Data Architecture

1. Introduction
The PAN 2.0 focuses on the management and processing of Permanent Account Numbers (PAN) and
Taxpayer Identification Numbers (TAN), which are critical identifiers in the Indian tax system. PAN2.0
aims to provide a streamlined, efficient, and scalable framework to process, store, and analyse data
related to PAN and TAN services, ensuring enhanced user experience and seamless integration with
various tax and financial systems.

The data architecture of PAN2.0 plays a crucial role in supporting the project’s goals by providing a
robust, scalable, and secure foundation for managing and processing PAN and TAN data. By
centralizing data storage and integrating real-time processing capabilities, the architecture ensures
seamless access and efficient handling of large volumes of tax-related information. It also guarantees
compliance with stringent data security standards and regulatory requirements, building trust with
users and stakeholders. Furthermore, the architecture’s scalability and high availability ensure that
the system can handle increasing user demands and remain operational even in the face of system
failures, thereby facilitating smooth integration with other tax and financial systems and ultimately
enhancing the overall user experience.

Architecture diagram of PAN/TAN appears as below:

Image 1.0

1.1 Core Objectives of the Data Architecture

1.1.1 Data Centralization
One of the primary goals of the PAN2.0 data architecture is to consolidate PAN and TAN-related data
into a unified, secure storage environment. This centralized approach ensures that all data—
whether it's related to individual taxpayer identification, transaction history, or service requests—is
stored in a single location. This not only simplifies data management but also enhances data
consistency, enabling more efficient data processing and analytics across the entire system. By
centralizing the data, the system can provide a more seamless and integrated user experience while
also improving data governance.

1.1.2 Scalability
Given the growing number of PAN and TAN users, it is essential for the data architecture to scale
effectively. As the volume of data increases, the architecture must support the addition of new users
and new data points without compromising performance. This scalability ensures that the
infrastructure can handle increasing amounts of data traffic and more complex queries, whether
during high-demand tax filing seasons or in the long term as the user base expands. Implementing
scalable solutions such as cloud computing, distributed databases, and containerized microservices
enables the system to efficiently manage the dynamic load.

1.1.3 Data Security and Compliance

Security is a cornerstone of the PAN2.0 data architecture, especially as the system deals with
sensitive financial and personal information. To ensure that data is protected at every stage, robust
data security protocols are incorporated, including encryption both at rest and in transit.
Furthermore, the system is designed to adhere to legal and regulatory standards, such as the
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) for data privacy, as well as India’s data protection laws
governing tax-related information. Compliance with these standards is critical not only for
safeguarding user data but also for building trust with users and regulatory bodies.

1.1.4 Real-Time Processing

PAN2.0’s data architecture must support real-time processing capabilities to enhance the efficiency
and responsiveness of the system. Real-time data processing allows the system to immediately
process incoming requests, such as new PAN/TAN registrations, tax filings, and status checks. By
leveraging technologies for real-time data streams and analytics, the architecture can provide up-to-
date information, ensuring that users receive accurate, timely responses. This capability also
supports proactive decision-making, such as fraud detection or data validation, by analysing data as
it is being generated.

1.1.5 High Availability and Fault Tolerance

Another critical objective is to ensure that PAN2.0 remains continuously available, even in the event
of system failures or high traffic volumes. High availability is achieved by deploying redundant
systems, load balancing, and failover mechanisms to keep services running without disruption. Fault
tolerance ensures that the system can recover quickly from any unexpected events, such as
hardware failures, network issues, or software bugs. This guarantees that users can access PAN and
TAN services around the clock, ensuring minimal downtime and maximum reliability.

PAN 2.0 Data architecture is implemented to address various data requirements, such as streaming,
real-time, interactive, and batch analytics. Apache Hudi is a key component, facilitating efficient data
ingestion and low-latency updates. Batch processing is carried out using Apache Spark, with Parquet
managing file storage and Hadoop providing the underlying storage infrastructure. Hive jobs are also
used to construct the data model by ingesting data from the data lake.
2. Key components
The key components of data architecture refer to the various layers, tools, and technologies that
work together to manage, process, store, and analyse data in an efficient and scalable manner.
Below are the essential components typically found in a modern data architecture:

2.1 The Data Ingestion Layer

It is a crucial component designed to efficiently handle data coming from multiple sources and
transform it into a structured format for further processing and storage. Since your project involves
handling PAN (Permanent Account Number) and TAN (Tax Deduction and Collection Account
Number) services, the ingestion layer will integrate several data sources and technologies to ensure
a seamless flow of information. Here's a breakdown of the components you mentioned:

2.1.1 Kafka for Streaming Ingestion

Purpose: Kafka is used for real-time data streaming, which is ideal for handling continuous, high-
throughput, low-latency data. In the context of PAN 2.0, it can be used to capture real-time events
such as new PAN/TAN requests, updates, or transactional data.

