AI224: Operating Systems — Lab 2

Dr. Karim Lounis

Jan-Jun 2024

Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 1 / 27

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Java (Platform) & Java Programming Language1

Named after the Java island in Indonesia, known for its tasty coffee.

1
Wanna learn Java, check out this link:
https://www.w3schools.com/java/default.asp
Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 2 / 27
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Java Platform (Java)

Java Platform. Is a set of computer software used for developing cross-
platform application software. Java’s main components are:
Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Provides runtime environment in which
Java bytecode can be executed (loads, verifies, & executes).
JVM is platform dependent. It runs in the background.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Is the component that creates
the JVM and its dependencies (JVM + runtime libraries).
JRE is platform dependent. Minimum requirement to run Java code
Java Development Kit (JDK). Groups the JRE and some develop-
ment tools (e.g., Compiler, Debugger, JavaDoc, ...).
JDK is platform dependent. Minimum requirement to write, debug, and run
Java code (Clojure, Groovy, Scala, JRuby, and Jython)
Used in a variety of platforms (embedded, mobile, supercomputer, etc).
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Java Programming Language (∼ Programs for all OSs)

Java Programming Language. Is an object-oriented, class-based, high-level,
WORA, portable, and secure programming language.

Created in 1995 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.

Initially released as a proprietary, then under GPL-2.0 license (2007).
Now owned and maintained by Oracle corporation since 2010.
Runs on everything, from laptops to data centers, game consoles to
scientific supercomputers (you just need a JVM for that platform).
Top 4 programming languages according to TIOBE Index (2023).
It is simple, platform-independent, OOP, reliable, multi-threaded, applets-
capable, secure, and preprocessor-free (i.e., no header files required).
Used to develop Java applications (Desktop-apps, web-apps, business-
apps, distributed-app, mobile-apps, games, etc) and applets.
Has a very rich API (packages) compared to other languages.
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How Does Java Work?

There are three types of programming languages:
[Faster] Compiler-based Languages. The source code is compiled
once to produce the executable (ready for execution).
C, C++, C, Erlang, Haskell, Rust, Go, . . .
[Slower] Interpreter-based Languages. The source code is read by
an interpreter, which translates it into machine code to run.
PHP, Ruby, Python, bash, HTML, JavaScript, . . .
[Both] Hybrid Languages. The source code is compiled into a platform-
independent bytecode. The bytecode is then translated into machine
code to run on a specific platform. E.g., Java, Scala, . . ..
Programs written in compiled-based languages execute and directly interact with
the OS. Also, the interpreter-based languages are executed and interact with the
OS through their interpreter. Java programs, however, interact with OS thru JVM.
☞ Another classification: General purpose Vs Special purpose PLs.
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How Does Java Work?

A Java program (.java) is compiled to a Java bytecode (.class) — machine-
independent representation (error-free), using a Java compiler (javac).
The bytecode is then executed by an interpreter, the Java Virtual Machine.

The bytecode can be executed on any computer architecture that has the
proper JVM for that architecture. The price to pay is a slower execution.
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How Does Java Work?

☞ To use Java (write, compile, and execute), you need to download and
install the suitable JDK for your operating system (JRE if execution only).

Go to https://www.java.com/fr/download/manual.jsp, or
On GNU/Linux, run $sudo apt install default-jdk

☞ Then, you can check the installation using $java -version.

☞ Set the Path: So that the system knows where to find the compiler
(javac) and the JVM (java). Under GNU/Linux, it is automatically set.
☞ Use a text editor (e.g., nano, gedit, notepad, etc) and start writing
your Java source code.
You may use IDEs (NetBeans, Eclipse, JEdit, etc) to write, compile, and
execute Java code (All in one). It is easier and faster, but not legacy.

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How Does Java Work (“Hello, World!”)?

Open a text editor, and write the following Java code:

$javac Main.java (compile to bytecode)

$ls (listing current directory)
Main.class (created bytecode)
Main.java (original Java source file)
$java Main (interpret and execute)
Hello, Wolrd! (our output)
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Overview: Java Programming Language

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Java Fundamental Data Types

Java has 10 fundamental types (called primitives):
I. Numerical Types:
Integrals: byte (8 bits), short (16 bits), int (32 bits), & long (64 bits).
Floating points: float (32 bits) and double (64 bits).
II. Non-numerical Types:
characters: char (16 bits). It uses Unicode.
Booleans: boolean (ture | false).
Nothing: void.
Strings: String. E.g., “Operating Systems”.
All types are guaranteed to have an initial value. There exists a default
value for all these types (i.e., automatically assigned).
☞ Jave does not have pointers (cannot directly access addresses as in C).
Of course, it has LinkedLists, ArrayLists, HashMaps, and HashSets.
Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 10 / 27
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Java Variables and Literals

Variables are declared by specifying their type, name, [and initialization].

