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Chapter 14 OSCILLATION Physics Class 11th

The document discusses oscillation, particularly focusing on periodic motion, definitions related to it, and simple harmonic motion (SHM). It explains key concepts such as period, frequency, displacement, and the equations of motion for SHM, along with the differences between undamped and damped oscillations. Additionally, it covers free, forced, and resonant oscillations, providing examples for each type.

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25 views25 pages

Chapter 14 OSCILLATION Physics Class 11th

The document discusses oscillation, particularly focusing on periodic motion, definitions related to it, and simple harmonic motion (SHM). It explains key concepts such as period, frequency, displacement, and the equations of motion for SHM, along with the differences between undamped and damped oscillations. Additionally, it covers free, forced, and resonant oscillations, providing examples for each type.

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OSCILLATION
Chapter: - 14th

PHYSICS’
CLASS: - 11TH
Educationsource.in

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Chapter: - 14th
Oscillation
I. Periodic Motion: Periodic motion refers to any motion that repeats itself in regular
intervals of time.
Examples: -
• Simple Pendulum: A simple pendulum swinging to and fro. It takes the same
amount of time to move from one extreme to the other and back again.
• Vibrating String: When a string of a musical instrument (like a guitar or violin) is
plucked, it vibrates in a periodic manner, producing sound.
• Earth's Rotation: The Earth rotates on its axis approximately once every 24 hours,
making this a periodic motion.
• Heartbeat: The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle can be
considered a form of periodic motion.

II. Some Important Definitions Related to Periodic Motion


a) Period: - The smallest interval of time after which the motion is repeated in a
periodic motion is called its period. Its SI unit is second.

b) Frequency: - The number of repetitions at a point during a periodic motion, per


unit time is called frequency of the periodic motion. SI unit of frequency of
oscillation is hertz (Hz).
Frequency can also be defined as reciprocal of time period; it is denoted by ν.
Thus,
Frequency, ν = 𝟏⁄𝑻

c) Displacement: - The change in position with respect to mean position (or


equilibrium position) or reference position.
Example: -
• In a loaded spring, when a body is oscillating under the action of a spring,
the displacement variable is its deviation from the mean position of the
oscillation, with time.

• In a simple pendulum, the displacement variable is its angular deviation


from the vertical during oscillations, with time.

d) Angular frequency of a body executing periodic motion is equal to the product of


frequency of the body with factor 2π, i.e.,
Angular frequency, w=2πν or 𝟐𝝅⁄𝑻. SI unit of wo is rad/s.
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III. Simple Harmonic Motion
A special type of periodic motion in which a particle moves to and fro repeatedly
about a mean position under the influence of a restoring force is known as Harmonic
Motion (SHM).
This restoring force is always
directed toward the mean position and its
magnitude at any instant is directly
proportional to the displacement of the
particle from the mean position at that instant.
Consider a particle oscillating back and forth about the origin of an X-axis
between the limits +A and -A.
Displacement
x(t) = A cos (ωt + θ)

where, A, ω and θ are constants.


Here t = 0 (when particle at mean position)
And t =T (when it returns back)

Let at any instance the particle be at point P i.e., OP = x (displacement of the particle)
The restoring force F acting on the particle i.e., F = - kx

The negative sign shows that the restoring force F is always directed towards the
mean position.
S.I. Units: - N/m.

IV. Equations of motion of SHM


A simple harmonic motion may be mathematically
expressed by a single sinusoidal (sine or cosine) function
of time.
A simple harmonic motion may also be considered
as the projection of a uniform circular motion on any
diameter of the circle.
let us consider uniform circular motion in a plane
with constant angular velocity ω and let at an instant
time t the particle executing circular motion be at point P making an angle θ = ωt from
X-axis,
Then the projection of this circular motion along a diameter YY' is given by
y = A sin(ωt)
Projection along diameter XX' is given by
X = A Cos(ωt).
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V. Phase: -
It is a physical quantity which represents the state
of motion of particle (position and direction of
motion at any instant).
Y = A sin (ωt + θ)
Quantity (ωt + θ) represents phase angle at that
instant. Here, θ is phase constant and it is depending
upon the initial position and direction of velocity.

VI. Undamped and Damped Oscillations: -


• Undamped oscillations: - When a simple
harmonic system oscillates with a constant amplitude
which does not change with time, its oscillations are
called undamped oscillations.

• Damped oscillations: - When a simple harmonic


system oscillates with a decreasing amplitude
with time, its oscillations are called damped
oscillations.
The displacement of the damped oscillator is
given by
𝒃𝒕
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒆−𝟐𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

VII. Free Oscillation: - A system of capable of oscillating is said to be executing free


oscillations, if it vibrates with its own natural frequency without the help of any
external periodic force.
Example: - 1) Oscillation of tuning fork when struck on a rubber.
2) The oscillations of the bob of a simple pendulum when it is once displaced a little
from its mean position and left free, will be free oscillations.

Force Oscillations: - When a body oscillates with the help of an external periodic
force with a frequency different from the natural frequency of the body, its
oscillations are called forced oscillations.
Example: - The sound board of all stringed musical instruments like violin, sitar etc.
execute forced oscillations.

Resonant oscillations: - When a body oscillates with its own natural frequency ν,
with the help of an external periodic force whose frequency ν is equal to the natural
frequency of the body, the oscillations of the body are called resonant oscillations.
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