Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Electronics & Communication Engineering

LAB MANUAL

PCB DESIGN & CIRCUIT

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Introduction to circuit creation and simulation software TINAPRO

2. Design a half wave rectifier using TINAPRO and observe its output on a virtual
oscilloscope.
3. Design a full wave centre tapped rectifier using TINAPRO & its output on a virtual
oscilloscope.
4. To study the Positive CLIPPER circuit on TINA software.
5. To study Negative CLIPPER circuit on TINA software.
6. Convert the power supply circuit into PCB & simulates its 2D & 3D view.
7. Introduction of the materials required for the fabrication of PCB’s
8. Development of PCB in hardware lab.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:1

AIM: Introduction to circuit creation and simulation software TINAPRO

APPARATUS: PC installed with TINAPRO.

THEORY: The study of TINAPRO mainly consists of:

Introduction to TINAPRO Capture:

Generation of
Schematic
Generation of
net list

SCHEMATIC:
A schematic is merely a collection of electronic symbols connected together with virtual
“wires.” The main reason you need a schematic when fabricating a printed circuit board
is to provide input (a net list) to your layout and routing tool.

NETLIST:
A net list is a file, usually ASCII text, which defines the connections between the
components inyour design.

CREATING PROJECT:

To create a new project, use Capture’s Project Wizard. The Project Wizard provides you
with the framework for creating any kind of project.

1 Launch Capture.
2 From the File menu, choose New > Project.
3 In the New Project dialog box, specify the project name
4 To specify the project type, select Analog or Mixed A/D.
5 Specify the location where you want the project files to be created and click OK.
6 In the Create PSpice Project dialog box, select the
Create a blank project option button.

Adding parts:

To add parts to your design:

1 From the Place menu in Capture, select Part.
2 In the Place Part dialog box, first select the library from which the part is to be added
and then instantiate the part on the schematic page. While working with the Capture, add
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

parts from “Name of Libraray”.OLB. To add libraries to the project, select the Add
Library button.

3 Browse to <install_dir>/tools/capture/library/pspice/eval.olb.

Connecting parts:

After placing the required parts on the schematic page, you need to connect
the parts.From the Place menu, choose Wire.

Net List:

Save the schematic and close the

schematic page.Open tools and create
net list.
Select Layout tab.
Be sure to put the *.MNL file in a unique folder.
Latter many more design files will be generated and it will be much easier to sort them
out if thedesign is by itself.
Click on OK
The net list that Layout needs has been created. The file has the name of the project.MNL

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the TINAPRO circuit capturing,

Generation ofSchematic and net list..

QUIZ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q.1 What is TINA Design Suite?

Ans. TINA Design Suite is a powerful yet affordable circuit simulation and PCB design
softwarepackage.

Q.2 Why TINA Design Suite is used?

Ans. It is used for analyzing, designing, and real time testing of analog, digital,
VHDL, MCU,and mixed electronic circuits and their PCB layouts.

Q.3 What is unique feature of TINA?

Ans. A unique feature of TINA is that you can bring your circuit to life with the optional USB
controlled.

Q.4 How it is used to compute computational power?

Ans. To meet this requirement TINA v9 has the ability to utilize the increasingly
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

popular scalable multi-thread CPUs.

Q.5 What is the use of schematic editor in Tina Pro?

Ans. It enhances your schematics by adding text and graphics elements such lines, arcs
arrows,frames around the schematics and title blocks.

Q.6 How many manufacturer models it contain?

Ans. More than 20,000.

Name all the Virtual Instruments used in it.

Ans. Virtual Instruments: Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Multimeter, Signal

Analyzer/Bode Plotter, Network Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer, Logic Analyzer, Digital
Signal Generator, XY Recorder.

Q.7 What is Real-time Storage Oscilloscope?

Ans.It observes the actual time response of your circuit.

Q.8 What is Real-time Signal Analyzer?

Ans. It measure the frequency response of your circuit in real-time.

