Code No: R203204A R20 SET -1

III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, May/June -2024

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****
UNIT-I
1. a) Discuss different losses associated with microstriplines. [7M]
b) Obtain the TE mode field equations for a rectangular wave guide. [7M]
(OR)
2. a) Draw the field patterns for dominant mode of propagation for TE mode in [7M]
rectangular wave guide and explain.
b) Inside a waveguide for a particular mode, the phase velocity is three times the [7M]
group velocity at 6 GHz. Find the cut off frequency and guide wavelength.
UNIT-II
3. a) Explain the operation of a two cavity klystron amplifier with the help of a [7M]
schematic diagram and apple gate diagram.
b) Discuss different operating modes and output characteristics of a reflex klystron [7M]
oscillator.
(OR)
4. a) A reflex klystron operates at the peak mode of n =2 with beam voltage 300V, [7M]
beam current of 20mA, signal voltage of 40V. Determine input power, output
power, and efficiency.
b) Discuss the gain bandwidth limitation and lead inductance effect in conventional [7M]
tubes at high frequencies.
UNIT-III
5. a) Draw the diagram of a helical TWT and explain how amplification is achieved [9M]
using a TWT.
b) A travelling wave tube has the following characteristics beam voltage = 2kV, [5M]
beam current = 4 mA, f = 8 GHz, circuit length = 50, Zo= 20 Ω. Determine the
gain parameter and power gain.
(OR)
6. a) Discuss the construction and working of a cylindrical magnetron. [10M]
b) Derive equation of hull cut off condition in a magnetron?. [4M]
UNIT-IV
7. a) Explain the principle of operation of bethe hole directional coupler using relevant [7M]
diagram.
b) Write the significance of use of s-parameters at microwave frequencies and also [7M]
write the properties of s-matrix.
(OR)
8. a) Explain the construction and working of a hybrid ring. [7M]
b) Write notes on tuning screws and posts. [7M]
UNIT-V
9. a) Discuss different modes of operation of GUNN diode. [7M]
b) Explain bolometric method of power measurement. [7M]
(OR)
10. a) Draw the block diagram of a typical microwave bench setup and explain the [7M]
function of each block.
b) Explain a method to measure high VSWR. [7M]
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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -2

III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, May/June -2024

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****

UNIT-I
1. a) Write notes on characteristic impedance of a microstrip line. [7M]
Also find the characteristic impedance of a microstrip line with the following
parameters.
ϵr = 5.21, h =7 mils, t = 2.8 mils, w = 10 mils.(1mil = 0.0254mm)
b) Obtain the TM mode field equations for a rectangular wave guide. [7M]
(OR)
2. a) Draw the field patterns for TM11 mode in rectangular wave guide and explain. [7M]
b) Explain the terms dominant mode and degenerate mode in rectangular wave [7M]
guide with examples.
UNIT-II
3. a) Draw the schematic diagram of a reflex klystron and explain the principle of [10]
operation using apple gate diagram.
b) Present the classification of microwave tubes. [4M]
(OR)
4. a) A two cavity klystron amplifier has the following characteristics [7M]
Voltage gain = 14dB, input power = 5mW, Rsh of input cavity =30kΩ, Rsh of
output cavity = 40kΩ, Load impedance = 40Ω.
Determine the input rms voltage, output rms voltage and the power delivered to
the load.
b) List the performance characteristics and applications of a reflex klystron. [7M]
UNIT-III
5. a) Discuss the nature of four propagation constants in a TWT. [7M]
b) What are cross field devices? How does a magnetron sustain oscillations using [7M]
the cross field? Assume π mode foe explaining the same.
(OR)
6. a) Derive the expression for the cut-off magnetic flux density with reference to a [10M
cylindrical cavity magnetron. ]
b) Explain the terms frequency pushing and frequency pulling with reference to a [4M]
magnetron.
UNIT-IV
7. a) Explain the principle of operation of 2 hole directional coupler using relevant [7M]
diagram.
b) Draw the geometry and explain the principle of operation of H-plane Tee. [7M]
(OR)
8. a) What is Faraday rotation? Also explain the construction and working of rotary [7M]
vane type attenuator.
b) Obtain s-matrix for H-plane Tee. [7M]
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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -2

