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Newtons method of approximation

The document explains Newton's Method for approximating solutions to equations, detailing the iterative formula used to find successive approximations. It provides examples, including approximating a root of the function f(x) = x^3 - 3x + 1 and estimating √2, demonstrating the calculations for each iteration. The method continues until successive approximations agree to a specified number of decimal places.

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Vincent Barez
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10 views

Newtons method of approximation

The document explains Newton's Method for approximating solutions to equations, detailing the iterative formula used to find successive approximations. It provides examples, including approximating a root of the function f(x) = x^3 - 3x + 1 and estimating √2, demonstrating the calculations for each iteration. The method continues until successive approximations agree to a specified number of decimal places.

Uploaded by

Vincent Barez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• NEWTON’S METHOD OF APPROXIMATION

In this section we are going to look at a method for approximating solutions to equations.

If 𝑥𝑛 is an approximation of a solution of 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and if 𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 ) ≠ 0 the next approximation is given by,

𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )

One of the more common stopping points in the process is to continue until two successive
approximations agree toa given number of decimal places.

2 issues should be addressed first

FIRST. Solve 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 for Newton’s Method to be applied. Make sure that the equation is in the form
prior to using the method.

SECOND. Set on an initial approximation to the solution (i.e. 𝑥0 ) either to sketch the graph of the
function and use to get an estimate of the solution which then be used as 𝑥0 or if there is a solution to
a function in an interval use the midpoint of the interval as 𝑥0 .

Ex. 1

Use Newton’s Method to approximate a root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 in the interval [1,2]. Let 𝑥0 = 2 and
find 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 and 𝑥5

𝑥0 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 3
0 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 𝑓′(𝑥0 )
0
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(2)3 −3(2)+1
𝑥1 = 2 − 3(2)2 −3
3
𝑥1 = 2 − 9
𝑥1 = 1.666666667 use this for the next approximation SHIFT+STORE+A (SCI CAL)
𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑓′(𝑥1 )
1
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(1.666666667)3 −3(1.666666667)+1
𝑥2 = 1.666666667 − 3(1.666666667)2 −3

(For the sake of not being confused the letter where the value is stored is used for presentation of
substitution)

(A)3 −3(A)+1
𝑥2 = A − 3(A)2 −3
𝑥2 = 1.548611111 SHIFT+STORE+b

Continue process until 𝑥6

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑓′(𝑥2 )
2
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(B)3 −3(B)+1
𝑥3 = B − 3(B)2 −3
𝑥3 = 1.532390162 SHIFT+STORE+C

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 − 𝑓′(𝑥3 )
3
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(C)3 −3(C)+1
𝑥4 = C − 3(C)2 −3
𝑥4 = 1.532088989 SHIFT+STORE+D

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥5 = 𝑥4 − 𝑓′(𝑥4 )
4
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥5 = 𝑥4 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(D)3 −3(D)+1
𝑥5 = D − 3(D)2 −3
𝑥5 = 1.532088886 SHIFT+STORE+E

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥6 = 𝑥5 − 𝑓′(𝑥5 )
5
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥6 = 𝑥5 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(E)3 −3(E)+1
𝑥6 = E −
3(E)2 −3
𝑥6 = 1.532088886
𝑥1 ≈ 1.666666667
𝑥2 ≈ 1.548611111
𝑥3 ≈ 1.532390162
𝑥4 ≈ 1.532088989
𝑥5 ≈ 1.532088886
𝑥6 ≈ 1.532088886 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝐸 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸

Therefore, any subsequent application of Newton’s Method will most likely give the same value for 𝑥𝑛

Ex. 2

Letting 𝑥0 = 0, use Newton’s Method to approximate the root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 over the interval
[0,1] by calculating 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 .

𝑥0 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 3
0 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 𝑓′(𝑥0 )
0
𝑥 3 −3𝑥+1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 3𝑥 2 −3
(0)3 −3(0)+1
𝑥1 = 0 − 3(0)2 −3
𝑥1 = 0.3333333333 SHIFT+STORE+A

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑓′(𝑥1 )
1
(A)3 −3(A)+1
𝑥2 = A − 3(A)2 −3
𝑥2 = 0.3472222222

𝑥1 ≈ 0.3333333333
𝑥2 ≈ 0.3472222222

Ex. 3

Use Newton’s Method to approximate √2 . Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2, Let 𝑥0 = 2 and find 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 and 𝑥5

𝑥0 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥
0 = 𝑥2 − 2
𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′(𝑥0 )
𝑥 2 −2
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 2𝑥
(2)2 −2
𝑥1 = 2 − 2(2)
𝑥1 = 1.5 SHIFT+STORE+A

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑓′(𝑥1 )
1
𝑥 2 −2
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 2𝑥
A2 −2
𝑥2 = A − 2A
𝑥2 = 1.416666667 SHIFT+STORE+b

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑓′(𝑥2 )
2
𝑥 2 −2
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥
B2 −2
𝑥3 = B − 2B
𝑥3 = 1.414215686 SHIFT+STORE+C

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 − 𝑓′(𝑥3 )
3
𝑥 2 −2
𝑥4 = 𝑥3 − 2𝑥
C2 −2
𝑥4 = C − 2C
𝑥4 = 1.414213562 SHIFT+STORE+D

𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥5 = 𝑥4 − 𝑓′(𝑥4 )
4
𝑥 2 −2
𝑥5 = 𝑥4 − 2𝑥
D2 −2
𝑥5 = D − 2D
𝑥5 = 1.414213562

𝑥1 ≈ 1.5
𝑥2 ≈ 1.416666667
𝑥3 ≈ 1.414215686
𝑥4 ≈ 1.414213562
𝑆𝐴𝑀𝐸 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
𝑥5 ≈ 1.414213562

Obtained same value for 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 unlikely that the value 𝑥𝑛 will change on any subsequent
application. We conclude that √2 ≈ 1.414213562.

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