How it Works: Kafka will serve as the central data bus where different sources produce and
consume data. The data producers could be user interactions, backend systems, or external services,
while consumers could be microservices, ETL tools, or databases.

Benefits: Kafka ensures that data flows in a distributed and fault-tolerant manner, allowing for real-
time analytics, alerting, and processing of PAN and TAN services. It provides scalability and
guarantees message delivery.

Image 2.0
2.1.2 ETL/ELT Tools
Purpose: ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) or ELT (Extract, Load, Transform) tools will be responsible
for processing and transforming the ingested data into a format suitable for storage and analytics.

ETL/ELT Process:

 Extract: Raw data is pulled from various sources such as Kafka streams, databases, or file
systems.

 Transform: The data is then cleaned, validated, and enriched to fit the target system's
schema and requirements. For PAN and TAN services, this may involve data validation, de-
duplication, and applying rules specific to PAN/TAN structure.

 Load: The transformed data is loaded into the destination system, such as a data warehouse,
database, or data lake, for analytics, reporting, or further processing.

Tools: The specific tools you use could be Apache Nii, Talend, Informatica, or cloud-native services
like AWS Glue or Azure Data Factory.

2.1.3 File-Based Loads for Batch Ingestion

Purpose: Batch ingestion is typically used for large, historical datasets or non-real-time data. Files
containing PAN/TAN data might be loaded periodically (daily, weekly) from external systems or
legacy data stores.

How it Works: Data is extracted in bulk from flat files (CSV, Parquet, etc.) or databases, often
scheduled via cron jobs or orchestration tools like Apache Airflow. The data is then parsed,
validated, and ingested into the appropriate storage system.

Benefits: File-based loads are efficient for handling large volumes of data, especially when real-time
streaming is not necessary. They are typically used for periodic updates or bulk data transfers.

2.1.4 Microservices for API-Based Ingestion

Purpose: Microservices are lightweight, modular services designed to handle specific API requests
related to PAN/TAN functionalities. These can handle incoming API requests, transform the
payloads, and integrate with other systems (like databases, Kafka, or ETL tools).

How it Works: Microservices expose RESTful APIs or other types of services to interact with
external applications, allowing them to submit or retrieve PAN/TAN data. These APIs may include
data validation (e.g., verifying if a PAN or TAN number is correct), data transformations, and
communication with downstream systems.

Benefits: Microservices offer flexibility and scalability. They allow for independent scaling of
different ingestion channels and provide a modular, maintainable approach to handling API calls
related to PAN and TAN services.

Integration and Flow:

1. Real-time data from external systems or applications enters the data ingestion layer through
Kafka streaming.

2. Batch data from files (e.g., flat files) is loaded into the system at scheduled intervals, typically
through batch ingestion tools.
3. Microservices provide a way to ingest data in real-time via APIs and process user requests
directly from external users or other services.

4. ETL/ELT tools manage the data transformation, ensuring the ingested data is correctly processed
and loaded into the destination systems for further use.

Image 3.0

2.2 The Data Processing & Transformation Layer

This is responsible for transforming and processing raw data into actionable, structured, and clean
datasets that can be used for further analytics, storage, and decision-making. This layer handles data
from PAN (Permanent Account Number) and TAN (Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number)
services, ensuring the data is processed in both real-time (streaming) and batch modes while
maintaining data quality and governance standards.

Here's a detailed explanation of the key components of the Data Processing & Transformation Layer:

2.2.1 Spark Streaming for Real-Time Stream Processing:

Purpose: Spark Streaming is used for processing data in real-time as it is ingested through Kafka or
other stream sources. This is essential for handling live events such as new PAN/TAN requests,
updates, or transactional data that require immediate action or analysis.
 Image 4.0

How it Works:
 Spark Streaming ingests data from Kafka topics (containing PAN/TAN data or other events) in
mini-batches and processes it in near-real-time.

 The incoming data is processed through various transformations, such as filtering,

aggregation, enrichment (e.g., adding extra details about PAN/TAN numbers), and
validation.

 The processed data can then be fed into downstream systems (databases, data lakes) or
used for real-time alerts, dashboards, or reporting.