UNIT-V
9. a) Explain a method to measure low VSWR. [7M]
b) Explain a method to measure phase shift. [7M]
(OR)
10. a) Explain power ratio method to measure attenuation. [7M]
b) Classify TEDs and explain Gunn effect. [7M]

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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -3

III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, May/June -2024

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****

UNIT-I
1. a) Discuss Quality factor Q of microstrip lines. Also determine surface resistivity [7M]
and Qc for the microstrip line made of a copper conductor 0.254mm wide on a
G-10 fiberglass-epoxy board 0.20mm in height. The relative dielectric constant
of the board material is 4.8 measured at 25GHz. The microstrip line 0.035mm
thick is to be used for 10 GHz.
b) Discuss different applications of microwaves. [7M]
(OR)
2. a) Obtain the expression for characteristic wave impedance in a rectangular wave [7M]
guide for TEmn mode.
b) Obtain the expression for group velocity in a rectangular wave guide. Also [7M]
explain the term guide wavelength.
UNIT-II
3. a) Discuss skin effect losses, dielectric losses and radiation losses in conventional [7M]
tubes at high frequencies.
b) Discuss the concept of electronic admittance in reflex klystron. [7M]
(OR)
4. a) A two-cavity klystron operates at 6GHz with a dc beam voltage of 12kV and a [7M]
2mm cavity gap. For a given input RF voltage, the magnitude of the gap
voltage is 100V. Calculate the transit time at the cavity gap, the transit angle
and the velocity of the electrons leaving the gap.
b) What is velocity modulation? Explain how velocity modulation is used in [7M]
klystron amplifiers.
UNIT-III
5. a) Discuss the geometry of a helical slow wave structure and its use in a TWT. [8M]
b) How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron? Explain phase focusing [6M]
effect.
(OR)
6. a) Draw the structure of 8- cavity magnetron and explain bunching process? [7M]
b) Compare the performance characteristics of magnetron and TWT amplifier. [7M]
UNIT-IV
7. a) Explain the construction and working of dielectric phase shifter. [7M]
b) Draw the geometry and explain the principle of operation of magic Tee. [7M]
(OR)
8. a) Discuss coupling mechanism using probes and loops. [7M]
b) Explain the construction and working of an ferrite isolator. [7M]

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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -3

UNIT-V
9. a) Explain measurement of impedance using slotted line. [7M]
b) Explain measurement of attenuation using RF substitution method. [7M]
(OR)
10. a) Explain a method to measure Q of a cavity. [7M]
b) Explain a method to measure frequency. [7M]

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Code No: R203204A R20 SET -4

III B. Tech II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations, May/June -2024

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****

UNIT-I
1. a) Does a rectangular wave guide support TEM mode of propagation? Justify. [5M]
b) A copper rectangular wave guide is filled with air has dimensions 10 cm x 6 [9M]
cm and 25 cm length is operated at 9 GHz with dominant mode as mode of
propagation. Find i) Phase velocity ii)Group Velocity & iii) Characteristic
impedance.
(OR)
2. a) Derive the field expression for TE&TM modes in rectangular waveguide. [7M]
b) Obtain the expression for phase velocity in a rectangular wave guide. Also [7M]
obtain the relationship between phase and group velocities.
UNIT-II
3. a) Discuss inter electrode capacitance effect and transit effect limitations of [8M]
conventional tubes at high frequencies.
b) Explain the terms electronic and mechanical tuning with reference to reflex [6M]
klystron.
(OR)
4. a) Derive the expression for efficiency of reflex klystron oscillator. [7M]
b) A reflex klystron is operated at 9 GHz with a dc beam voltage of 550V for 1 ¾ [7M]
mode, repeller space length of 0.1 cm and dc beam current of 11 mA.
Assuming the beam coupling coefficient to be 1 calculate the repeller voltage,
electronic efficiency and output power.
UNIT-III
5. a) TWT operates under the following conditions beam voltage = 3kV, beam [7M]
current = 30mA, N = 50, Zo of helix = 10 Ω, f = 8GHz determine the gain
parameter, output power gain and propagation constants.
b) An X-band pulsed cylindrical magnetron has the following operating [7M]
parameters: anode voltage = 26kV, beam current = 27A, magnetic flux density
= 0.336 Wb/m2, radius of cathode cylinder = 5cm, radius of vane edge to center
= 10cm. Compute the cyclotron angular frequency, cut-off voltage for a fixed
magnetic flux density and cutoff magnetic flux density for a fixed anode
voltage.
(OR)
6. a) Draw the structure of TWT and explain its amplification process . [7M]
b) Discuss modes of resonance of a magnetron and explain Π mode of operation. [7M]
UNIT-IV
7. a) Draw the geometry and explain the principle of operation of E-plane Tee. [7M]
b) Obtain the s-matrix of a three port circulator. [7M]
(OR)
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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -4

