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This document outlines the methodology for conducting qualitative research, including the selection of research design, sampling procedures, and data collection tools. It emphasizes the importance of descriptive writing, various sampling techniques, and data analysis methods such as thematic analysis and triangulation. Additionally, it provides guidance on ethical considerations and the types of interview questions to ask during research.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views30 pages

1b8ymk) 0@ (Hyf D'C

This document outlines the methodology for conducting qualitative research, including the selection of research design, sampling procedures, and data collection tools. It emphasizes the importance of descriptive writing, various sampling techniques, and data analysis methods such as thematic analysis and triangulation. Additionally, it provides guidance on ethical considerations and the types of interview questions to ask during research.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

CLAUDINE A. TADENA
MY DREAM HOUSE
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
• choose appropriate qualitative research design;
• describe sampling procedure and sample;
• plan data collection, data gathering instrument, and analysis
procedures; and
• present written research methodology.
WRITING THE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Remember to do the following when writing your
methodology:

• Explain what methods you intend to use when researching and


developing your report.
• Use a descriptive writing approach. It is important to explain
what research methods you used to collect your information.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACH
• Describe the specific research approach you will use in
the study.
• This is dependent on the purpose of the study and the
set of specific research questions you have formulated.
Case Study Phenomenology
Ethnography Grounded Theory
Historical
SAMPLING PROCEDURE

• Describe the group from which the sample is drawn and/or


how the sample or subjects will be drawn.
• What sampling method – probability or non-probability?
And what sampling techniques will be used?
• May include the demographic profile of the respondents like
age, educational background...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1
• This is used when the
population frame is
infinite.
• Specified number of
elements of certain types
are included in the sample.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2

• Selecting samples based purely


on the researcher’s knowledge
and credibility.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
3

• This technique relies on


referrals from initial
subjects to generate
additional subjects.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
4

• Samples are selected from


the population only because
they are conveniently
available to the researcher.
RESEARCH LOCALE

• Describe the setting or location of your study.


• You should specify the setting/location.
DATA GATHERING TOOL
• Outlines the instruments you will you use in the study.
• Describes the kind of instrument you will use for gathering data in the
study. Is it an interview schedule (for a survey), a questionnaire, an
interview guide, observation guide, FGD guide or case study guide? How
did you construct the instrument?
• Describes the specific steps you will undergo in order to collect the data
for your study.
• Includes what ethical procedures you will observe during the conduct of
research.
DATA GATHERING TOOL
A. Observation – exhibits the initial data collection from the actual setting
using the senses.
4 types of Observation
1. Participant observation – involves an intensive interaction between the
researcher and the subjects or participants.
A. Overt participant observation – the identity of the researcher is
known to the group being studied.
B. Covert participant observation – participants are not aware of the
identity of the researcher nor that they are being observed for
research.
2. Nonparticipant observation – the researcher does not participate in
the activities of the group being observed.
- The researcher observes the action of the group.
3. Naturalistic observation – The researcher simply observes and
records what is really happening as they occur naturally.
4. Simulation – the researcher recreates a situation, environment, or
system and observes the subjects under study in the simulated
environment.
DATA GATHERING TOOL

B. Interview - a conversation between 2 or more people where


the interviewer asks questions to gather specific information
from the interviewee.
- Done to validate the information you have recorded in
your observation.
4 types of Interview
1. Structured interview – the researcher has a specific set of questions
designed to elicit responses from the participants.
2. Semi-structured interview – the researcher prepares open-ended
questions in which the participants are free to write their responses.
- Follow up questions
3. Informal interview – casual conversation and conducted without
specific sequence of questions or form of questioning.
4. Retrospective interview – done to recall and reconstruct something
that happened in the past. It is based on memory.
Types of interview questions
1. Background questions – routine questions about the
background of the participants.
Example: age , education, previous work
2. Knowledge questions – refer to participants’ factual
information or own knowledge.
Example: asking participants about school information such
as school rules.
Types of interview questions
3. Experience questions – focused on what the participant is doing
presently or in the past.
- Experiences of the interviewee
4. Opinion questions – asked to elicit how the participants think on
certain topics or issues.
- Aim to get participant’s values, beliefs, and attitude.
Types of interview questions
5. Feeling questions – pertain to the emotional responses of the
participants on their experiences.
Example: how do you feel when you solve a mathematics
problem?
6. Sensory questions – focus on what the respondent has seen,
tasted, heard, touched, or smelled.
Example of Interview Questions
1. What is your perception of Chemistry?
2. What do you think is the use of Chemistry? What is its purpose?
3. If you are going to rank Chemistry as easy, average, and
difficult, what would it be?
4. Why do you think Chemistry is an easy, average, and difficult
subject to study?
5. Does Chemistry teacher affect your perception of Chemistry?
Why or Why not?
Source: Avira, R. Student Images and Views of Chemistry: Its implication to student achievement. Master’s Thesis. PNU, Manila. 2009
DATA GATHERING TOOL
C. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)- Interviewing a small group of
people to elicit data on a certain topic.
- Provides multiple perspectives at a time.
D. Documentary Analysis or Content Analysis
- A technique to study human behaviour indirectly by analysing
documents.
- May include books, journals,, art works, songs, pictures..
DATA ANALYSIS
• Data analysis summarizes collected data.
• It involves the interpretation of data gathered through the
use of analytical and logical reasoning to determine
patterns, relationships or trends.
• Describe how you will analyze the data that you will gather.
• What will you use to analyze your gathered data?
DATA ANALYSIS
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data.
- It is usually applied to a set of texts, such as an
interview or transcripts.
- The researcher closely examines the data to identify
common themes – topics, ideas and patterns of meaning
that come up repeatedly.
- Jack Caulfield, 2022
DATA ANALYSIS
Triangulation of data - using multiple datasets, methods,
theories and/or investigators to address a research
question. It’s a research strategy that can help you
enhance the validity and credibility of your findings
(Bhandari, 2022).

Personal Interviews

Triangulation
of Data
Document Analysis Actual Observation
References
• Avilla, Ruel Atendido. Practical Research 1. Diwa Learning
Systems Inc. 2016
• Caulfield, Jack. How to do Thematic Analysis. 2022.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/.
Accessed May 20, 2022
• Bhandari, Phritha. Triangulation in Research.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/triangulation/.
Accessed May 20, 2022

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