We propose a comprehensive system architecture that leverages various technologies to enhance

the efficiency and performance of wireless sensor networks. Our system encompasses multiple
layers, each designed to address specific aspects of communication, control, and energy
management.

At the application layer, we integrate MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol with
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) principles. This combination allows for efficient message
exchange between sensor nodes (members and cluster heads) and a centralized SDN controller. By
employing SDN, we can dynamically manage network resources and optimize data transmission
processes.

Moving to the transport layer, we rely on the inherent reliability and messaging capabilities of MQTT
to ensure seamless communication between nodes and the central data center. This layer serves as a
foundation for robust data exchange within the network.

For network layer operations, we implement static routing strategies. By predefining routes between
sensor nodes and their respective cluster heads, we establish a stable and predictable network
topology. This approach simplifies network management and reduces overhead associated with
dynamic routing protocols.

At the MAC (Media Access Control) layer, we introduce a novel protocol called Energy-Efficient SDN-
based MAC Protocol (EASMP). This protocol builds upon traditional TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) techniques and introduces energy-efficient mechanisms, such as "sleep and wait" cycles.
Controlled by the SDN controller, EASMP optimizes the allocation of transmission time slots, thereby
minimizing energy consumption while maintaining network performance.

Finally, at the physical layer, we leverage LoRa (Long Range) technology for wireless communication.
LoRa offers long-range connectivity with low power consumption, making it ideal for IoT (Internet of
Things) applications. Our system incorporates a LoRaWAN simulator to model transmission
parameters and evaluate network performance.

1. Definition of TDMA Schedule:

 We begin by defining a TDMA schedule during the initialization of the SDN
controller.
 This schedule assigns unique time slots to each node in the network, including cluster
heads and members.
2. Assignment of Time Slots:
 Each node in the network, such as cluster heads and members, is assigned a specific
time slot.
 These time slots are allocated based on the total number of nodes and ensure fair
access to the medium.
3. Transmission Coordination:
  The SDN controller coordinates data transmissions based on the TDMA schedule.
 It continuously checks the current time slot and identifies which nodes are scheduled
to transmit data during that slot.
4. Efficient Data Transmission:
 Nodes are allowed to transmit data only during their allocated time slots, preventing
collisions and ensuring efficient utilization of the medium.
 This coordination mechanism helps in managing the network resources effectively and
maintaining orderly communication.

In summary, TDMA scheduling within the SDN controller facilitates efficient medium access
control at the MAC layer. By assigning specific time slots to nodes and coordinating data
transmissions accordingly, it ensures fair and orderly communication within the network. This
approach optimizes resource utilization and minimizes the risk of collisions, contributing to
the overall performance and reliability of the network.

In summary, our proposed system architecture provides a holistic approach to wireless sensor
network management, encompassing efficient communication, dynamic control, and energy
optimization. By integrating MQTT, SDN principles, static routing, and EASMP, along with LoRa
technology, we aim to create a robust and energy-efficient solution for diverse IoT applications.

In this context, we utilize a simple aggregation algorithm known as the averaging algorithm. With this
algorithm, each sensor node periodically sends its raw data to the cluster head via MQTT. Upon
reception, the cluster head aggregates the data by computing the average of the received values for
each sensor. Subsequently, this aggregated average is transmitted to the data center for further
analysis.

Explanation of the averaging algorithm:

Each sensor node periodically collects raw sensor data.

The collected raw data is then transmitted to the cluster head via MQTT.

Once received, the cluster head aggregates the data by calculating the average of the values for each
sensor type.

The aggregated average is subsequently transmitted to the data center for processing and further
analysis.

This algorithm offers a straightforward implementation and proves to be effective for aggregating
sensor data within a wireless sensor network. It aids in reducing the volume of transmitted data,
thereby enabling a more efficient utilization of network resources."
Dynamic Time Slot Allocation Hypothesis:

The protocol dynamically allocates time slots to nodes based on their communication requirements
and network conditions.

Rather than relying on a predefined TDMA schedule, the protocol adjusts time slot assignments in
real-time to optimize network throughput and minimize collisions.

The protocol incorporates energy-aware mechanisms to optimize transmission energy consumption

across all nodes.

By considering factors such as node proximity, data packet size, and transmission distance, the
protocol intelligently adjusts transmission power levels to conserve energy while maintaining
communication reliability.

The protocol employs a centralized traffic management approach facilitated by the SDN controller to
orchestrate communication activities within the network.

Instead of relying solely on distributed algorithms, the SDN controller coordinates data forwarding,
routing decisions, and time slot assignments across all nodes.

The protocol dynamically adapts its network topology based on environmental conditions, node
availability, and network dynamics.

Through mechanisms such as dynamic clustering or self-organization, the protocol reshapes the
network topology to optimize communication paths and minimize latency.

The protocol seamlessly integrates network coding techniques to enhance data transmission
efficiency and reliability.

By leveraging network coding at the MAC layer, the protocol enables nodes to combine and decode
data packets intelligently, mitigating packet loss and improving throughput.

The protocol dynamically assigned time slots

to nodes based on their communication needs and the network's conditions.
By constantly surveying traffic patterns and environmental factors, such as signal strength an
d interference levels, the protocol will adjust the duration and time of sleep and wait periods
for each individual node in order to maximize the utilization
of resources and minimize conflict.
Instead of taking a
predefined schedule from the TDMA protocol, the protocol dynamically changes the time slo
ts in order to maximize the efficiency of the network and minimize collisions. By
dynamically changing the time slots based on the current traffic patterns and channel conditi
ons, the protocol will maximize the effectiveness of communication and reduce the likelihoo
d of collision packets, this will lead to an increased overall performance of the network.
The protocol uses adaptive scheduling techniques to mitigate collisions and improve the
reliability of data transmission. By dynamically adjusting the sleep and wait times of nodes
within the network, this protocol minimizes the possibility of overlapping transmissions
and contention on the communication medium, thereby reducing packet loss and
improving the overall robustness of the network.
By dynamically optimizing slot allocation and sleep modes, the protocol aims to maximize
network throughput while minimizing latency and energy consumption. By efficiently
utilizing available bandwidth and minimizing idle time, the protocol ensures fast and
reliable data transfer, thereby increasing overall throughput and improving user
experience.
The protocol adapts to changing network conditions by dynamically adjusting sleep and
standby parameters based on real-time feedback from network nodes. By continuously
monitoring factors such as traffic load, channel availability, and energy levels, the protocol
optimizes sleep and latency to maintain optimal performance even in dynamic and
unpredictable environments. .

Initialization
Define parameters such as the number of clusters and members per cluster.
Create instances of cluster heads, members, data center, and SDN controller.
Step one: Cluster heads initialize MQTT communication, subscribe to sensor topics, receive
data from members, and forward it to the data center.
Step two: SDN controller dynamically assigns time slots to nodes based on TDMA scheduling,
continuously adjusts the schedule, and schedules transmissions accordingly.
Step three: Members establish MQTT communication with cluster heads, generate sensor
data, and transmit it to the respective cluster head.
Step four: LoRaWAN Simulator simulates transmission between nodes, considering
distances, energy consumption, data rates, and delays, to optimize network performance.
Step five: Data center establishes MQTT communication, subscribes to receive sensor data
from cluster heads, and continuously processes the received data.