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Resumen - THE WORLD OF WORK (UNIT III)

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 UNIT 3: THE WORLD OF WORK
MAKING A LIVING.
Work: a job or activity that you do regularly, especially in order to earn money.
Synonyms: labour, toil, employment, job, professions, occupation, career, position, post,
vacancy / opening, appointment, posting, trade.

Why do people work?

Reasons why people work:
● Some people work for money (they need money to buy food, clothes, and gifts for
loved ones).
● Others work for their family (they also need the money).
● Others work because they love their work or want to revolutionize the world.
● Others work for the betterment of science or humanity.
● Others work to break records (athletes, sportsmen).
● Others work for politics.
● People who work to go higher up.
● People who work for their nation.
● People who work for God or religion.
● People who work for fame, they want to be known.
● People who work for passion.

Quotes:
● Work banishes those three great evils: boredom, vice and poverty.
● In order that people may be happy in their work, these three things are needed: They
must be fit for it. They must not do too much of it. And they must have a sense of
success in it.
● I long to accomplish great and noble tasks, but it is my chief duty to accomplish
humble tasks as though they were great and noble. The world is moved along, not
only by the mighty shoves of its heroes, but also by the aggregate of the tiny pushes
of each honest worker.
● Developing a good work ethic is key. Apply yourself at whatever you do, whether
you're a janitor or taking your first summer job because that work ethic will be
reflected in everything you do in life.
● Nothing in the world can take the place of perseverance. Talent will not; nothing is
more common than unsuccessful people with talent. Genius will not;unrewarded
genius is almost legendary. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts.
Perseverance and determination alone are omnipotent.

The Rise Of The Millennial, And Why They’re Changing Work For The Better:
● Millennial: people reaching young adulthood in the early 21st century. // First group
to hit adulthood after the year 2000. // First generation to join the workforce in the new
millennium. // Anyone born between 1981 and 1996.
● They want more for themselves, they are not afraid to ask for what they want.

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 ● They are not the good-for-nothing, lazy troublemakers their elders say they are.
● Hard-working, driven.
● They work with passion; not afraid to let their passion guide their decisions.
● Dedicated to living a full life.
● If you try to get a millennial to work on something that they are not passionate about,
something they don’t believe in, or something that doesn’t challenge or inspire them,
you’ll face resistance.
● Can’t buy their loyalty.
● They prioritize meaning over money:
➔ They value making an impact on the world more than just providing for their families.
➔ They also want to be wealthy but they are not willing to do anything to get there.
➔ Money needs to flow from meaning.
➔ They need to feel that their work is more than just a paycheck.
➔ They want their work to be purposeful.
➔ All about getting the right job and getting paid for it.
➔ Good for employers: you can't get a millennial to stop working on something that
matters to them.
-they work longer and harder than anyone else when they believe their job
contributes to a greater purpose or the project they’re working on lets them serve
the world in a positive way.
● They embrace diversity:
➔ They work incredibly well with anyone.
➔ Generation with the least number of challenges around connecting with people from
different cultures.
➔ They value creativity and community over exclusivity and status.
➔ All about working as a team to create the best possible results.
● Vastly different from previous generations.

CHOOSING A CAREER.

THREE QUESTIONS TO UNLOCK YOUR AUTHENTIC CAREER:

● Ashley is a career coach to hundreds of millennials: she loves political science but
career coaching is what she is; she shares her experience because she hired a career
coach and that fundamentally changed her life.
● Three key questions that helped her unlock her authentic career:
1. What am I good at?
2. What do people tell me I am good at?
3. What's holding me back?
● She felt like she had the world to prove because she was the only woman in the room
and the youngest employee in her firm.
● She felt like she was holding death in her hands when an advisor asked her if she
could hold his gun.

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 ● What should people do in order to be able to embrace a career that awaits
them? They should tune out the social pressure to find what they love and tune in to
something more significant for their career and their life: who they are; it’s never too
late or too early to ask for help.