Benefits:
 Low latency: Provides real-time processing with low latency, which is critical for scenarios
like fraud detection, real-time PAN/TAN validation, or monitoring.
 Scalability: Spark Streaming scales horizontally to handle high throughput, making it suitable
for large-scale data ingestion and processing.
 Fault tolerance: Spark provides fault tolerance by maintaining data lineage and ensuring no
data is lost.

2.2.2 Kafka Streams for Stream Processing:

Purpose: Kafka Streams is another tool used for stream processing, specifically designed for use
with Kafka. It provides a lightweight and distributed approach for real-time data processing directly
within the Kafka ecosystem.

Image 5.0
How it Works:
 Kafka Streams consumes data from Kafka topics, processes it in real time, and then either
outputs processed data to Kafka topics or sends it to other systems for further storage or
analytics.

 For the PAN/TAN services, Kafka Streams can be used for tasks like aggregating PAN/TAN
request counts, performing real-time validation, or applying business rules directly on the
data stream.

 Kafka Streams supports operations like filtering, transforming, joining streams, and
aggregations, making it highly suitable for event-driven processing.

Benefits:
 Native Kafka integration: Kafka Streams integrates seamlessly with Kafka, reducing the need
for complex external processing tools.
 Distributed & scalable: Like Spark Streaming, Kafka Streams scales to handle large data
volumes in a distributed environment.
 Low latency: Kafka Streams offers low-latency processing, which is ideal for real-time use
cases such as fraud detection or reporting.

2.2.3 Spark for Batch Processing:

Purpose: Apache Spark is used for batch processing large volumes of historical data, typically
processed in scheduled jobs (daily, weekly, etc.). This is useful for tasks like aggregating large
datasets, generating reports, and running data pipelines for data enrichment or transformation.

Image 6.0

How it Works:
 Spark can read data from multiple sources, including databases, file systems, or Kafka, and
process it in batch mode. It applies transformations such as joins, group-by operations, and
aggregations to the data.

 For PAN/TAN services, Spark can be used to process and validate large datasets, for instance,
generating summary reports or analysing transaction data for patterns or anomalies.
  The processed data is typically stored in data lakes, data warehouses, or relational databases
for further analysis or reporting.

Benefits:
 High throughput & performance: Spark can process massive amounts of data in parallel,
making it suitable for batch jobs with large data volumes.
 Ease of use: Spark provides an easy-to-use API for writing complex transformations in a
distributed way.
 Flexible: Spark supports various data formats (CSV, Parquet, JSON) and data sources (HDFS,
S3, relational databases).

2.2.4 Data Quality & Governance:

Purpose: Ensuring data quality and governance is critical in managing PAN/TAN data, as this
information is sensitive and highly regulated. Data quality processes ensure that the data is accurate,
complete, and consistent, while governance ensures compliance with legal and organizational
policies.

Image 7.0

How it Works:
 Data Validation: At both the stream and batch processing levels, data is validated to ensure
that the PAN/TAN numbers are correctly formatted, that they follow specific business rules
(e.g., PAN number structure), and that they do not contain duplicates.
  Data Cleansing: Spark and other tools can apply cleansing transformations to remove
invalid, incomplete, or erroneous records from datasets, ensuring only clean, usable data is
stored and processed.
 Data Enrichment: Enrichment rules can be applied to augment the raw data with additional
context (e.g., linking PAN/TAN numbers to user profiles or tax records).

Data Auditing & Lineage: It's important to track the transformation steps and any changes made to
the data for auditing purposes. Tools like Apache Atlas, or integrating with Spark's built-in lineage
features, help ensure that data changes are logged and traceable.

 Compliance & Security: Sensitive data like PAN/TAN must comply with data protection
regulations (such as GDPR or local tax laws). Encryption, access control, and data masking
techniques can be employed to protect sensitive information throughout the data lifecycle.

Integration and Flow:

1. Streaming Data Processing: Real-time PAN/TAN data from Kafka (or other sources) is ingested
and processed using Spark Streaming or Kafka Streams. This includes transformations like
validation, enrichment, filtering, and aggregation.

2. Batch Data Processing: Large-scale historical data or batch jobs related to PAN/TAN information
is processed using Spark. This can include generating reports, data aggregation, and bulk data
validation or correction.

3. Data Quality Checks: Throughout both stream and batch processing, data quality and
governance measures ensure that the data is accurate, consistent, and compliant with relevant
regulations. This includes validation rules, data cleaning, lineage tracking, and auditing.