Q.9 What’s role Tina play in Integrated PCB design?

Ans. The new fully integrated layout module of TINA has all the features you need for
advanced PCB design, including multilayer PCB's with split power plane layers,
powerful autoplacement & autorouting, rip-up and reroute, manual and "follow-me"
trace placement, DRC, forward and back annotation, pin and gate swapping, keep-in and
keep-out areas, copper pour, thermal relief, fanout, 3D view of your PCB design from
any angle, Gerber file output and much more.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:2

AIM: Design a half wave rectifier using TINAPRO and observe its output on a virtual
oscilloscope.
APPARATUS: PC installed with TINAPRO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Program
HALF WAVE rectifier
Vin 2 0 sin(0 220 50 )
RL 5 0 500
RS 2 1 10
L1 1 0 2000
L2 3 0 20
K1 L1 L2 0.99999
D1 3 5 mod1
.model mod1 D (IS=1e-14, n=1)
.tran 0.2m 200m
.plot tran v(3), v(5)
.probe
.end

RESULT:
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the half wave rectifier using TINAPRO window and
observed its output on the virtual CRO.

QUIZ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q.1What is rectifier?

Ans. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification.

Q.2 What is half wave rectifier?

Ans. In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the
AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked.

Q.3 Relate input frequency and the output frequencies of a half wave rectifier and a full wave
rectifier?
Ans.In half-wave rectification, we get pulsating output for half cycle only.Therefore
output ripple frequency is same as the input frequency. But in full wave rectification we get
output for both half cycle. Hence the output at ripple frequency is full-wave rectification is
double the input frequency.

Q.4 What is the application of rectifier?

Ans.The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply. Virtually

all electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of virtually
all electronic equipment.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Q.5 What do you mean by forward biased?

Ans. When +ve terminal of battery is connected to P side & -ve terminal to N side of diode.

Q.6 What do you mean by reverse biased?

Ans. When +ve terminal of battery is connected to N side & -ve terminal to P side of diode.

Q.7 Define Knee voltage.

Ans. The forward voltage at which current through the junction starts increasing rapidly.

Q.8 Define breakdown voltage.

Ans. Reverse voltage at which PN junction breaks down with sudden rise in reverse current.

Q.9 Define max. Forward current.

Ans. It is highest instantaneous forward current that a PN junction can conduct without
damage to Junction.

Q.10 What is the difference between active and passive components?

Ans. Passive elements don't require power from the supply to produce its effect on a signal.
They derive the power of the input signal to perform its action. for example, a resistor doesn't
require a separate supply to provide its action of resistance in a circuit. Where as in active
elements there should be a power source for its working. They require a supply for there
working.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:3
AIM: Design a full wave centre tapped rectifier using TINAPRO & its output on a
virtualoscilloscope.

APPARATUS: PC installed with TINAPRO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROGRAM:

*FULL
WAVE
rectifier Vin
2 0 sin(0
230V
50HZ)
RL 5 4 1000
RS 2 1 10
L1 1 0 2000
L2 3 4 10
L3 4 0 10
K1 L1 L2 L3 0.99
D1 0 5 D1N4009
D2 3 5 D1N4009
.model D1N4009 D(Is=544.7E-21 N=1 Rs=.1 Ikf=0 Xti=3 Eg=1.11 Cjo=4p M=.3333
+ Vj=.75 Fc=.5 Isr=30.77n Nr=2 Bv=25 Ibv=100u Tt=2.885n)
.tran 0.2ms 200ms
.probe
.end
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

RESULT:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the full wave rectifier using TINAPRO
window and observed its output on the virtual CRO.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:4

AIM:-To study the Positive CLIPPER circuit on TINA software.

COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:-

Computer system installed with TINA software.

THEORY:-

Clipper clip off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining waveform. In the
positive clipper the input waveform above Vref is slipped off. If Vref=0V, the entire positive half
of the input waveform is clipped off.