10 Important Factors to Consider When Choosing a Career Path:

● Choosing a career can be exciting but also overwhelming.
● Some people seem to know exactly what they were born to do, for others it can take
longer to determine the right career path.
● Career paths change frequently nowadays, but it is vital to choose a job that you find
fulfilling.
● You never need to feel stuck in one career for a lifetime.
● Many jobs don't require years of education to get hired: it is easier to switch up
careers when you want to head in a different direction.
● If you stick with one career for a long time, it can be very beneficial to your promotion
prospects and earnings throughout your lifetime; you'll be an expert in what you do
and you'll be able to train others, that will give you a genuine sense of fulfillment.
● Selecting a new career path should be a carefully thought-out process.
● Critical career choice factors:
➔ Think about what genuinely interests you when it comes to a work environment and
the things you do well.
➔ Strongest skills: your best and most valuable skills are talents you've always had or
skills that you've developed, they can be crucial in deciding what you want to do.
➔ Attitudes.
➔ Education and training: most jobs require some education and training;
determining the level of education is vital in choosing the right career path.
➔ Job availability: focus on opportunities where the demand is high; seek out a
future-proof job that isn’t replaced by automation or fade away due to technological
advancement; it can be frustrating and overwhelming to go down a path with a
limited number of options.
➔ Culture people and values: many companies have a certain culture and have been
stereotyped because of it; if you are interested in a particular within that field; learn
how they reward, promote people, etc.
➔ Learn from experience: research is important but it can't replace real, hands-on
learning; apply for internships or apprenticeships, the experience should be long
enough to give you a full view of what the job is like.
➔ Passion: passion doesn't always guarantee financial success, you have to decide
what might be more important to you. (you might be interested in more lucrative jobs
and even have the right skill set for them, but if they don't fulfill your passions, you
may find yourself always wanting more; having a career that you are passionate
about typically equals long-term success and fulfillment.)
➔ Defining success: your definition of success is crucial to the type of career you
choose. Some jobs will reward you with a hefty paycheck and others will give you

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 the opportunity to help people; some professions will even be a combination of
things.
➔ Pioneer or traditionalist: taking a step into new job industries can be exciting or
intimidating for others; before selecting a career you need to determine whether you
are comfortable working with advancing, ever-changing technology or if you feel
more comfortable utilizing the skills you already know.
● There is no guarantee that all the research and experience in the world will make you
love your job after you’ve been involved in it for a while.
● You should not jump into a career headfirst without the taking of the right
precautionary steps.
● By staying in one career for a long time, you'll learn more, develop relationships, and
can become hugely successful; take the time to consider all of the factors before
taking the plunge.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF JOBS - SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE IN WORK.

Hard Skills vs. Soft Skills:

They are pretty different from one another but both are necessary to be successful in the
job.

HARD SKILLS SOFT SKILLS

definition Concrete skills that are specific Interpersonal or people skills

to your job and that are required that can be used in every job.
for you to actually do your work.

examples If you are a chef, cooking would Communication, teamwork

be a hard skill. and adaptability.
If you are a computer
programmer, coding would be a
hard skill.

how are they Generally learned through More difficult to develop, you’ll
acquired? school, training, or previous need to practice them over
work experience. They are more time in the real world with
objective, meaning that once others. They come naturally to
you’ve learned the information or some people, while others may
task you will then possess that not have such an easy time
skill. with them.

how are they Easy to measure. Employers can Harder to evaluate. They can’t
measured? get a good idea of your hard skills really be communicated well
by looking at your education, through your cover letter or
previous experience and your resume. Employers
certifications. usually have to wait until an
interview or your first few
weeks on the job to get a

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 good idea of your soft skills.