4. Output: The processed data (whether in real-time or batch) is stored in a data warehouse, data
lake, or another storage system and can be consumed by downstream analytics platforms,
dashboards, or compliance tools.

2.3 Data Storage Layer

This is designed to efficiently store and manage the various types of data involved in handling PAN
(Permanent Account Number) and TAN (Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number) services.
This layer utilizes different storage technologies to accommodate the specific needs of various data
types, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data, while ensuring compliance with
security and performance requirements. Below is a detailed explanation of the key components of
the data storage layer:
 Image 8.0

2.3.1 Hadoop for Data Lake:

Purpose: Hadoop is used to build a data lake to store large volumes of raw, unstructured, and semi-
structured data from various sources related to PAN and TAN services. A data lake is particularly
suited for storing large datasets that may not necessarily fit into a relational database schema.

How it Works:
 HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System): The core component of Hadoop, HDFS, is used to
store data across multiple machines in a distributed manner. It is highly scalable, fault-
tolerant, and efficient in storing vast amounts of data.
 Data Types Stored: The data lake will hold large, unprocessed datasets such as historical
logs, raw transaction records, external data feeds (e.g., government-issued PAN/TAN lists),
and other data not requiring immediate structured access.
 Data Processing: Data stored in the data lake can later be processed by tools like Apache
Spark or Hive for batch analytics or other processing tasks.

Benefits:
 Scalability: Hadoop scales horizontally, allowing for storage of petabytes of data.
 Flexibility: It can store structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data, making it ideal
for a variety of data formats such as logs, documents, CSV files, and JSON.
  Cost-effective: Storing large volumes of data in Hadoop is often more cost-effective
compared to traditional databases.

2.3.2 SQL for Master and Transaction Data:

Purpose: Relational databases (SQL) are used for storing master data (e.g., user profiles, PAN/TAN
records) and transactional data (e.g., PAN/TAN application records, updates, tax deduction
transactions).

How it Works:
 Master Data: This includes core, authoritative information about PAN and TAN holders (such
as name, address, PAN/TAN number, account details) and is structured with defined
relationships between entities.
 Transactional Data: This includes records of operations performed, such as PAN application
submissions, updates, or transaction logs. This data is typically stored in tables with keys to
ensure efficient querying and relationships with other data.
 SQL Database Examples: Popular databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, or commercial
solutions like MS SQL Server can be used to store and manage these data types.

Benefits:
 ACID Compliance: SQL databases provide ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
guarantees, ensuring that transactional data is reliable and consistent.
 Structured Querying: SQL makes it easy to perform complex queries and reporting on
structured data, which is ideal for looking up PAN/TAN information or transaction details.
 Data Integrity: Referential integrity is maintained, ensuring that relationships between
PAN/TAN data and transaction records are properly managed.

2.3.3 MongoDB for Unstructured Data:

Purpose: MongoDB is a NoSQL database used to store unstructured or semi-structured data that
doesn't fit neatly into a relational schema. This could include documents, logs, and data related to
PAN/TAN services that have varied formats or that change over time.

How it Works:
MongoDB stores data in JSON-like format (BSON - Binary JSON), allowing for flexible schema design.
This is ideal for storing data that may not always follow a predefined structure or where new fields
may be added dynamically.

Examples of Unstructured Data: This could include user-generated content (e.g., support tickets,
messages), system logs, external data from third-party sources, or any form of data that is more
document-centric in nature.

MongoDB can also store and manage metadata, audit logs, and tracking information related to
PAN/TAN records or user activities.

Benefits:
 Schema Flexibility: MongoDB allows easy adaptation to changing data structures without
needing schema migrations.
  High Performance: MongoDB can handle large amounts of data and high read/write
throughput, making it suitable for applications with varying data patterns.
 Horizontal Scaling: MongoDB supports sharding (horizontal scaling) for distributing large
datasets across multiple servers, ensuring that performance remains optimal as data grows.

2.3.4 Redis for Session Cache:

Purpose: Redis is an in-memory data store used for session caching. It helps improve performance
by storing temporary, frequently accessed data in memory, reducing the need for repeated database
queries.

Image 9.0

How it Works:
 Session Data: Redis stores session-related information (e.g., user login details,
authentication tokens, PAN/TAN request statuses) that needs to be accessed quickly and
frequently.
 Temporary Storage: Data like session identifiers, user preferences, or partially completed
PAN/TAN application forms can be cached in Redis for quick retrieval.
 Redis stores this data in key-value pairs, making it extremely fast for lookups.

