It is positive/real (+) if found behind the lens
or is on different side as the object and negative/virtual (-) if found in front of the lens
of is on the same side as the object.
do is the distance of the object from the lens. It is always positive for single lens.

Example: A 15-cm high object is placed 80 cm in front of a +20-cm-focal-length lens. Where will the
image be expected to appear? Is it real or virtual?
do = 80 cm
f = 20 cm
1 1 1
= −
𝑑 𝑖 𝑓 𝑑𝑜
1 1 1
= −
𝑑𝑖 20 80
𝑑𝑖 = +26.67 𝑐𝑚 real image since it is positive.
For practical purposes, magnification is also used to describe lenses. This is the ratio of the height
of the image and the height of the object.
ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
𝑀= =
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜
where: hi is the height of the image. It is positive (+) if upright and negative(-) if inverted.
ho is the height of the object. It is always positive (+).
M or the magnification is positive when the image is upright and negative if inverted.
< 1 image is diminished or smaller than the object
> 1 image is magnified or bigger than the object.
= 1 the image is the same size as the object.

Example: Mark, a camera man, shoots a 3-m-high tree 6 m away. If he uses a 110-mm-focal length
camera, how high will the image be? Where is it located? Is it real or virtual?
ho = 3 m
do = 6 m
f = 110 mm = 0.11 m
1 1 1
= −
𝑑 𝑖 𝑓 𝑑𝑜
1 1 1
= −
𝑑𝑖 0.11 6
𝑑𝑖 = 0.112 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 112 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑖 ℎ𝑖
𝑀=− 𝑀=
𝑑𝑜 ℎ𝑜
0.112 ℎ𝑖
𝑀=− 0.019 =
6 3
𝑀 = −0.019 ℎ𝑖 = −0.057𝑚 𝑜𝑟 − 57 𝑚𝑚
An inverted image but real

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