8. a) Obtain s-matrix for magic plane Tee. [7M]

b) Write notes on different wave guide irises. [7M]
UNIT-V
9. a) Discuss RWH theory. [7M]
b) Explain measurement of impedance using reflectometer. [7M]
(OR)
10. a) Explain a method to measure phase shift. [7M]
b) Calculate the VSWR of a transmission system operating at 10 GHz. Assume [7M]
TE10 mode with a=4 cm and b = 2.5cm. The distance between the measured
power points is 1mm on a slotted line.

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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -1

III B. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, December -2023

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****

UNIT-I
1. a) Derive the expression for guide wave length of TEmn mode in rectangular wave [7M]
guide.
b) What are the advantages of dominant mode propagation? [7M]
(OR)
2. a) What are TEnm and TMnm modes w.r.t a circular wave guide. Sketch the [7M]
dominant modes.
b) A cylindrical wave guide has a inner radius of 2 cm. Find the cut off frequency for [7M]
the guide operating in TE11 mode. Calculate λ g and ZT E at 10 GHz (λ0 = 3 cm).
UNIT-II
3. a) Compare M and O type tubes. [7M]
b) Explain Reflex Klystron with neat sketch. [7M]
(OR)
4. a) What are the limitations in conventional vacuum tubes. [7M]
b) A reflex klystron having an accelerated field of 300v oscillates at a frequency of [7M]
10GHZ with a retarding field of 500v. If its cavity is retured to 9GHZ. What must
be the new value of retarding field fro oscillations in the same mode to take place?
UNIT-III
5. a) What are the Characteristics of Slow Wave Structures? [7M]
b) Explain the construction & working of TWT. [7M]
(OR)
6. A helix travelling wave tube is operated with a Beam current of 300mA, beam [14M]
Votage of 5KV, characteristic Impedance of 20Ω. What length of helix will be
Selected to give an output power gain of 500db at 10GHz.
UNIT-IV
7. a) What is Magic Tee? Explain it and write the applications. [7M]
b) Discuss about different types of waveguide attenuators. [7M]
(OR)
8. a) Explain the coupling factor and directivity of the four ports directional coupler. [7M]
Also derive the S-matrix for completely matched four-port directional coupler.
b) Describe the structure of Waveguide irises, Tuning Screws and Posts with [7M]
diagrams.
UNIT-V
9. a) Derive the criterion for classifying the modes of operation for Gunn effect diodes [7M]
b) An n-type GaAs Gunn diode has following parameters Electron drift velocity Vd = [7M]
2.5 × 105m/s Negative Electron mobility |µn| = 0.015 m2/ v s Relative dielectric
constant εr = 13.1 Determine the criterion for classifying the modes of operation.
(OR)
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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -1

10. a) The calibrated power from a generator as read at the power meter is 25mw. When a [7M]
3dB attenuator with a VSWR of 1.3/1 is inserted between the generator and
detector what value should the power meter read?
b) Compare the power ratio and RF substitution methods of measuring attenuation [7M]
provided by the microwave component.

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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -1