Benefits:
 Low Latency: As an in-memory store, Redis offers sub-millisecond latency for data retrieval,
significantly improving response times.
 Scalability: Redis supports clustering and replication, enabling the cache to scale horizontally
and provide high availability.
 Expiration and Eviction: Redis supports setting expiration times for session data, which is
useful for managing temporary or ephemeral data like authentication tokens.

2.3.5 Sensitive Vault for Aadhar/PAN Data:

Purpose: A sensitive vault (typically leveraging encryption and secure storage mechanisms) is used
to store sensitive data, such as Aadhar numbers and PAN numbers, in a highly secure manner. This
ensures compliance with data privacy regulations and protects sensitive information from
unauthorized access.

How it Works:
 Encryption: Data is encrypted both at rest and in transit. Sensitive data such as Aadhar and
PAN numbers are stored in an encrypted format within the vault.
  Access Control: Only authorized users or systems can access the sensitive vault through
strict authentication mechanisms (e.g., multi-factor authentication, role-based access
control).
 Examples of Sensitive Vaults: Popular solutions like HashiCorp Vault, AWS KMS (Key
Management Service), or Azure Key Vault are used to securely store and manage sensitive
information.

Benefits:
 Data Security: Ensures sensitive data is protected from unauthorized access or exposure,
helping meet privacy regulations like GDPR or India’s data protection laws.
 Auditability: All access to sensitive data is logged and auditable, ensuring full transparency
regarding who accessed the data and when.
 Compliance: Helps meet industry regulations regarding the storage and handling of sensitive
data such as PAN, Aadhar, and financial information.

Integration and Flow:

Data Ingestion: As data is ingested (via Kafka, ETL tools, APIs), it is stored in different layers
depending on its type. For example:

 PAN/TAN request data might be stored in SQL databases for structured transactional data.

 Unstructured data like logs or metadata might be stored in MongoDB.

 Sensitive Aadhar/PAN data would be securely stored in a vault.

 Raw data or large-scale historical data could be stored in the Hadoop data lake.

Data Access: When needed, data is retrieved from these storage systems for real-time or batch
processing, reporting, and analysis.

 Redis ensures that frequently accessed session data is quickly available, improving the user
experience.

 SQL databases allow for transactional queries and master data lookups.

 MongoDB and Hadoop provide flexibility for more dynamic or large-scale data access.

2.4 The Data Access & Consumption Layer

It serves as the interface that allows users, applications, and services to access and consume the
processed data from the underlying data storage systems (like Hadoop, SQL databases, MongoDB,
Redis, etc.). This layer focuses on providing users and systems with the tools and interfaces to
interact with the data for various purposes, such as Business Intelligence (BI) & Reporting, AI and
Machine Learning (ML), Search, and APIs for integration with other services. Here’s an in-depth
explanation of the components involved:
 Image 10.0

2.4.1. BI & Reporting with Tableau and Power BI:

Purpose: Tableau and Power BI are used for visualizing and reporting on the processed PAN and
TAN data. These Business Intelligence (BI) tools allow business users, analysts, and stakeholders to
generate insights, track key metrics, and perform interactive data analysis on various reports and
dashboards.

How it Works:
 Data Connectivity: Tableau and Power BI connect to the underlying data sources, such as
SQL databases (for transactional and master data) or data lakes (e.g., Hadoop), through
direct connections or APIs. These BI tools can also integrate with cloud data storage systems
(like AWS S3, Azure Data Lake) for real-time access.
 Data Transformation: These tools allow data transformation and aggregation through drag-
and-drop features, enabling the creation of reports that combine PAN/TAN-related data
from various sources (such as transaction logs, user details, fraud detection results, etc.).
 Dashboards & Reports: Business users can create dashboards to track key performance
indicators (KPIs), such as the number of PAN applications, the status of requests, tax
deductions, and other relevant metrics. These reports help stakeholders make data-driven
decisions.

Benefits:
 Interactive Visualization: These tools provide intuitive interfaces for creating interactive,
drill-down reports and visualizations, making it easy to explore data and uncover insights.
 Self-Service BI: Users without technical expertise can access data and create custom reports
and dashboards without needing to write complex queries.
 Real-Time Reporting: Both Tableau and Power BI can support real-time data access and
refreshes, allowing for up-to-date analytics and decision-making.
2.4.2 Machine Learning (ML) Models, Feature Store, Real-Time Inference for
AI Engine:
Purpose: The AI/ML components in the Data Access & Consumption Layer are responsible for
providing advanced analytics, predictions, and real-time insights based on PAN and TAN data. The
layer encompasses ML models, a feature store, and real-time inference to make accurate predictions
or classifications (e.g., fraud detection, PAN/TAN validation, recommendation engines).