Plot of input Vi (along X-axis) versus output (along Y-axis) called transfer characteristic of the
circuit can also be used to study the working of the clippers. For stiff clipper; 100RB < <0.01RL,
Where RB is bulk resistance of the diode. Series resistor RS must be 100 times greater than bulk
resistance R Band 100 times smaller than load resistance RL.

If RB=30, Select RS=1k and RL=100k.

CIRCUIT:-

WAVEFORM:-

INPUT:-
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

OUTPUT:-

RESULT:-Characteristics for positive clipper circuits were observed successfully.

 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:5

AIM:-To study Negative CLIPPER circuit on TINA software.

COMPONENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:-

Computer system installed with TINA software.

THEORY:-

Clipper clip off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining waveform. In the
Negative clipper the input waveform above Vref is slipped off. If Vref=0V, the entire Negative
half of the input waveform is clipped off.

For stiff clipper; 100RB < <0.01RL, Where RB is bulk resistance of the diode. Series resistor RS
must be 100 times greater than bulk resistance R Band 100 times smaller than load resistance
RL.

If RB=30, Select RS=1k and RL=100k.

CIRCUIT:-

WAVEFORM:-

INPUT:-
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

OUTPUT:-

Input & Output:-

RESULT:-Characteristics for negative clipper circuits were observed successfully.

 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:6

AIM: Convert the power supply circuit into PCB & simulates its 2D & 3D view.

APPARATUS: PC installed with TINAPRO.

THEORY:

Creating a PCB for the circuit simulated in the software involves certain basic steps.

Setting and checking footprint names:

To achieve an accurate PCB design, one that is easy to build, every part in your
schematic must have a physical representation with exact physical size. This is realized
through so-called footprints: drawings showing the outline and the pins of the parts.
Default footprint names to all parts are already defined that represent real components.
Some parts used for theoretical investigations, controlled sources, for example, do not
represent real physical parts and cannot be placed on a PCB. If your design contains such
components, you should replace them with real physical parts.
Of course there is no guarantee that the default physical packages parts are the same
as neededby your design.

There are two ways to check this.

1) You can use “Footprint name editor”, which you can invoke from Tools menu. In
thisdialog you can see all of components and their corresponding footprint names.

2) The second way to examine the assigned footprints is to double-click on each part
and checkthe Footprint Name in the component property dialog that appears.

2D/3D view checking:

After completing the checking of the footprint names check the 2D/3D shape by clicking
the 2D/3D view button or the F6 key. Unless a component is only meaningful for
analysis, it will have a 3D view. If the physical part association is OK, we can begin the
PCB layout design.

PCB Designing :
To begin PCB design, select the “PCB Design” command on the Tools menu. Set the
parameters as required. Select “Start New Project,” “Auto placement”and“Use board
template.” With the Browse button find and select the 2layer_A.tpt template file from
Template folder. When starting with a template, you are choosing the level of
manufacturing complexity of your project. The following three levels of manufacturing
technology are defined by the IPC-2221 generic standard:
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Level A : General Design Complexity

Level B : Moderate Design Complexity

Level C : High Design Complexity

The template file specifies the number of layers, including their properties, system grid
size, autorouter settings, spacing and track width.

In choosing a PCB template, you should take into consideration technology, density,
and package pitch.To complete the set up, set the PCB size in inches or mm depending
on the measurement unit settings in the View/Options dialog .Now that everything is set
properly press the OK button and the PCB layout design will appear with all the
components automatically placed on the PCB board. While all the parts and nets are
placed, we need to adjust their positions for good placement and easier routing.

Press F4 to reach the Net Editor and set net routing width. First, click on
“Modify all” and enter 12.5 into “Track width” field. Then select power nets
(Ground, VCC, -VCC)
and set their width to 25mil. To automatically route the PCB, press the F5 button or
select“Autoroute board”command from the Tools menu.