WORK IN THE USA:

● While opportunities for work experience and internships are plentiful in the USA,
foreign workers may find it a challenge to secure a graduate job.
● Unemployment is falling and a number of industries expect significant growth over the
next few years.
● The job market remains competitive and international graduates will really need to sell
their qualifications and experience to employers.
● Employment can be hard to secure due to the complicated and highly restrictive visa
process; to enter the country other than for tourism and travel, you'll need the right
visa.
● Finding a job with an organisation in your home country, which has offices in the USA
and opportunities to transfer may be the easiest way for international workers to gain
employment in the country; if this is not a possibility, due to strict visa requirements
you'll need to apply for jobs before entering the USA, if you have specialist skills and
qualifications employers may sponsor your visa but this can be hard to secure.
● You can apply for jobs by submitting a CV (called a résumé in the USA), and a cover
letter.
● Some vacancies may require you to fill out an application form.
● If successful, you'll be invited to interview, which could include some form of
psychometric testing; depending on the job and employer there may be multiple
rounds of interviews.
● Summer jobs: it is possible to find summer work and travel opportunities between
June and September each year; during this time you can take up seasonal and paid
work in theme parks, hotels, beach clubs and ranches.
● Working at summer camps: you could spend the summer with other US and
international workers, teaching young Americans anything from arts and crafts to
sports.
● There are volunteering opportunities in the USA but you'll need to make sure that you
are entering on the right visa.
● Teaching jobs: growing need for ESL and EFL teachers in areas of the USA with high
immigrant and refugee communities; opportunities to teach English are available in
public and private schools and in higher and adult education. (you'll need a degree
and teaching licence in public schools, to teach in private schools you don't always
need a teaching licence but a Masters degree).
● Internships: students, recent graduates and professionals can apply for the J-1 visa,
allowing temporary work in the USA.
● Visas:
➔ Non-immigrant visa: for those looking for a temporary stay in the USA; it covers
business, internships, summer work, a holiday or education.

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 ➔ Immigrant visa: required by anyone who wishes to live and work permanently in the
USA; when entering the country these visa holders also have to obtain a Green
Card (permanent resident status).
● Language requirements: English.
● US workers work a traditional 9am to 5pm day or 40-hour week. (in reality, employees
go beyond this:sometimes up to 12 hours).
● Two weeks annual leave is standard.
● Paid leave also includes public holidays (not all private businesses will honour public
holidays.)

WORKING WOMEN: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES:

ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO NOW

-They entered the workplace during 1917 -Women account for 47 percent of the
and 1919. workforce in the US.
-They worked as ambulance drivers,
nurses, ship workers, photographers,
hairdressers, hosiery saleswoman, fishing
for seafood, grocery store owners, helping
with the family business, teachers, music
teachers, shopkeepers, and more.
-In 1920, women accounted for 20 percent
of the workforce in the US; not all
professions were open to women at the
time.

WORKING MOTHERS: GOING BACK TO WORK AFTER HAVING A BABY:

PROS CONS

-It is probably quieter at work. -Missing the baby.

-Getting a paycheck. -Child care is expensive.
-May feel guilty for leaving your child.

LILLY LEDBETTER TELLS HER STORY:

● In 1979 Lilly Ledbetter went to work as a manager at the Goodyear tire plant in
Gadsden, Alabama.
● She was so excited; she had six interviews and was accepted for the job and thrilled
beyond belief, she could not believe it.
● Lilly worked there for almost twenty years, she worked hard; there was no job that she
wouldn’t do.
● In 1998, she got an anonymous tip: she was being paid thousands less than men
doing the same job; there was so much difference in her pay versus theirs.
● she went to Federal Court: a jury of seven people awarded her 3.8 million dollars; she
won the case; the company appealed (to make a formal request to a court or

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 someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed); the Supreme Court voted
her down, they voted five to four, she lost by one vote, it was not fair.

LILLY LEDBETTER FAIR PAY ACT SUMMARY:

● On January 29, 2009 President Obama signed his first bill into law: The Lilly Ledbetter
Fair Pay Act.
● There were so many people there who have labored so long to get rid of this injustice,
to stop employers from discriminating based upon gender on the pay that they give
somebody for their day’s work.
● President Bush threatened to veto that legislation and they reported it out again that
year so Obama would sign it.
● “This bill will help others get the justice that she was denied; equal pay is by no
means just a women's issue, it’s a family issue, it’s about parents who find
themselves with less money for tuition and child care, couples who wind up with less
to retire on, households where one breadwinner is paid less than she deserves; it’s
the difference between affording the mortgage or not, between keeping the heat on or
paying the doctor bills or not.”
● “In this economy when so many folks are already working harder for less and
struggling to get by, the less thing they can afford is losing part of each month’s
paycheck to simple and plain discrimination.”
● “It is unfair, illegal and bad for business to pay somebody less because of their
gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion or disability.”
● “Equal payment isn’t just an economic issue for millions of Americans and their
families, it is a question of who we are and whether we are living up to our
fundamental ideas.”
● “This bill is an important step, a simple fix to ensure fundamental fairness for
American workers.”