How it Works:
 ML Models: The trained machine learning models (e.g., fraud detection algorithms, user
behavior analysis, PAN/TAN validation) consume data from the Data Processing &
Transformation layer, where it is preprocessed and transformed into useful features.
 Feature Store: A feature store is used to manage and store the features used by ML models.
It ensures that the features used for training models are consistent and reusable for
inference. The feature store helps maintain versioning of features and simplifies model
deployment.
 Real-Time Inference: Once trained, the models can be deployed in a real-time inference
engine. For example, as new PAN/TAN requests come in through APIs, the inference engine
can immediately check the data against the trained models to detect fraud or validate the
PAN/TAN information.
 Model Monitoring & Retraining: ML models in production are continuously monitored for
performance. If model drift or degradation is detected, the system can trigger retraining
using the latest available data.

Benefits:
 Predictive Analytics: ML models provide actionable insights for fraud detection, risk
assessment, and behavior prediction, improving operational efficiency and security.
 Real-Time Decision-Making: Real-time inference enables decisions (e.g., fraud alerts or risk
scoring) to be made instantly as PAN/TAN data is processed.
 Scalability: The system can scale to accommodate more complex models or additional use
cases as the volume of data grows.

2.4.3 Elasticsearch & Solr for Search Engine:

Purpose: Elasticsearch and Apache Solr are used for search and data retrieval within the PAN 2.0
project. These tools enable fast and efficient searching of large datasets, allowing users and systems
to query and retrieve relevant PAN/TAN data quickly.

How it Works:
 Indexing Data: Both Elasticsearch and Solr index large datasets and create search indices
that can be queried using full-text search, faceted search, and other search capabilities. For
PAN/TAN services, this can include indexing the details of PAN/TAN holders, transaction
logs, or user activity records.
 Search Queries: Users can search for specific PAN numbers, transaction histories, or apply
more complex queries with filters and aggregations. For example, users can search for all
PAN/TAN records associated with a particular name or address, or search through logs for
specific transaction patterns.
  Performance: Elasticsearch and Solr are optimized for high-performance search and can
handle large-scale queries with minimal latency. They support complex searches and can
return relevant results quickly, even with large datasets.

Benefits:
 Speed & Scalability: Both tools provide fast search capabilities, which is essential for
applications like PAN/TAN verification, fraud detection, and querying transaction history.
 Faceted Search: They support faceted search, enabling users to refine search results based
on multiple dimensions (e.g., filter by PAN status, transaction date).
 Advanced Querying: Both tools support advanced querying capabilities such as text
matching, regular expression searches, and fuzzy searches, which help with data retrieval
from large, unstructured datasets.

2.4.4 Microservices / APIs (Node.js):

Purpose: Microservices and APIs allow external applications or internal services to interact with the
PAN 2.0 system programmatically. Node.js is typically used to build these lightweight, modular APIs
that expose the necessary data and services to users, other systems, and third-party integrations.

How it Works:
API Layer: The API layer is built using Node.js, which is lightweight, efficient, and scalable, making it
ideal for building high-performance APIs. These APIs can expose endpoints for retrieving PAN/TAN
data, submitting requests, running validations, and interacting with other services.

Microservices Architecture: The backend system is split into small, independent microservices that
handle specific functionality, such as PAN/TAN validation, fraud detection, reporting, or integration
with third-party services. These microservices communicate with each other over lightweight
protocols like HTTP, REST, or gRPC.

API Consumption: External applications, mobile apps, or web clients can consume these APIs for
different purposes:

 Frontend Applications: User interfaces for customers or internal users can use APIs to
request information about PAN/TAN status, submit applications, or receive fraud alerts.

 Integration with Third-Party Services: APIs can facilitate integrations with government
services, tax authorities, or financial institutions for validating PAN/TAN information or
processing transactions.

Benefits:
 Scalability: Microservices can be independently scaled to handle increasing requests for
services such as PAN validation or real-time fraud detection.
 Maintainability: With a microservices architecture, different components can be developed,
deployed, and maintained independently, reducing complexity and improving agility.
 Flexibility: APIs provide a flexible mechanism for integrating with third-party systems,
mobile apps, or web applications.

