Reaction with

· Solid · Air
· Ductile · Water Physical properties
· Malleable · Acids Formation by · Solid state, brittle
· Lusturous · Compounds of electron transfer · High melting point
· Sonorous other metals from metal to · Soluble in water,
· Good conductor · Reactivity series non-metal insoluble in organic
solvents
Reaction with Air · Good conductor in
aqueous solution and
METALS in molten state
NON-METALS
IONIC · Silver-Reacts with
Importance/Uses: COMPOUNDS H2S to form black
Prevent corrosion, METALS Ag2S.
Changed resistivity, AND NON- Copper - Reacts with
changed melting point METALS Moisture and CO2 to
Form green basic
METALLURGY CORROSION CuCO3, Cu(OH)2
ALLOYS

Steel, Stainless steel, Ore Enrichment

Prevention of Rusting of Iron:
brass, bronze, solder, Rusting/Corrosion: Air and moisture are
amalgam Conversion of ore
into Metal oxide: galvanization, required to form
Refining Roasting/Calcination painting, anodizing rust (hydrated oxide
of metals of iron) Fe2O3. xH2O.
Conversion of Metal oxide into metal :
* Heating * Using Coke
* More reactive metal * Electrolytic reduction

39
 Metals and Non Metals
• About 118 elements are known till date. There are more than 90 metals,
22 non metals and few metalloids.
• Sodium (Na), Potassioum (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe),
Aluminium (AI) are some metals.

Part of machines making bridges,

and defense buildings, railway
equipments tracks

Metals
around us

manufacturing of
Utensils and coins trains, cars, ships,
aeroplanes

Jewellery and
Ornaments

• Oxygen(O), Nitrogen(N), Hydrogen(H), Sulphur(S), Phosphorus(P),

Fluorine(F), Bromine(Br) are a few non metals.

Carbon : as fuel, in
nutrients, electrodes Oxygen : in respiration,
and jewellery in fuel combustion.

Non-Metals
around
us

Nitrogen : in preventing
Hydrogen : in hydrocarbons, rancidity, in tyres
making of fertillzers and and making of
vegetable ghee, as fuel, acids, fertillizers,
explosives

40
 • Differences between metals and non-metals based on
Metals Non-Metals
· Physical properties Solid at · Exist in all the three states,
room temperature except bromine, chlorine-gas,
mercury iodine-solid liquid
· Ductile and malleable · Non-ductile and non-malleable
· Sonorous and lustruous · Non-sonorous and non-lustruous
except iodine and graphite
· Generally have high melting, · Have low melting, except
point, cesium and gallium diamond.
have low melting point.
· Generally good conductors of · Poor conductors, except
heat and electricity, except lead graphite.
and mercury.
· Have high density, but sodium · Have low density.
and potassium have low density.
· Chemical properties Metal · Oxides of non-metals are
oxides can be basic or generally acidic in nature.
amphoteric in nature.
· Many, metals displace hydrogen · Non metals cannot displace hy-
from dilute acids and release drogen from dilute acids.
hydrogen gas.
· Metal oxides are ionic in nature. · Non metal oxides are covalent in
nature.
Chemical Properties of Metals

1. Reaction with air
Metals can either burn, react or don't react with air
Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
Some metals like Na and K are kept immersed in kerosene as they react
vigorously with air. Metals like Mg, AI,Zn and Pb react slowly with air
and form a protective layer. Mg can burn in air but combine with oxygen
to form oxide. Fe and Cu does not burn in air but combine with oxygen to
form their oxides. Iron ilings burn when sprinkled in the lame of
burner. Silver, platinum and gold show no reaction with air.
41
 2Na + O2 Na2O
2Mg + O2 MgO
2Cu + O2 CuO (black)
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
• Amphoteric oxides: These are metal oxides which react with both
acids as well bases. e.g. ZnO, Al2O3
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H O 2

(Sodium aluminate)
• Anodizing of metals: In anodizing, aluminium is made anode and
graphite as cathode, oxygen gas is released by the electrolysis of
sulphuric acid, which reacts with aluminium to form a thick protective
oxide layer on the surface of metal.
2. Reaction with water: Metals react with water differently. Not all
metals react with water
React with cold Metals React only with
water eg. Na,K,Ca steam eg. Fe, Al

