CHAPTER 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
g)Calculate the energy of photon emitted by and electron that produces a particular wavelength during transition using
Postulate 2
The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is
quantised.
It means that the electron at a certain distance from the
nucleus can only possess a specific amount of energy.
Postulate 3
At ordinary conditions, the electron is at the ground state (lowest energy level, n=1)
If energy is supplied, the electron absorbs sufficient amount of energy and is promoted to
the excited state (higher energy level).
This process is called excitation,
Postulate 4
Electron at the excited state is unstable and it falls back to the lower energy level.
The transition of electron from a higher energy level to lower energy level will release a
specific amount of energy in the form of light (photon).
Calculate the energy (in J) of an electron when it occupies a level
equivalent to the quantum number of n = 3 and n = 4
CONTINUOUS LINE
SPECTRUM SPECTRUM
If the white light is passed through a
slit and then passed through a glass
prism, series of colours is seen.
Answer:
Answer:
Energy released when electron drops from higher to lower energy level is a
radiation energy (photon) with specific frequency and wavelength
Answer:
Ionization Energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to remove an electron
from a gaseous atom or ion in its ground state
Eventually the line become so close to each other that merge at a point
(convergent limit/ continum limit) form continuous band
https://www.chemtube3d.com/orbitals-p/
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n) ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (ℓ)
● The value of n determines the size and energy of an atomic
● Also called azimuthal / subsidiary / orbital quantum number
orbital.
● ℓ = An integer from 0 to (n – 1) @ ℓ = (n – 1)
● The principal quantum number may have only positive integers:
● Indicates shape and type of orbital
n= 1,2,3……,∞
● n determine ℓ
When n = 1; ℓ = 0
ℓ = 0; m = 0 m ≠ –1
So, the combination is not allowed.
It should be
n=1; ℓ=0; m=0 or n=2; ℓ=1; m=-1
2.3 Electronic configuration
a)Explain Aufbau Principle, Hund’s Rule and Pauli Exclusion
Principle
b)Predict the electronic configuration of atoms and monoatomic
ions using spdf notation and orbital diagram
c)Explain the anomalous electronic configuration of copper and
chromium
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE PAULI EXCLUSION
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first and other PRINCIPLE
orbitals in order of increasing energy.
No two electrons in the same atom have the same four
quantum numbers
In other words,
HUND’S RULE
Most stable arrangement of electrons in orbital of a
subshell is the one with the greatest number of parallel
spin
Thus electrons fill each and all degenerate orbital
singly before they pair up.
Example question
Write the electron configuration of
K (Z = 19)
● The anomalous are explained on the basis that a fully filled or half-filled d orbital is more stable.