Integers can be written in decimal, hexadecimal, octal, and long forms:

The floating points are double by default:

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Java Variables and Literals

Characters are specified with the standard C notation, with extensions for
Unicode values:

Booleans can take two possible values:

Constants are declared with keyword final:

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Java Expressions
Arithmetic. +, -, /, *, and %.
int z = (((x - y) * 3) / 2) % 5;
int a +=5; int b *=3; b++; ++c;
Bit level. Used to deal with bites:
& for binary AND.
| for binary OR.
∼ for complement.
<< for left shifting.
>> for right shifting.
Relational. ==, !=, <, >, <=, and >= (Returning booleans).
Logical. There are three operators:
&& for logical AND.
|| for logical OR.
! for negation.
Strings. There are many. E.g., s1 + s2 is used to concatenate two
strings s1 and s2, and s1.equal(s2) to check their equality.
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Java Control Structures (Same as in C/C++)

Conditional Statements:
If (Condition) { Action };.
If (Condition) Action;.
If (Condition) { Action 1 } else { Action 2};.
If (Cnd1) { Act1 } else if (Cnd2) { Act2 } else { Act3};
The loops:
while (Condition) { Action };.
for (init val; Condition; step val) { Action;}.
switch(var){ case 1: Act 1; ... default Act; break;}.

Note: continue and break in loop-if.

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Java Arrays

Arrays are used to store a number of elements of the same type:

An array is an object. You can get its attributes or call a method on it.

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Java Arrays

The main method has to be defined as follows:

public static void main(String[] args){ . . . }

The argument is an array of Strings. The i-th passed-parameter is:

args[i]

We can restrict a program to only take three arguments:

if(args.length != 3) System.exit(0);

Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 16 / 27

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Classes in Java
A Java class is a template for objects. It is defined using the class keyword
and a name: class House { . . . }.
A class contains attributes and methods.
Then, we can create instances of the class (i.e., objects) using new:
House H1 = new House();
House H2 = new House();
H3 = new House();
A Constructor can be used to create a customized instance of a given class.
It is a void-returning method that holds the same name as the class:
H1 = new House("90 Virginia Street", "K7K5Y4", "Lounis");
A Java class contains instance variables and methods (functions in C):
H1.address; — this is an attribute
H2.owner; — this is an attribute
H3.AddTanent();— this is a method
Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 17 / 27
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Classes in Java
Here is an example of creating an instance book of the class Books using
its customized constructor:

The default constructor is implicit. You can use it when no customized

constructor is defined.
Book Dr.
B2Karim
= Lounis
new Book(); AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 18 / 27
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Methods in Java
Is used to implement the messages that an instance (or class) can receive:

The method is called as: String s = B1.getInitials();

Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 19 / 27
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Methods in Java (Getters and Setters)

Given the variables of a class, you can create methods that can return
(Getters) or update (Setters) the values of those variables:

The method is called as: String s = B1.getInitials();

Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 20 / 27
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Java Public and Static Keywords

Static:
When you declare a variable or a method as static, it belongs to the class,
rather than a specific instance. It will be shared by all objects.
Also, a static method belongs to the class rather than instances. Thus, it
can be called without creating an instance of the class. It is used for altering
the static contents of the class.

E.g., A static variable could be used by multiple cooperative threads to

produce a final result.

Public:
Declares a member’s access as public. Public members are visible to all
other classes (i.e., can be updated by any other class if not final).

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Demo: Complex Number Class

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Java Inheritance

Inheritance allows defining a new class (subclass) by reusing another prewrit-

ten class (superclass), specifying just the difference.

Inheriting Method. New methods can be defined in the subclass.

If a method is called on the subclass, then the method is searched in that
subclass first, and if not found, it is searched higher up on the hierarchy.
☞ Once we do threads in course, we’re gonna have a lab that uses threads
by declaring a class that inherits from the prewritten Java Thread class.

Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 23 / 27

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Java Input/Output

In Java, there are two data streams: input and output. They can be byte
streams or character streams, buffered and non buffered:

Input. Is the stream used to get data from outside (e.g., keyboard,
network, files, etc). To read input from keyboard, do the following:

Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

String name = s.nextLine();
Output. Is the stream used to output data to the outside (e.g., display,
files, network, etc). To display message on the monitor, do this:

System.out.println("Message");
System.out.print("Message");

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Java Packages
A package is a structure in which classes can be organized (i.e., a folder).
The standard classes in the system are organized in packages. We can use
them after importing them using the keyword import, e.g.,:

import java.util.*; (import all classes)

import java.util.Scanner; (import Scanner only)
This imported package (here java.util) contains the class java.util.Date
which can be used to retrieve the current date and time.
The Java API constitutes a large library of prewritten packages and classes.
So, there are two types of packages:
Built-in Packages (packages from the Java API):
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/
User-defined Packages (create your own packages).
package mypackage;
Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 25 / 27
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Java Exceptions
The usual behavior on runtime errors is to abort the execution.

s="Hello"; System.out.println(s.charAt(13));
Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.StringIndexoutOfBoundsException:
String index out of range: 13
at java.lang.String.charAt(String.java:499)
at TestExceptions1.main(TestException1.java:11)

In Java, exceptions can be handled:

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Java Exceptions
The usual behavior on runtime errors is to abort the execution.
s="Hello"; System.out.println(s.charAt(13));
Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.StringIndexoutOfBoundsException:
String index out of range: 13
at java.lang.String.charAt(String.java:499)
at TestExceptions1.main(TestException1.java:11)
In Java, exceptions can be handled (Precisely):

Dr. Karim Lounis AI224: Operating Systems Jan-Jun 2024 27 / 27