React with hot

water eg. Mg

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
• In case, of Ca and Mg, the metal starts loating due to bubbles of
hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.
2Al + 3H O(g)
2 Al2O3 + 3H2
3Fe + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4 + 4H2
3. Reaction with dilute acids:
(i) Most metals react with dilute HCl and dilute H SO to form salt and
2 4

hydrogen gas.
Metal + dilute acid salt + hydrogen gas
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

42
 Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

•
Copper, mercury and silver don't react with dilute acids.
(ii) With dilute nitric acid: As metals react with dilute nitric acid,
hydrogen gas produced is oxidised to water. Mg and Mn are
exceptions.
Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Aqua Regia: It is a mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in a
3:1 ratio. It dissolves gold and platinum.
4. Reaction with other metal compounds:
Metal A + Salt solution Salt solution of + Metal B
of metal B Metal A
More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their
compounds in solution. This forms the basis of reactivity series of
metals.
• Reactivity series of metals: It is an arrangement of metals in
decreasing order of their reactivity.
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au
Decreasing reactivity
Cu + 2AgNo3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Copper being more reactive displace silver.
5. Reaction between metals and non-metals:
• Reactivity of elements can be understood as a tendency to attain a
completely illed valence shell arrangement.
• Atom of metals lose valence electron(s) to form cations (+ve ions)
• Atoms of non-metals can gain electron(s) in valence shell to form
anions (–ve ions)
• Oppositely charged ions attract each other forming an ionic
compound.
Formation of MgCl2
2+ –
Mg Mg + 2e
(2,8,2) (2,8)
– –
2Cl + 2e 2Cl
(2,8,7) (2,8,8)

43
 ××

××
Cl

×
× ×× –
[Mg2+] ·

××
Mg Cl

×
×× ××
2

××
Cl

×
×× Molecule of Magnesium chloride
(Electron transfer from Mg atom to Cl atoms)

• Properties of Ionic compounds: Are solid and mostly brittle.
• Have high melting and boiling points. More energy is required to
overcome the strong inter-ionic force of attraction.
• Generally soluble in water, but insoluble in inorganic solvents like
kerosene, petrol,etc.
• Conduct electricity in aqueous solutions and in molten state. In both
cases, free ions are formed and conduct electricity.
Occurance of Metals
• Minerals: Compounds of metals present in earth's crust can be termed
as minerals.
• Ores: Mineral from which metal can be economically extracted is called
an ore e.g. sulphide ores, carbonate ores, oxide ores. Not all the minerals
are ores.
• Metals at the bottom of reactivity series like gold, platinum, silver,
copper occur in free state. But copper and silver also occur in sulphide
and oxide ores.
• Metals of moderate reactivity (Zn, Fe,Pb) occur mainly as oxide,
sulphide or carbonate ores. Metals of high reactivity (K,Na,Ca,Mg,AI)
are found in combined states.
Gangue: Ores are found mixed with earthly impurities like soil,
sand,etc. known as gangue. The gangue is removed from the ore.
Metallurgy: It is the step-wise process of obtaining metal from its ore.
These steps are
1. Enrichment of ore.
2. Obtaining metal from enriched ore.
3. Re ining of impure metal to obtain pure metal.
Obtaining Metals low in the reactivity series: These metals can be
obtained by heating the ore in air at high tempertature.

44
 * Mercury from cinnabar:
D D D
Sulphide oxide metal re ining
D D D
HgS HgO Hg Hg(pure)
* Copper from copper sulphide
heat
2Cu2S + 3O2 ¾¾¾
® 2Cu2O + 2SO2 ­
heat
2Cu2O + Cu2S ¾¾¾
® 6Cu + SO2 ­

EXTRACTING METALS IN THE MIDDLE OF ACTIVITY SERIES:

Metals are easier to obtain from oxide ores, thus, sulphide and carbonate ores
are converted into oxides.
Metal ore heated strongly in excess of air (Roasting)
heat
2ZnS + 3O2 ¾¾¾
® 2ZnO + 2SO2