THE GENDER PAY GAP ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE LILLY LEDBETTER FAIR PAY
ACT:
● Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act: the first major piece of legislation President Obama
signed into law; the Act extended the time period in which claimants can bring pay
discrimination claims, enabling victims of pay discrimination to seek redress when
they otherwise could not.
● Over the past century, American women have made substantial strides in entering
and remaining in the workforce and building their skills.
● While the pay gap closed by 17 percentage points between 1981 and 2001, it had
remained flat since 2001; in the past two years, some modest progress has been
made.
● Much of the decline in the pay gap that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s was due to
education and experience gains by women.
● Because women have increasingly become our most educated workers, accounting
for relative education levels actually widens the pay gap.

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 ● Today, even though women are still more likely than men to temporarily exit the labor
force, they are more likely than in the past to work throughout their lifetimes.
● Research shows that differences in occupation and industry still play an important
role in the gender pay gap.

JOB INTERVIEWS.
● How to be successful? you have to make a really good first impression because
hiring managers actually make their opinion on you within the first 10 minutes of
meeting you; the first thing is your appearance; give a firm handshake and look the
hiring manager directly in their eye.
● Types of clothes you should wear: a suit or whatever appropriate outfit for the
interview; be on the conservative side rather than very fashionable; neutral colors, not
too flashy; you want to look professional.
● How to impress the hiring manager? practise a quick sales pitch about yourself,
what you’ve done over the last couple of years to impress this manager; it has to
come across as smooth but you also have to have specific examples or key points
that the hiring manager will be really excited about and interested in.
● Other aspects:
● Keep it down to earth, relax as much as possible.
● If you have been fired or left your previous job you have to be honest about it if you
are asked, but staying positive on the topic, you don’t have to show yourself as
someone who has a lot of resentment.
● Say that you are looking for the next opportunity to take that next step in your career;
to apply your skills in a different way.
● Come across as a team player and also show leadership skills because it will also
impress employers.
● Look like a hard worker who will be committed to the mission of the company.

The Pros and Cons of Using Psychometric Testing During the Hiring Process:
● It is a valuable tool for enabling employers to select the best candidate for any given
role.
● These tests ensure companies that they get their hiring process right: poor recruiting
choices have a significant impact on both employee and employer. (for the employee,
it can lead to being overwhelmed in a job they are not suited to or a workplace where
they don’t ‘belong’ due to different values and ethics; for the employer the impact is
financial, for example, the expense of additional training, rehiring and staff who are
disengaged and therefore less productive.)
● Psychometric tests are questionnaires that measure a response to determine a
personality type.
● They help employers determine if a candidate will fit in well with company culture and
work collaboratively with the team they already have in place.
PROS CONS

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● Psychometric testing is a great ● Not all are valid.
encourager to get people who are the ● Easy to misinterpret the results.
best fit into a role. ● Their interpretation may need to be
● Helps maintain a consistent standard for delivered by a professional.
new employee selection. ● These tests only work effectively if the
● Enable employers to gather information employer knows what they are looking
quickly. for.
● Avoid costly recruiting errors, by ● They cannot fully measure some
improving retention and critically attributes such as creativity or
ensuring that the chosen candidate will leadership skills.
perform well in their new role and that
any areas of development can be
supported.
● Some tests will also generate interview
questions to further explore different
aspects of the results of the test with the
candidate.
● Reliable: the interviewer will know in
advance if the candidate will work well in
the job and as part of a larger team.
● They allow introverted candidates to
demonstrate better their qualities for the
vacancy that could be missed by face to
face interview alone.
● Tests allow managers to understand
their team better.

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