III B. Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, July -2023

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****
UNIT-I
1. a) Derive the field equations of rectangular waveguide in TM mode, starting from [7M]
Maxwell’s equations.
b) Calculate the guide wavelength (in cm) at 4 and 10GHz for an air filled [7M]
waveguide with a=4.54 cm, b=2.5cm.
(OR)
2. a) Why the TEM wave is not possible in rectangular waveguide? Explain. [7M]
b) A rectangular waveguide has the following characteristics: b=1.5cm, a=3.0cm, [7M]
µ g = 1, and εg=2.25. Calculate cutoff wavelength, frequency, λg, Zo and
attenuation constant at 4.0 GHz.
UNIT-II
3. a) List out different Microwave tubes and explain each one in detail. [7M]
b) What is Velocity Modulation Process? Explain the Velocity Modulation [7M]
Process in Klystron in detail.
(OR)
4. a) Derive the expression for bunching process, output power and efficiency of [7M]
reflex klystron.
b) Explain the limitations and losses of conventional tubes at microwave [7M]
frequencies.
UNIT-III
5. a) Explain how gain of TWT amplifier is more compared to Klystron amplifiers. [7M]
b) Explain how cross field is used to generate oscillations in Magnetron. [7M]
(OR)
6. a) Explain about modes of operation and PI-mode in magnetrons. [7M]
b) Explain the operation of TWT with neat sketches. [7M]
UNIT-IV
7. a) Explain in detail about waveguide irises, tuning screws and posts, waveguide [7M]
attenuators with neat diagram.
b) Explain the operation of Four-port circulator with suitable diagrams. [7M]
(OR)
8. a) Derive the expressions for Directivity, Coupling factor and S-matrix for a [7M]
directional coupler.
b) Derive the S-parameters for 10dB directional coupler, Directivity D=30dB. [7M]
Assume that it is lossless and VSWR at each port is 1.0 under matched
conditions. Designate the ports in main guide as 1 and 2, in the auxiliary guide
as 3 and 4.

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 Code No: R203204A R20 SET -1

UNIT-V
9. a) Explain the operation, basic modes of operation and oscillating modes in a [7M]
Gunn diode.
b) Explain different methods of measurement of impedance using microwave [7M]
bench.
(OR)
10. a) Explain the principle of operation and characteristics of IMPATT diode. [7M]
b) Explain the process of Frequency measurement using microwave bench. [7M]

2 of 2

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 Code No: R2031351
R2031011
R203135A
R203147A
R203147C
R203105O
P2031051
R203204A R20 SET
SET
RA--22
III B. Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, July -2023
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****
UNIT-I
1. a) Derive the field expression for TE & TM modes in rectangular waveguide. [7M]
b) Briefly explain the applications of microwave signal. [7M]
(OR)
2. a) Explain and derive the expressions for dominant and degenerate modes in a [7M]
rectangular waveguides.
b) A rectangular waveguide is designed to propagate the dominant mode TE10 at a [7M]
frequency of 5 GHz, Cut-off frequency is 0.8 of the signal frequency. The ratio of
guide height to width is 2. The time-average power flowing through the guide is
1KW. Determine the magnitudes of Electric and Magnetic intensities in the guide
and indicate where these will occur in the guide.
UNIT-II
3. a) Explain the bunching process of reflex klystron and also derive the equation for [7M]
efficiency.
b) Why multi cavities are used in Klystron amplifiers? Explain. [7M]
(OR)
4. a) Explain the limitations of conventional tubes at UHF and at microwave. [7M]
b) What is meant by Applegate diagram? Explain about bunching in two cavity [7M]
klystron.
UNIT-III
5. a) What is Hartree condition in Magnetron? Derive the equation for Hartree voltage [7M]
of it.
b) Draw the structure of TWT and explain its amplification process. [7M]
(OR)
6. a) What is Hull cut off condition? Derive the equation for Hull cut off voltage. [7M]
b) Draw the structure of 8 cavity magnetron and explain its bunching process. [7M]
UNIT-IV
7. a) Explain the working of Rotary Vane type phase shifter with neat diagram. [7M]
b) What are the different types of Directional couplers? Explain the working of two [7M]
hole directional coupler.
(OR)
8. a) Derive the S-matrix of E-plane Tee and also write its characteristics. [7M]
b) What is the principle of Faraday’s rotation? How this is used in isolator? Explain. [7M]
UNIT-V
9. a) Explain Bolometer method for power measurement using microwave bench. [7M]
b) What are the different precautions have to be made while measuring parameters at [7M]
Microwave range?
(OR)
10. a) Explain the method of measurement of low and high VSWR with neat diagrams. [7M]
b) Explain how Gunn diode is used as an oscillator with the help of circuit diagram. [7M]
1 of 1
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 Code No: R203204A
R2031011
R2031351
R203135A
R203147A
R203147C
R203105O
P2031051 R20 SET
SET
RA--32
III B. Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, July -2023
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****
UNIT-I
1. a) Derive the equation for the solution to the Helmholtz equation in rectangular [7M]
coordinates.
b) Discuss about the impossibility of TEM mode in Waveguides. [7M]
(OR)
2. a) Derive the field equations of rectangular waveguide in TE mode, starting from [7M]
Maxwell’s equations.
b) Prove that the cutoff frequency is same for both TE and TM modes. [7M]
UNIT-II
3. a) Explain the classification of microwave tubes. [7M]
b) Reflex klystron is operating at 100 GHz. If the mode operating in the tube [7M]
corresponds to n=4, determine the transit time of the electron in the repeller space.
(OR)
4. a) Derive expression for output power in a Two-cavity klystron. [7M]
b) Derive the expression for bunching process, output power and efficiency of reflex [7M]
klystron.
UNIT-III
5. a) Draw different slow wave structures and explain why slow wave structures are [7M]
used in travelling wave tubes.
b) Draw cavity magnetron and explain its working for π-mode. [7M]
(OR)
6. a) Discuss the performance of magnetrons and list the important applications. [7M]
b) What are the different propagation constants of TWT? How to calculate them? [7M]
UNIT-IV
7. a) Explain the operation of magic tee with neat diagram and derive its S- matrix. [7M]
b) Explain in detail about waveguide irises, tuning screws and posts, waveguide [7M]
attenuators with neat diagram.
(OR)
8. a) Explain different types of directional couplers with neat sketches and derive the [7M]
S- matrix for directional coupler.
b) Explain the operation of Four-port circulator with suitable diagrams. [7M]
UNIT-V
9. a) Calculate the SWR of a transmission system operating at 8GHz. The distance [7M]
between two minimum power points is 0.9mm on a slotted line whose velocity
factor is unity.
b) Explain the method of measurement of impedance at microwave frequencies with [7M]
suitable block diagram.
(OR)
10. a) What is bolometer? How it is used for microwave measurements? [7M]
b) Draw the characteristics of Gunn diode and explain how negative region is [7M]
obtained in it.
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 Code No: R203204A
R2031011
R2031351
R203135A
R203147A
R203147C
R203105O
P2031051 R20 SET
SET
RA--42