Integration and Flow:

1. Data Access Layer: End users (e.g., business analysts) access BI and Reporting tools (Tableau,
Power BI) to analyze and visualize data from the underlying storage layer.

2. Search: When a user or application needs to search for PAN/TAN data (e.g., validate PAN
numbers or look up transaction history), the search engine (Elasticsearch or Solr) is queried for
fast retrieval of relevant information.

3. AI & ML: For more advanced use cases (e.g., fraud detection), the ML models are queried for
real-time inference on PAN/TAN applications. Results from these models can trigger alerts or
influence decisions about PAN/TAN data.

4. Microservices/API Access: Users or external applications interact with the system via APIs
exposed by Node.js microservices. These APIs allow access to various functionalities like PAN
validation, transaction history retrieval, and fraud checks.

5. Real-Time Processing: In cases where real-time data is required (e.g., PAN/TAN validation), data
from APIs and ML models is processed in real time and used to make decisions immediately.

2.5 Governance, Security, & Observability (Cross-

Cutting)
It ensures that data and services are well-governed, secure, and observable throughout their
lifecycle. This layer establishes best practices for data governance, security policies, compliance,
and observability to monitor, track, and secure PAN and TAN data, while enabling automation for
continuous delivery and infrastructure management.

Here’s a detailed breakdown of the key components of this layer and how they integrate:

2.5.1 Apache Atlas & Collibra for BI & Metadata Catalog & Data Lineage:
Purpose: Data governance tools like Apache Atlas and Collibra are used to manage metadata, track
data lineage, and ensure data quality across the PAN 2.0 ecosystem. These tools help monitor the
movement and transformation of data (e.g., PAN and TAN records) from ingestion to consumption,
ensuring transparency and compliance.

Image 11.0
How it Works:
 Metadata Cataloging: These tools provide a centralized metadata repository that catalogues
all data assets (tables, fields, data sources) and their relationships. They create a
comprehensive map of all the data in the system.
 Data Lineage: Atlas and Collibra allow tracking of data lineage, meaning that you can trace
the origins and transformation of data, such as how PAN/TAN numbers flow from raw
ingestion, through processing, and into storage or reporting systems.
 Governance: These tools help define and enforce data governance policies, such as who can
access or modify certain data, as well as defining the rules for data quality and integrity.

Benefits:
 Improved Data Transparency: Track every step in the data pipeline, ensuring that
stakeholders know how data was created, transformed, and used.
 Compliance: Ensures that PAN/TAN data is handled according to regulations (like GDPR or
local tax regulations) and maintains traceability for audits.
 Data Quality: Helps enforce data quality rules and ensures that data used for reporting or
ML models is accurate and consistent.

2.5.2 Vaults, IAM, Service Mesh for Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) &
Policy Enforcement:
Purpose: Security measures like Vaults, Identity and Access Management (IAM), and Service Mesh
are used to control access, ensure secure data storage, and enforce strict role-based policies for all
users and services interacting with the PAN/TAN system.

How it Works:
 Vaults (Hashi Corp Vault): Vaults are used for secure storage of secrets (e.g., database
credentials, API keys, sensitive PAN/TAN data). Vaults encrypt and store sensitive data,
making it accessible only to authorized services and users.
 IAM (Identity and Access Management): IAM systems ensure that only authenticated users
or services can access specific resources. They enforce role-based access control (RBAC) to
define who can access data and what actions they can perform (e.g., read, write, delete).
 Service Mesh (e.g., Istio): The service mesh layer handles service-to-service communication
security, ensuring that services within the PAN 2.0 ecosystem can securely communicate,
authenticate, and authorize requests. It can enforce policy-based access control (e.g., only
authorized microservices can access PAN-related data).

Benefits:
 Data Security: Sensitive data such as PAN/TAN numbers are encrypted and stored securely,
minimizing the risk of data breaches.
 Access Control: IAM and RBAC ensure that only authorized users or services can access
sensitive data or perform specific actions, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.
 Compliance: These security measures help the system meet compliance requirements (e.g.,
GDPR, PCI DSS) by enforcing access restrictions and ensuring secure communication
between services.
2.5.3 ELK Stack, Prometheus/Grafana for Centralized Logging & Monitoring:
Purpose: The ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) and Prometheus/Grafana are used for
centralized logging, monitoring, and observability. These tools ensure that the health and
performance of the PAN/TAN system are continuously tracked, and issues are identified and
resolved quickly.