Finally, check your design in full 3D. Press F3 or select 3D View from the View menu.
After some calculation, 3D view appears on the screen.

Lastly take the print out of the PCB generated on the trace paper to develop the PCB in
hardwarelab.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have obtained the print of the power supply PCB to develop
the PCB in hardware lab.

QUIZ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q.1What do you mean by2D/3D view checking?

Ans. 2D/3D view checking: After completing the checking of the footprint names check
the 2D/3D shape by clicking the 2D/3D view button or the F6 key. Unless a component
is only meaningful for analysis, it will have a 3D view. If the physical part association is
OK, we can begin the PCB layout design.

Q.2What’s role Tina play in Integrated PCB design?

Ans. The new fully integrated layout module of TINA has all the features you need for
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

advanced PCB design, including multilayer PCB's with split power plane layers,
powerful auto placement & auto routing, rip-up and reroute, manual and "follow-me"
trace placement, DRC, forward and back annotation, pin and gate swapping, keep-in and
keep-out areas, copper pour, thermal relief, fan out, 3D view of your PCB design from
any angle, Gerber file output and much more.

Q.3What is PCB printing using screen printing?

Ans. Screen printing techniques actually the process that patterns the metal conductor to
form thecircuit.

Q.4What do you mean by PCB fabrication process?

Ans. This PCB fabrication process involves a multistep integration of imaging

materials, imaging equipment, and processing conditions with the metallization process
to reduce themaster pattern on a substrate.

Q5 What is Patterning (etching)?

Ans.The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper
over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a "blank PCB") then
removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask (e.g., by etching), leaving
only the desired copper traces.

Q.6 What is Silk screen?

Ans. Silk screen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil. Subsequent
etching removes the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink may be conductive, printed
on a blank (non- conductive) board. The latter technique is also used in the manufacture
of hybrid circuits.
Q.7What is Photoengraving?

Ans. Photoengraving uses a photo mask and developer to selectively remove a

photoresist coating. The remaining photoresist protects the copper foil. Subsequent etching
removes the unwanted copper. The photomask is usually prepared with aphotoplotter from data
produced by a technician using CAM, or computer-aided manufacturing software. Laser-printed
transparencies are typically employed for phototools; however, direct laser imaging techniques
are being employed to replace phototools for high-resolution requirements.

Q.8 What is PCB milling?

 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Ans. PCB milling uses a two or three-axis mechanical milling system to mill away the copper
foil from the substrate. A PCB milling machine (referred to as a 'PCB Prototyper') operates in a
similar way to a plotter, receiving commands from the host software that control the position of
the milling head in the x, y, and (if relevant) z axis.

Q.9 What material is used for Chemical etching?

Ans. Chemical etching is done with ferric chloride, ammonium persulfate, or sometimes
hydrochloric acid.

Q.10 What is lamination?

Ans. Lamination: Some PCBs have trace layers inside the PCB and are called multi-layer PCBs.
These are formed by bonding together separately etched thin boards.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:7

AIM: Introduction of the materials required for the fabrication of PCB’s

THEORY:

The designer as well as manufactures prefers to use both the imperial as well as no
imperialsystem of units.The most important to remember is:
1mil = inch
by 1000
1mil= 25.4
micron
1micron= 1mm by 1000Tracks on a PCB add inductance, resistance and
capacitance to the circuit.

INDUCTANCE:
The amount of inductance is relatively constant across substrate types and depends on
the lengthof track. The inductance per unit length of copper track is similar to that for a
component lead.

RESISTANCE:
Resistance of the track depends on the cross-sectional area of the track as well as
the length,hence values are usually quoted in resistance per square for each weight
of copper the most popular copper weight,1 oz., gives a typical value of
0.49mΩ/square.