Metal ore heated strongly in limited supply of air (Calcination)

heat
ZnCO3 ¾¾¾
® ZnO + CO2

Reduction of metal oxide:

1. Using coke: Coke as reducing agent.

heat
ZnO + C ¾¾¾
® Zn + CO

2. Using Displacement Reaction: highly reactive metal like Na, Ca and Al

are used to displace metals of lower reactivity from their compounds.
heat
MnO2 + 4AI ¾¾¾
® 3Mn + 2AI2O3 + heat

heat
Fe2O3 + 2AI ¾¾¾
® 2Fe + AI2O3 + heat
In the above reaction mclten iron is formed and is used to join railway
tracks. This is called thermit reaction.
EXTRACTING METALS AT THE TOP OF ACTIVITY SERIES:
These metals
* Have more af inity for oxygen than carbon

45
 * Are obtained by electrolytic reduction. Sodium is obtained by
electrolysis of its molten chloride
NaCI Na+ + Cl–
As electricity is passed through the solution metal gets deposited at
cathode and non-metal at anode.
At cathode:
+ –
Na + e Na
At anode:
– –
2Cl CI2 + 2e
REFINING OF METALS:
Impurities present in the obtained metal can be removed by electrolytic
re ining. Copper is obtained using this method. Following are present inside
the electrolytic tank.
· Anode- slab of impure copper
· Cathode- slab of pure copper
· Solution-aqueous solution of copper sulphate with some amount of
dilute sulphuric acid.
· From anode copper ions are released in the solution and equivalent
amount of copper from solution is deposited at cathode.
· Insoluble impurities containing silver and gold gets deposited at the
bottom of anode as anode mud.

46

CORROSION:
· Metals are attacked by substances in surroundings like moisture, acids,
and moist air. Silver- it reacts with H2S in air to form silver sulphide and
articles become black.
· Copper- reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air and gains a green coat of
basic copper carbonate
· Iron- acquires a coating of a brown laky substance called rust. Both air
and moisture are necessary for rusting of iron.
Prevention of Corrosion:
· Rusting of iron is prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanizing,
chrome plating, anodising and making alloys.
· In galvanization iron or steel is coated with a layer of zinc because zinc
is preferably oxidized than iron.
· Alloys: these are mixture of metals with metals or non-metals Adding
small amount of carbon makes iron hard and strong.
· Stainless steel is obtained by mixing iron with nickel and chromium. It
is hard and doesn't rust. Mercury is added to other metals to make
amalgam. Brass: alloy of copper and zinc. Bronze: alloy of copper and tin.
· In brass and bronze, melting point and electrical conductivity is lower
than that of pure metal.
· Solder: alloy of lead and tin has low melting point and is used for
welding electrical wires.

As compared to
constituent elements
alloys have

More Less
Strength

hardness melting point Electrical

conductivity
resistance to
corrosion

47
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. Which of the following metal is obtained by electrolytic reduction
process?
(a) Cu (b) Ag
(c) Fe (d) Al
2. Cinnabar is an ore of which metal?
a. Tin b. Aluminium
c. Magnesium d. Mercury
3. Which of the following does not conduct electricity?
a. Solid KCI b. Fused KCI
c. Aluminium d. Iron
4. Which of the following is not an ionic compound?
(a) Sodium oxide (b) Carbon tetrachloride
(c) Magnesium chloride (d) Sodium chloride
5. Which metal is associated with haemoglobin?
(a) Calcium (b) Aluminium
(c) Magnesium (d) Iron
6. The liquid non-metal is
(a) Carbon (b) Hydrogen
(c) Bromine (d) Chlorine
7. Choose the correct option for brass:
(a) Cu-Hg (b) Cu-Mg
(a) Cu-Fe (d) Cu-Zn

8.
The colour of Iron(ll) sulphate soultion is
(a) Blue (b) Yellow
(c) Green (d) Orange
MCQ Correct Options:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D D A B D C D C