Image 12.0

How it Works:
ELK Stack (Logging):

 Logstash collects logs from various components (APIs, microservices, databases) and
processes them into a consistent format.
 Elasticsearch indexes and stores logs, making them searchable and enabling quick retrieval
of log data for troubleshooting or audit purposes.
 Kibana is used to visualize the logs, creating dashboards that can display metrics such as API
request count, error rates, and system health.
 Prometheus/Grafana (Monitoring):
 Prometheus collects time-series metrics about the system’s performance, such as resource
usage (CPU, memory), request/response times, and service health.
 Grafana visualizes these metrics on customizable dashboards, enabling real-time monitoring
and alerting of system performance.

Benefits:
 Centralized Monitoring: ELK Stack and Prometheus/Grafana provide a unified view of
system logs and metrics, simplifying debugging, performance tracking, and anomaly
detection.
 Proactive Issue Detection: Continuous monitoring and real-time logging help quickly identify
and address potential issues (e.g., system slowdowns, errors) before they impact end-users.
  Performance Optimization: Insights from monitoring data can be used to optimize system
performance, such as identifying bottlenecks or underperforming services.

2.5.4 PagerDuty & Opsgenie for Alerting & Incident Management:

Purpose: PagerDuty and Opsgenie are used for alerting and incident management, ensuring that
the right teams are notified of critical issues in real-time and that incidents are resolved quickly and
effectively.

How it Works:
 Alerting: When metrics or logs indicate a potential issue (e.g., service downtime, critical
error), Prometheus or ELK Stack can trigger alerts through PagerDuty or Opsgenie.
 Incident Management: These tools manage incident workflows, ensuring that the right team
is notified, escalated, and can take appropriate actions to resolve the issue. Teams can
communicate via these platforms and track the status of incidents.
 On-Call Scheduling: PagerDuty and Opsgenie support on-call schedules, ensuring that there
is always someone available to respond to incidents, especially during non-business hours.

Benefits:
 Faster Incident Response: Alerts are sent to the right teams immediately, reducing
downtime and minimizing the impact of issues on users and services.
 Effective Incident Resolution: Incident management features ensure that issues are
prioritized, tracked, and resolved systematically, improving the overall reliability of the
system.
 Communication and Collaboration: Teams can collaborate effectively on incidents, tracking
actions and outcomes in real time.

2.5.5 Jenkins, GitLab, Terraform, Ansible for CI/CD & Infrastructure

Automation:
Purpose: Continuous Integration (CI), Continuous Delivery (CD), and infrastructure automation tools
like Jenkins, GitLab, Terraform, and Ansible are used to automate the development, testing,
deployment, and infrastructure management of the PAN 2.0 project.

How it Works:
Jenkins & GitLab (CI/CD):

 Jenkins and GitLab CI/CD pipelines automate the build, testing, and deployment of code
changes, ensuring that new features or fixes are tested and deployed rapidly and reliably.
 Automated tests (unit, integration, end-to-end) are run on each change to ensure the
stability and quality of the codebase.
 Once the code passes tests, it is automatically deployed to production or staging
environments.
 Terraform (Infrastructure as Code): Terraform allows infrastructure to be managed as code,
ensuring that cloud resources (e.g., compute, storage, networking) are provisioned,
updated, and destroyed in a consistent and repeatable manner.
 Ansible (Configuration Management): Ansible automates server configuration, application
deployment, and orchestration of tasks across different environments. It ensures that
systems are consistently configured across all environments.
Benefits:
 Automation & Efficiency: Automated CI/CD pipelines ensure faster delivery of features and
fixes with minimal manual intervention, reducing errors and downtime.
 Consistency: Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and configuration management ensure that all
environments (development, staging, production) are consistently configured and
maintained.
 Faster Time to Market: Automation enables rapid iteration and deployment, allowing new
features and fixes to be delivered to users more quickly.

Integration and Flow:

1. Governance & Metadata Management: Tools like Apache Atlas and Collibra track data lineage,
manage metadata, and enforce governance policies, ensuring that the data (e.g., PAN/TAN data)
is well-documented and adheres to compliance standards.

2. Security & Access Control: Vaults and IAM control access to sensitive data and resources, while
the service mesh enforces role-based access policies between microservices.

3. Observability: The ELK Stack and Prometheus/Grafana provide centralized logging and
monitoring, enabling real-time visibility into the system's health and performance. Alerts and
incidents are managed through PagerDuty or Opsgenie to ensure timely responses.

4. Continuous Delivery: Jenkins, GitLab, Terraform, and Ansible automate the deployment of new
code and the provisioning of infrastructure, ensuring that the system is always up-to-date and
reliable.