CAPACITANCE:

A=coverage area
H=distance
between tracks

Therefore a 1 oz. copper track, .5mm (0.020 “) wide, 20 mm (.8“) long over a ground plane on a
.25 mm (.010”) thick FR4 laminate would exhibit a resistance of 9.8mΩ, an inductance
of 20nH,and a capacitive coupling to ground of 1.66 pF. These values may seem like
low and negligible but when we talk of so many track then these values add up. These
parasitic effects areunder designers control very much like components values. There are
other design constraints like production, marketing cost etc. Some important tables are
given here for the ready reference and handy, fast calculations.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

CONCLUSION:

The availability of the copper plate of the proper size is the first and foremost
requirement for the making of the PCB.In addition to it, you also require the precision
high speed cutter blade for the fine and précised cutting of these copper plates to the
required size. There can be the manual drilling machine for the drilling of the holes for
components to be placed or the automatic plant as to the availability of the resources at
your hand. There is the list of other equipment to add this like a personal computer
printer, saw, scale, photo plotter, screen printing facility, chemicals, chemical treatment
plant for the exposing and lamination of the PCB.

QUIZ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q.1 What is PCB printing using screen printing?

Ans. Screen printing techniques actually the process that patterns the metal conductor to
form thecircuit.

Q.2What do you mean by PCB fabrication process?

Ans. This PCB fabrication process involves a multistep integration of imaging

materials, imaging equipment, and processing conditions with the metallization process
to reduce themaster pattern on a substrate.

Q.3 What is Solder resist?

Ans. Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with a polymer solder resist.

Q.4 What is Copper thickness?

Ans.Copper thickness of PCBs can be specified in units of length, but is often

specified as weight of copper per square foot, in ounces, which is easier to measure.
Each ounce of copper is approximately 1.4 mils (0.0014 inch) or 35 μm of thickness.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Q.5 What material used for PCB fabrication process?

Ans.These new materials include eco-friendly FR polymers, ultra-fine PCB substrate

yarns, thermally enhanced substrates, halogen-free LCPs, as well as flex circuit
materials.

Q.6 What is Silver Conductive Inks?

Ans.These silver conductive inks are formulated for use in printed electronics, to meet
the need for low-cost processing in touchscreens and OLEDs.

Q.7 What is Patterning (etching)?

Ans.The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper
over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a "blank PCB") then
removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask (e.g., by etching), leaving
only the desired copper traces.

Q.8 What is Silk screen?

Ans. Silk screen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil. Subsequent
etching removes the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink may be conductive, printed
on a blank (non- conductive) board. The latter technique is also used in the manufacture
of hybrid circuits.

Q.9 What material is used for Chemical etching?

Ans. Chemical etching is done with ferric chloride, ammonium persulfate, or sometimes
hydrochloric acid.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

EXPERIMENT NO:8

AIM: Development of PCB in hardware lab.

APPARATUS:

1) PCB art work film maker NV180

2) Artwork table NV181
3) PCB shearing machine NV182
4) Photo resist dip coating machine NV183
5) UV exposure unit NV184
6) Dye tank NV185
7) Development tank NV186
8) PCB etching machine NV187
9) Drill machine NV188

ACCESORIES:

1) Tray
2) Brush
3) PCB Laminate
4) Spray
5) Hand gloves

THEORY:

The development of the PCB involves following steps.

1) PCB printing using screen printing

2) Etching of the PCB
3) Drilling of PCB.
4) Coating of etched PCB to protect it from oxidation.

PCB printing using screen printing:

Screen printing techniques actually the process that patterns the metal conductor to
form the circuit. This PCB fabrication process involves a multistep integration of
imaging materials, imaging equipment, and processing conditions with the
metallization process to reduce the master pattern on a substrate. Screen printing is
considered as the most versatile of all printingprocesses as it can be done on wide
variety of substrates of any shape, thickness and size. The screen printing process is
simple, and a wide variety of inks and dyes are available for use in screen printing
than for use in any other printing process.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Etching of the PCB:

The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of the unwanted copper which
is not protected by an electric resist. FeCl3 solution is popularly used etching solution.
FeCl3 powder will remove the copper from the unprotected part of the PCB. After
removing the PCB it is dried for some time.

