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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that enables reliable data transmission between two devices over an IP network. It segments data into packets that are reassembled in the correct order at their destination. TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake where the client sends a SYN packet, the server replies with a SYN-ACK, and the client acknowledges with an ACK. This allows both sides to synchronize sequence numbers to reliably track and reorder packets.

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Pratheek Rao
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34 views

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that enables reliable data transmission between two devices over an IP network. It segments data into packets that are reassembled in the correct order at their destination. TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake where the client sends a SYN packet, the server replies with a SYN-ACK, and the client acknowledges with an ACK. This allows both sides to synchronize sequence numbers to reliably track and reorder packets.

Uploaded by

Pratheek Rao
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hello Professor Our project title is TCP Protocol.

Our project describes about the tcp packets which are being sent in a network from a sender to an receiver .I have learned that it is the most widely used protocol. It helps us to start and end a particular data transfer. The TCP protocol divides the data into many segments for transmission. By using TCP protocol it makes sure that the data arrives correctly.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):


TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main protocols of the transport layer of the TCP/IP model. It makes it possible, at application level, to manage data coming from (or going to) the lower layer of the model (i.e. the IP protocol). When data is provided to the IP protocol, it encapsulates them in IP datagrams by fixing the protocol field to 6 (so that it knows in advance that the protocol is TCP...). TCP is a connection orientated protocol, i.e. it enables two machines which are communicating to control the status of the transmission. The main characteristics of the TCP protocol are as follows:
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TCP makes it possible to put datagrams back in order when coming from the IP protocol TCP enables the data flow to be monitored so as to avoid network saturation TCP allows data to be formed in variable length segments in order to "return" them to the IP protocol TCP makes it possible to multiplex data, i.e. so that information coming from distinct sources (applications for example) on the same line can be circulated simultaneously Finally, TCP allows communication to be courteously started and ended

Purpose of TCP Protocol:


Using the TCP protocol, applications can communicate securely, independently from the lower layers. This means that routers only have to route data in the form of datagrams, without being concerned with data monitoring because this is performed by the transport layer. During a communication using the TCP protocol, the two machines must establish a connection. The originator machine (the one which requests the connection) is called the client, while the recipient machine is called the server. So it is said that we are in a Client-Server environment. The machines in such an environment communicate in online mode, i.e. the communication takes place in both directions. To enable the communication and all the controls which accompany it to operate well, the data is encapsulated, i.e. a header is added to data packets which will enable the transmissions to be synchronized and ensure their reception. Another feature of TCP is the ability to control the data speed using its capability to issue variably sized messages, these messages are called segments.

How it works?
One of the important processes of TCP is the three way handshake. The steps involved in a Three way handshake are: a) Client sends SYN to server b) Server sends SYN ACK to client c) Client sends ACK to server a) The client sends a packet with the SYN flag set to the server. SYN stands for synchronization, in this context it means that the client is performing an 'active open' and requesting the server to synchronize sequence numbers with the client. The sequence number is a 32bit field in the tcp header. It allows for the server to re-order packets as they arrive as well as to identify packets that have not arrived, or duplicate packets which have arrived more than once. b) The server acknowledges the SYN by sending back a packet with the SYN and ACK flags set. During this part of the handshake the client is now given an initial sequence number for packets originating from the server that are destined for it. The purpose here is the same - having a sequence number for communications from the server to the client allows the client to re-order packets as they arrive as well as to identify missing / duplicate packets. With the ACK flag set, the server is acknowledging the previous packet and tells the client the next sequence number it is expecting to receive on packets sent from the client to the server. c) The client responds to the servers SYN ACK with its own ACK. The sequence number of this packet is the same as the one the server said it was expecting to receive next from the client as part of step 2. The ACK that the client sends to the server contains in its header the next sequence number the client is expecting to receive from the server in the server to client part of communications.

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