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Statistics in Engineering

The document discusses the application of statistics in various fields, particularly engineering, highlighting its role in decision making, data analysis, and optimization. It covers basic concepts of probability, including definitions, formulas, and rules, as well as practical examples of calculating probabilities. Additionally, it outlines specific applications of statistics in civil and electrical engineering, emphasizing its importance in design, risk assessment, and quality control.

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sameer siddiqui
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2 views

Statistics in Engineering

The document discusses the application of statistics in various fields, particularly engineering, highlighting its role in decision making, data analysis, and optimization. It covers basic concepts of probability, including definitions, formulas, and rules, as well as practical examples of calculating probabilities. Additionally, it outlines specific applications of statistics in civil and electrical engineering, emphasizing its importance in design, risk assessment, and quality control.

Uploaded by

sameer siddiqui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics in Engineering

Statistics is a very powerful tool that can be applied to different domains of study like engineering,
management, finance, scientific research, banking, economics, mathematics, astronomy, banking,
meteorology, industries and businesses. Statistics is a proven tool for decision making encompassing a
wide range of sectors. It can handle enormous data very effectively, manipulate it for user
requirements such that users can draw required conclusions for decision making. Most basic concepts
of statistics such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, regression as well as advanced analysis
tools such as Monte Carlo analysis, design of experiments, six sigma, z-test, t-test, Kruskal Wallis
variance analysis, chi-square test etc are being widely used across different domains to find first hand
solutions to problems, decision making, optimisation, planning and scheduling and data analysis.
Engineering also finds widespread applications of statistics in different domains such as production
planning, quality control and management, process control, measurement system error analysis,
robustness analysis, risk assessment etc.

Some methods of statistics used in engineering

Statistical methods used in engineering include Descriptive Statistics for data summarisation,
Inferential Statistics for hypothesis testing, Regression Analysis for modelling relationships, Probability
Theory for risk assessment, and Stochastic Modelling for understanding random variations.

Statistics in engineering mathematics

Statistics in engineering mathematics is the application of statistical methods and principles to address,
analyse and solve problems in engineering. It involves the collection, analysis, interpretation,
presentation and understanding of data related to engineering processes and phenomena.

Applications of statistics in civil engineering

Statistics in civil engineering is used in areas such as design, construction, and maintenance of
structures. It helps to model uncertainties, quantify risk, optimise resources, and perform feasibility
studies and quality control.

Applications of statistics in electrical engineering

Statistics in electrical engineering are applied in areas like signal processing, system identification,
communication theory and network modelling. It is used to analyse system reliability, predict
performance, and optimise designs.

Basic Concepts of Probability


Probability is defined as the likelihood of the occurrence of any event. Probability is expressed as a
number between 0 and 1, where, 0 is the probability of an impossible event and 1 the probability of a
sure event. On Basic Concepts of Probability, we will learn to predict Probability for an event likelihood
and ranges from zero to one. It extends to distribution, which shows potential outcomes for random
experiments. To find probability, determine the total possible outcomes.

Probability Definition
Probability is a measure of how likely it is for an event to occur. Many events cannot be predicted with
complete certainty, but we can use probability to estimate their likelihood. Probability is the measure
of the likelihood that an event will occur. It is quantified as a number between 0 and 1.

Probability of an Event

The probability of an event E, denoted by P(E), is a number between 0 and 1 that represents the
likelihood of E occurring.

• If P(E) = 0, the event E is impossible.

• If P(E) = 1, the event E is certain to occur.

• If 0 < P(E) < 1, the event E is possible but not guaranteed.

Note: The sum of the probabilities of all events in a sample space is always equal to 1.

For example: When we toss a coin, there are only two possible outcomes: Heads (H) or Tails (T).
However, if we toss two coins simultaneously, there will be four possible outcomes: (H, H), (H, T), (T,
H), and (T, T).

Sample Space and Event

• Sample Space and Events Sample Space: The sample space, often denoted by S, is the set of
all possible outcomes of an experiment. For example, when rolling a six-sided die, the sample
space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

• Event: An event is any subset of the sample space. It represents a specific outcome or a
combination of outcomes. For example, rolling an even number E = {2, 4, 6}) is an event in the
context of rolling a die.

Formula for Probability

Probability formula is defined as the ratio of the number of favourable outcomes and the total number
of outcomes.

Probability of Event P(E) = Number of Favourable Outcomes/Total Number of Outcomes

Basic Probability Rules

• Addition Rule: P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B), where A∪B denotes the union of events A and
B.

• Multiplication Rule for Independent Events: P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B), where A and B are
independent events.

• Complement Rule: P(A ′) = 1 – P(A), where ′ A ′ denotes the complement of event A.

Applications of Probability

Probability has a wide variety of applications in real life. Some of the common applications of
probability which we see in our everyday life while checking the results of the following events:

• Choosing a card from the deck of cards

• Flipping a coin
• Throwing a dice in the air

• Pulling a red ball out of a bucket of red and white balls

• Winning a lucky draw

Examples on Probability

Example 1: There are 6 pillows in a bed, 3 are red, 2 are yellow and 1 is blue. What is the probability
of picking a yellow pillow?

Solution:

Probability is equal to the number of yellow pillows in the bed divided by the total number of pillows,
i.e.

2/6 = 1/3

Example 2: There is a container full of coloured bottles, red, blue, green and orange. Some of the
bottles are picked out and displaced. Sumit did this 1000 times and got the following results:

• No. of blue bottles picked out: 300

• No. of red bottles: 200

• No. of green bottles: 450

• No. of orange bottles: 50

a) What is the probability that Sumit will pick a green bottle?

For every 1000 bottles picked out, 450 are green.

Therefore,

P(green) = 450/1000 = 0.45

b) If there are 100 bottles in the container, how many of them are likely to be green?

Experiment implies that 450 out of 1000 bottles are green.

Therefore,

Out of 100 bottles, 45 are green.

Example 3: Find the probability of ‘getting 3 on rolling a die’.

Solution:

Sample Space = S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Total number of outcomes = n(S) = 6

Let A be the event of getting 3.

Number of favourable outcomes = n(A) = 1

i.e. A = {3}
Probability, P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 1/6

Hence, P(getting 3 on rolling a die) = 1/6

Example 4: A vessel contains 4 blue balls, 5 red balls and 11 white balls. If three balls are drawn from
the vessel at random, what is the probability that the first ball is red, the second ball is blue, and the
third ball is white?

Solution:

Probability to get the first ball is red or the first event is 5/20

Since we have drawn a ball for the first event to occur, then the number of possibilities left for the
second event to occur is 20 – 1 = 19

Hence, the probability of getting the second ball as blue or the second event is 4/19

Again, with the first and second event occurring, the number of possibilities left for the third event to
occur is 19 – 1 = 18

And the probability of the third ball is white or the third event is 11/18

Therefore, the probability is 5/20 x 4/19 x 11/18 = 44/1368 = 0.032

We can express it as: P = 3.2%.

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