III B. Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, July -2023

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions ONE Question from Each unit
All Questions Carry Equal Marks
*****
UNIT-I
1. a) Sketch circular and rectangular waveguides and give the comparison. [7M]
b) Explain the impossibility of TEM wave propagating through the waveguide. [7M]
(OR)
2. a) Explain TE, TM and TEM modes in a waveguide. What is meant by the [7M]
dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide? Explain.
b) Explain the mathematical analysis of rectangular waveguide. [7M]
UNIT-II
3. a) Derive the equation of optimum output power of two cavity Klystron amplifier. [7M]
b) Draw and explain the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron. [7M]
(OR)
4. a) Give the difference between two cavity klystron and reflex klystron. Also draw [7M]
the schematic of reflex klystron and explain its working.
b) Differentiate between klystron and travelling wave tubes. [7M]
UNIT-III
5. a) Explain about crossed field device and also describe why strapping is needed. [7M]
b) Explain the mechanism of oscillations of Magnetron oscillator with the aid of [7M]
suitable diagram and discuss its performance characteristics.
(OR)
6. a) Explain the amplification process for a helix type travelling wave tube. List its [7M]
applications.
b) Draw different slow wave structures and explain why slow wave structures are [7M]
used in travelling wave tubes.
UNIT-IV
7. a) Derive the S-Matrix for 3-port isolator and explain the operation of isolator. [7M]
b) In an H-plane Tee junction, 20mW power is applied to port 3 that is perfectly [7M]
matched to the junction. Calculate the power delivered to the load 60Ω and
75Ω connected to ports 1 and 2.
(OR)
8. a) What are the different types of attenuators? Explain them with neat diagrams. [7M]
b) What are the properties of S-matrix? Derive the S-matrix of Circulator. [7M]
UNIT-V
9. a) Explain RWH- theory in Gunn diode and draw its characteristics. [7M]
b) Explain different methods of measuring VSWR and explain any one method [7M]
with neat diagrams.
(OR)
10. a) Explain different methods of measurement of impedance using microwave [7M]
bench.
b) Write short notes on Bolometer Method in detail. [7M]
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