Scribd
Upload
11 views

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of Biomedical Signal Processing (BSP), highlighting its focus on extracting useful information from biological signals for medical diagnosis and therapy. It discusses various types of signals, including continuous and discrete, periodic and aperiodic, as well as deterministic and random signals, along with the stages of BSP and the importance of data acquisition. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of understanding signal characteristics and the impact of sampling rates on signal representation.

Uploaded by

cbjr0096
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of Biomedical Signal Processing (BSP), highlighting its focus on extracting useful information from biological signals for medical diagnosis and therapy. It discusses various types of signals, including continuous and discrete, periodic and aperiodic, as well as deterministic and random signals, along with the stages of BSP and the importance of data acquisition. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of understanding signal characteristics and the impact of sampling rates on signal representation.

Uploaded by

cbjr0096
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Biomedical Signal

Processing (19ECE455)
Dr Gayathri R Prabhu
Signal

• Any function that


conveys information
o Could be a function of
time, frequency or space
and so on
• Examples include
o 1D – Speech, EEG, ECG
o 2D – X-ray, CT scan
o 3D - Videos
Biomedical signals

• Signals that are measured or monitored from


biological beings

• Helps to understand the underlying


physiological mechanisms of a biological
system
o Useful for medical diagnosis
Biomedical signal processing
• Deals with innovative applications of signal processing
methods in biomedical signals
o Through various creative integrations of the method with
biomedical knowledge

• Main goal is
o To Extract useful information from various biological signals
to improve diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation in
diseased patients
4 stages in BSP

• To capture the signal • To eliminate or • To identify and • Or in other words,


and encode in a form reduce other measure a small decision making
suitable for processing components such number of
• Major concern : Avoid as noise from signal parameters that
losing information • Often using linear best characterizes
about signal filters the information of
interest in the signal
Data acquisition

• Electrodes : enable an electrically


conductive connection between the
examined body part with the measuring
system

• Sensors : to detect the presence or


concentration of a biological analyte
such as biomolecule, biological
structure or a microorganism
Signal artifacts
• Any unwanted interference which alters the accuracy
of the reading obtained
o Lot of these artifacts tend to have frequencies quite like the
desired bio-signals often with a greater amplitude
• Artifact removal requires
o Knowledge of the signal: Understanding the biomedical
processes
o Identifying the artifacts: Noise, movement, electrical
interference, or physiological artifacts
o Selecting and applying suitable methods to meet these
needs
To meet our goal,
• Understand how we could represent signals
• Different processes or operations on signals
• Systems and their properties
• Transforms Unit 1 – Review of Signal
• Power spectral density processing
• Filters
• Understanding biomedical signals
o Origin and their characteristics
Continuous time vs Discrete time signals
• Continuous signal – signals that are defined and exist for every
value of time within a given interval, x(t)
• Discrete signal - defined only at specific, separate points in time,
rather than being continuous over a range, x[n]
Bio-signals are continuous in nature
• Biomedical signals can be considered both continuous and
discrete, depending on how they are measured and analyzed
o Biomedical signals such as ECG (electrocardiogram), EEG
(electroencephalogram), and EMG (electromyogram) are inherently
continuous.
o Heartbeat signals, brainwave activity, and muscle activity are all
continuous in nature
Bio-signals in discrete
form

• When biomedical signals are captured by


sensors and recorded by digital devices,
they are sampled at specific intervals,
converting them into discrete signals.
o An ECG signal recorded at a sampling
rate of 500 Hz would consist of discrete
values representing the amplitude of the
signal at each time step
Points to note:

Sampling Rate: The choice of sampling rate determines how closely the
discrete signal represents the continuous signal. A higher sampling rate
provides a more accurate representation.

Most biomedical signal processing is performed on discrete signals, as


they are easier to analyze using digital computers.
Periodic and Aperiodic signals

• A signal is periodic if it repeats itself at regular


intervals over time.
o Repetition
o Time period
o Frequency
• A signal is aperiodic if it does not repeat itself
over time.
o Do not exhibit a regular, repeating pattern.
o Finite or Infinite Duration
Periodic bio-signals
• Signals associated with physiological processes that occur in
cycles.
• Few examples:
o ECG - represents the electrical activity of the heart as it beats. It is
periodic because the heart beats in a regular, rhythmic manner.
o Respiratory signal - represent the expansion and contraction of the chest
and abdomen during breathing. It is periodic since breathing is a cyclic
process.
Aperiodic bio-signals
• Signals that arise from irregular, transient, or random
physiological processes.
• Few examples:
o Electroencephalogram (EEG) in Response to Stimuli- are transient and do
not repeat periodically. These responses vary depending on the type and
timing of the stimulus.
o Electromyogram (EMG) records the electrical activity of muscles during
contraction. Typically, aperiodic because muscle contractions occur in
response to voluntary or reflex actions, which are not regular and can vary
in intensity and duration.
Deterministic and random signals
• A deterministic signal is one that can be precisely described by a
mathematical expression, algorithm, or model.
o Predictability
o No Uncertainty
o Reproducibility
• Random signals is one whose values cannot be exactly predicted
and are instead described by probabilistic terms.
o Unpredicability
o Statistical description
o Inherent noise
Task for 16/08/2024
• List out a few examples of biomedical signals that are
deterministic or random

• Brush up your basics on operations on signals


Periodic or Aperiodic
• X(t) = sin(2*pi*20*t)
• X(t) = u(t)
• X[n] = sin(20*pi*n)
• X[n] = sin(20n)
• X(t)= cos(20*pi*t) + sin(30*pi*t)
• X[n] = (.5)^n
• X(t) = sin(2*pi*20*t) * u(t)

You might also like