Drilling of PCB:

After etching of the PCB the next step is to drill the PCB for the interconnection of the
various components on the PCB. The drill hole is having a diameter of generally one
mm but the resistance sometimes require 1.5mm diameter. The drilling of the PCB is
very important in termsof the working of the PCB hence the drilling is done by drilling
machine of large precision and accuracy.

Coating of etched PCB to protect it from oxidation:

Since the upper layer of the PCB is a copper clad material which gets oxidised when
comes in contact with the environment that affects the performance of the PCB. Hence
the copper layer iscoated with the laminates that are basically an insulator, to protect
the Etched PCB to get oxidized.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take 50 ml water in a beaker and add 3 gm of sensitizer powder to it.

2. Add 50 ml water to sensitizer solution to make 100 ml solution.

3. Take 10 ml screen coating solution and add 10 drops of sensitizer solution to it.

3. Cut the Light Sensitive film as per the size of PCB layout. Arrange the film
and on PCB screen Printing Unit.

4. Coat the Light Sensitive film on the screen with the Squeeze and dry the screen in
the curingmachine for 5 minutes. Remove the plastic paper from film and dry it again
for 5 minutes.

5. Take the print of PCB layout on the plotting paper and place it on UV
exposure such that solder side is in contact with glass.

6. Place screen then Rubber sheet and then weight.

7. Develop the screen by spraying water from 1 feet and dry the screen for 15
minutes in theopen air.
 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

8. Mount the Screen with the help of clamp on PCB Screen Printing Unit and cut it
with the helpof shearing machine

9. PlacePCB Laminate to print and pour the ink inside the screen.

10. Pour 7 ltr water in the tank and add 2kg Ferric Chloride and stir it.

11. Mount the PCB on the clamp of Dipping Arrangement and dip the PCB on
clamp from theopening of cover plate.

12. Drill the PCB with appropriate size of drill bit.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have developed the PCB in the hardware Lab.

QUIZ QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q.1What’s role Tina play in Integrated PCB design?

Ans. The new fully integrated layout module of TINA has all the features you need for
advanced PCB design, including multilayer PCB's with split power plane layers,
powerful autoplacement & autorouting, rip-up and reroute, manual and "follow-me"
trace placement, DRC, forward and back annotation, pin and gate swapping, keep-in and
keep-out areas, copper pour, thermal relief, fanout, 3D view of your PCB design from
any angle, Gerber file output and much more.

Q.2What is PCB printing using screen printing?

Ans. Screen printing techniques actually the process that patterns the metal conductor to
form thecircuit.

Q.3What do you mean by PCB fabrication process?

Ans. This PCB fabrication process involves a multistep integration of imaging

materials, imaging equipment, and processing conditions with the metallization process
to reduce themaster pattern on a substrate.

Q.4Which Screen printing is most versatile?

Ans.Screen printing is considered as the most versatile of all printing processes as it can
be done on wide variety of substrates of any shape, thickness and size. The screen
printing process is simple, and a wide variety of inks and dyes are available for use in
screen printing than for use inany other printing process.

Q.5What do you mean by Etching of the PCB?

 Institute of Engineering & Technology DHSGU Sagar

Ans.The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of the unwanted copper
which is not protected by an electric resist. FeCl3 solution is popularly used etching
solution. FeCl3 powder will remove the copper from the unprotected part of the PCB.
After removing the PCB it is dried for some time.

Q.6What do you mean by Drilling of PCB?

Ans.After etching of the PCB the next step is to drill the PCB for the interconnection of
the various components on the PCB. The drill hole is having a diameter of generally one
mm but the resistance sometimes require 1.5mm diameter. The drilling of the PCB is
very important in terms of the working of the PCB hence the drilling is done by drilling
machine of large precision and accuracy.