Map

Physical Prop erties Non-metals

Non-metals They are non-malleable, non-ductile Chemical Properties
and hey are electronegative elements, i.e. Reaction with oxygen
bad conductor of heat and electricity. They posse they have a tendency to form anion by
ss Non-metals also form oxides but their nature
low melting point and boiling point. gaining electron(s) e.g. iodine (12).
e.g. C, S, P. N, 0, etc. is generally acidic , (e.g. P205, S02 and CO2
sulphur (S),hydrogen (H ) etc. as they produce acid with water) or neutral,
Exceptions among non-metals 2
(a) Non-metals are generally solids or gases excep (e.g. CO, H20, etc.)
t
bromine which is liquid. Acidic oxides + Wate r--. Acids
(b) Iodine is a lustrous non-metal. C02(g) + ~0( /)- Hp3 (aq)
c Diamond is the hardest natural known subst
ance. METALS AND Carbonic acid
Non-metals do not react with water to evolve
lloy NON-METALS hydrogen gas.
• These are homogeneous mixture of two Non-metals do not displace H from acids
or more metals or a metal and a non-metals.
• Alloy of metal with Hg (mercury) is called amalg .- -- -- -- ,I"'
am. Metalloid
the cannot su
2
because non-metals are electron acceptor and
electron to dr en.
Some elements shows
Physical Properties properties of both metals Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
Metals They metals are malleable, ductile and The bond formed by the complete transfer of
good and non-metals. These
conductor of heat and electricity. They possess an electron from a metal atom to a non-metal
high are called metalloids.
melting point and boiling point. e.g. Cu, Al, Mg, eg. Si, Ge, As, Sb and Te. atom is called ionic bond.
etc
Exception among metals
(a) All metals are solid but mercury is a liquid at Metals
room temperature. They are electropositive in nature and Properties of Ionic Compounds
(b) Metals have high melting and boiling points have a tendency to form positive ion by • They are brittle and have high melting and
. But losing electo boiling point.
gallium & caesium have very low melting points n(s),e.g. Cu, Fe, Au, Na etc.
. Reactivity series or activity series • They are soluble in water.
These two metals will melt if you keep them on
your palm. It is a list of metals arranged in order of • They are good conductor of electricity in
their decreasing activities. aqueous.
Chemical Properties The decreasing order of reactivity is solution or in molten state because of the
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H resence of free ions.
• Metals combine with oxygen and form > Cu > H > A > Au
basic oxides.
2Mg (s) + o (g) - 2Mg0(s) Steps of Extraction
2
Basic oxides + water - Bases Metal Extraction
Nap(s ) + Hp(ry - 2NaOH (aq) Concentration of Ore
Sodium hydroxide Metallurgy
In litmus test, the bases formed turn red It is the process used for the removal of
It is the process of extraction of metals from their impurities of sand, clay etc., from the metal.
litmus paper blue. ores.
Reaction with water
-Na and K react violently with cold water. Minerals
Evolved H2 gas catches fire. The elements or compounds
2K(s) + 2Hp (~ ➔ 2KOH (aq) + H (g) which occur naturally in the earth's
2 Metals of
-Magnesium reacts with hot water crust are known as minerals. Metals of
Medium Reactiv" Low Reactiv'
Mg(s) + 2H2 0 (ry ➔ Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
(Hot)
res and Gangue
-Al, Zn and Fe react with steam.
he minerals from which metal is extracted
2N (s) + 3H20 (g) ➔ Al203 (s) + 3H2(g)
rofitably are called the ores and the impurities
-Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag) and
Gold (Au) do not react with water. ssociated with them are called gangue.
Reactions with Acids
-Metals react with dil. HCI and H S0 to Aqua-reg/a
liberate H2 gas. 2 4 It is mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid
Metal + dil. acid ➔ Salt +Hydrogen . and concentrated nitric acid in the ratio of 3:1
- When metals react with dilute HN0 , Gold and platinum can dissolve in aqua-regia.
H2 gas is not evolved but Hp (wate3r) is
formed. Galvanisation
Metal + dil. nitric acid ➔ Metal salt + It is the process of coating iron and steel
Water + Oxides of nitre en. objects with a thin layer of zinc.
m