PSYCHOLOGICAL

STATISTICS
6.53

Codes: 6469; 6462

 REVIEW!

✓ What is Statistics?
✓ Why do we study statistics?
✓ What are the basic concept in statistics?
TYPES OF DATA
AND HOW
6.53
TO
COLLECT THEM
 TYPES OF DATA

Data that is expressed in numbers and summarized using

statistics to give meaningful information is referred to
Quantitative
as quantitative data.
Data

Examples: height, weight, or ages of students.

 Quantitative Data

Discrete Data Continuous Data

Data that can be counted Includes complex numbers and

and has a limited number varying data values measured
of values. over a particular time interval.
 TYPES OF DATA
This data type is non-numerical in nature. This type of data is
collected through methods of observations, one-to-one
interviews, conducting focus groups, and similar methods.
Qualitative
Data Qualitative data in statistics is also known as categorical data –
data that can be arranged categorically based on the attributes
and properties of a thing or a phenomenon.

Examples: hair color, gender

 Qualitative Data

Nominal Data Ordinal Data

Used to categorize data into Used to measure variables in a natural

mutually exclusive categories order, such as rating or ranking. They
provide meaningful insights into attitudes,
or groups.
preferences, and behaviors by
understanding the order of responses.
HOW TO COLLECT QUANTITATIVE DATA?
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A technique in which the researcher chooses samples

from a larger population using a method based on
probability theory. For a participant to be considered
as a probability sample, he/she must be selected using
a random selection.
This method involves
randomly selecting a
sample from the
population without
any bias. It’s the most
basic and
straightforward form
of probability
sampling.
 This method involves
dividing the population
into subgroups or strata
and selecting a random
sample from each
stratum. This technique is
useful when the
population is
heterogeneous, and you
want to ensure that the
sample is representative
of different subgroups.
 This method involves
dividing the population
into groups or clusters
and then randomly
selecting some of those
clusters. This technique is
useful when the
population is spread out
over a large geographical
area. But It is not possible
or practical to survey
everyone.
 This method involves
selecting every nth
member of the
population after a
random starting point
is chosen.
 INTERVIEW

Interviewing people is a standard method used

for data collection. However, the interviews
conducted to collect quantitative data are more
structured, wherein the researchers ask only a
standard set of online questionnaires and
nothing more than that.
 Telephone Face-to-face Computer-Assisted
Personal Interviewing
interviews interviews (CAPI)

For years, telephone It is a proven technique It is nothing but a

interviews ruled the to collect data directly similar setup of the
charts of data collection from the participants. It face-to-face interview
methods. Nowadays, helps in acquiring where the interviewer
there is a significant rise quality data as it carries a laptop along
in conducting video provides a scope to ask with him at the time of
interviews using the detailed questions and interview to upload the
internet, Skype, or probing further to data obtained from the
similar online video collect rich and interview directly into
calling platforms. informative data. the database.
 SURVEYS/QUESTIONNAIRES

A questionnaire is a list of questions or items used to

gather data from respondents about their attitudes,
experiences, or opinions. Questionnaires can be used
to collect quantitative and/or qualitative information.
Questionnaires are commonly used in market research
as well as in the social and health sciences.
 OBSERVATIONS

A simple and straightforward method of collecting

quantitative data. In this method, researchers collect
quantitative data through systematic observations by
using techniques like counting the number of people
present at the specific event at a particular time and a
particular venue or number of people attending the
event in a designated place.
DOCUMENT REVIEW IN QUANTITATIVE DATA

Document review is a process used to collect

data after reviewing the existing documents. It is
an efficient and effective way of gathering data
as documents are manageable. Those are the
practical resource to get qualified data from the
past.
 Public Records Personal Documents

This type of document review

Under this document review, deals with individual personal
official, ongoing records of an accounts of individuals’
organization are analyzed for actions, behavior, health,
further research. For example, physique, etc. For example,
annual reports policy the height and weight of the
manuals, student activities, students, distance students
game activities in the are traveling to attend the
university, etc. school, etc.
HOW TO COLLECT QUALITATIVE DATA?
INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW
The individual interview is an ideal
qualitative data collection method.
Particularly when the researchers want
highly personalized information from the
participants.

The individual interview is a notable method

if the interviewer decides to probe further
and ask follow-up questions to gain more
insights.
QUALITATIVE SURVEYS
To develop an informed hypothesis, many
researchers use qualitative research surveys
for data collection or to collect a piece of
detailed information about a product or an
issue.

If you want to create questionnaires for

collecting textual or qualitative data, then ask
more open-ended questions.
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
FGD can also be considered a type of
interview, but it is conducted in a group
discussion setting.

Usually, the focus group consists of 8-10

people (the size may vary depending on
the researcher’s requirement).
RECORD KEEPING

This method uses reliable documents

and other sources of information that
already exist as the data source. This
information can help with the new
study.
CASE STUDIES

Data is collected by looking at case

studies in detail. This method’s
flexibility is shown by the fact that it
can be used to analyze both simple and
complicated topics.
OBSERVATIONS

One of the traditional methods of

qualitative data collection. It is used
by researchers to gather descriptive
analysis data by observing people
and their behavior at events or in
their natural settings.
Identify whether the following data is Quantitative or Qualitative.

1. Population size of a city

2. Number of students in a class
3. Marital status
4. Level of education
5. Course
6. Gender
7. Age
8. Class size
9. Score on a depression scale (between 0-10)
10. How long it takes you to blink after a puff of air hits your eye?
Identify whether the following data is Discrete or Continuous.

1. Number of books on your shelves

2. Height of your classmates
3. Weight of your friends
4. Age
5. Number of words in a book
6. Volume of water in a swimming pool
7. Number of cars
8. Number of absences in a class per week
9. Daily rainfall
10. Length of customer service calls
Identify whether the following data is Nominal or Ordinal.

1. Eye color
2. Nationality
3. Music genre
4. Type of animals
5. Opinion (agree, disagree, neutral)
6. Grade level
7. Ethnicity
8. Letter grades
9. Socioeconomic status
10. Political party
Identify whether the following data is Quantitative or Qualitative.

1. Population size of a city

Quantitative
2. Number of students in a class
Quantitative
3. Marital status
Qualitative
4. Level of education
Qualitative
5. Course
Qualitative
Identify whether the following data is Quantitative or Qualitative.

6. Gender
Qualitative
7. Age
Quantitative
8. Class size
Quantitative
9. Score on a depression scale (between 0-10)
Quantitative
10. How long it takes you to blink after a puff of air hits your eye?
Quantitative
Identify whether the following data is Discrete or Continuous.

1. Number of books on your shelves

Discrete
2. Height of your classmates
Continuous
3. Weight of your friends
Continuous
4. Age
Continuous
5. Number of words in a book
Discrete
Identify whether the following data is Discrete or Continuous.

6. Volume of water in a swimming pool

Continuous
7. Number of cars
Discrete
8. Number of absences in a class per week
Discrete
9. Daily rainfall
Continuous
10. Length of customer service calls
Continuous
Identify whether the following data is Nominal or Ordinal.

1. Eye color
Nominal
2. Nationality
Nominal
3. Music genre
Nominal
4. Type of animals
Nominal
5. Opinion (agree, disagree, neutral)
Ordinal
Identify whether the following data is Nominal or Ordinal.

6. Grade level
Ordinal
7. Ethnicity
Nominal
8. Letter grades
Ordinal
9. Socioeconomic status
Ordinal
10. Political party
Nominal