48
 1. De ine the following terms: ores, gangue, rust, aqua regia, anodizing.
2. Show the reaction between zinc oxide and sodium hydroxide by a
chemical equation.
3. Why food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc?
4. Name any two alloys whose electrical conductivity is less than that of
pure metals.
5. Why ionic compounds have high melting point?
6. Which element is displaced by metals from acid?
In the following questions , two statements are given- one labeled Assertion
(A) and the other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
1. Assertion: Metals have high melting point.
Reason: Metals are found in solid state.
2. Assertion: Sulphide ores are roasted.
Reason: It is easier to obtain metal from their oxides.
3. Assertion: Anode mud settles at the bottom of electrolytic tank.
Reason: Anode mud contain soluble impurities.
4. Assertion: Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Reason: It reacts with acid as well as base to produce salt and water.
5. Assertion: Silver becomes brown in colour when exposed to air.
Reason: It reacts with hydrogen sulphide and forms silver sulphide .
Read the following passage and answer the questions:
Elements are pure form of matter, which are divided into metals, non-metals
and metalloids. Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical
elements are metals. The most abundant varieties in the earth's crust are
aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. The vast

49
majority of metals are found in their ores, but a few such as copper, gold,
platinum, and silver frequently occur in the free state because they do not
readily react with other elements.
1. Identify the metalloid:
(a) Carbon (b) Silicon
(c) Helium (d) Mercury
2. Choose the correct statement:
(a) Metals form acidic oxides
(b) Metal oxides cause acid rain
(c) All metals react with hot water.
(d) Metals form ionic chlorides.
3. Which metal is most abundant in earth's crust?
4. Why gold is used for making jewellery?
5. Which metal can be used for making electric wires: Pb or Al?
2 Marks
1. What is an amalgam? Write the constituent elements of solder.
2. Distinguish between :
(a) Roasting and calcination (b) Mineral and ore
3. Write the chemical equation for heating of Cu and Fe respectively.
4. What is galvanization? How is it bene icial?
5. Why is hydrogen gas generally not evolved when metals react with
dilute nitric acid.Name two metals which evolve hydrogen gas with the
same acid.
6. Explain thermite process.
7. "Every ore is a mineral, but not every mineral an ore." Explain.
8. Why can highly reactive metals not obtained from their oxides using
coke as a reducing agent?
9. Distinguish between metals and non-metals on the basis of chemical
properties.
3 Marks
1. Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity under speci ic
conditions. Write the two conditions and give reason.

50
 2. Why are metal sulphides and carbonates converted to oxides prior to
reduction. Write the equation for the chemical reactions occuring
during roasting and calcination of zinc ores.
3. What are alloys? How are they prepared? Name the alloy used for
welding electric wires together.
4. Write the differences between electrolytic reduction and electrolytic
re ining.
5. Describe an activity to study conditions necessary for rusting of iron.
6. Show the formation of molecules of Magnesium oxide, aluminium
oxide and potassium chloride by electron transfer.
7. Describe an activity to show the reaction between iron and steam.
5 marks
1. (i) Give reasons:
(a) Platinum is used to make jewellery.
(b) Lithium is stored under kerosene.
(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make
utensils for cooking.
(ii) What is an allotrope? Explain the difference in properties of
different allotropes of carbon.
2. Give a detailed account of steps of extracting pure copper from its ore.
HINTS to LA Questions
1. (a) Unreactive metal, donot get corroded by the action of moisture
and atmospheric gases. Highly malleable, ductile
(b)Lithium readily reacts with oxygen gas, formed oxide reacts with
moisture producing hydrogen gas, which catches ire.
(c) Strong and economical metal. Good conductor of heat. On
exposure to air it forms aluminium oxide layer all around, which
prevents oxidation of the metal inside.
(ii) Graphite: soft, good conductor of electricity, greyish
Diamond: hardest natural substance, bad conductor of electricity,
transparent.

51
2. Cu2S ore. Cu2S + O2 Cu2O + SO2

Cu2S + Cu2O Cu + SO2

* pure copper is obtained by electrolytic re ining of impure copper.
* Anode-Impure Copper, Cathode- Pure copper, Electrolytic solution-
Aq. Solution of Copper sulphate with few drops of sulphuric acid.
* Pure metal collects over cathode.

52