QUESTION BANK –STRUCTURE OF ATOM-CLASS 11

1.What are the main features of Rutherfords atomic model?

Key feature of the Rutherford atomic model

 Nucleus is surrounded by electrons revolving in circular paths known as orbits.

 Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction in
an atom.
 The volume of the nucleus is negligible when compared to the total volume of the
atom.
 The radius of the atom is about 10 -10m, whereas the radius of the nucleus is 10 -
15m.

2. Describe the draw backs of rutherford atomic model

 It was unable to explain atomic spectra.

 It was unable to explain the stability of atoms.
 It was unable to explain the arrangement of electrons within the atom.
 According to Rutherford, electrons orbit the nucleus in a circular path. However,
charged particles moving in a circular path should experience acceleration, and
this acceleration should result in energy radiation. Consequently, electrons should
lose energy and spiral into the nucleus, leading to atomic instability.

3. Distinguish between absorption and emission spectra

4. What are the shortcomings of bohr model

 Assumes circular electron orbits, violating the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

 Does not apply to multi-electron atoms and cannot explain their spectra.
 Cannot predict spectra of large atoms.
 Fails to explain the Zeeman effect and relative intensities of spectral lines.
 Explains spherical orbits, not elliptical orbits.

5. write short notes on De-Broglie’s equation

6. State heisenberg uncertainty principle

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that for particles exhibiting both particle
and wave nature, it will not be possible to accurately determine both the
position and velocity at the same time. The principle is named after German
physicist Werner Heisenberg, who proposed the uncertainty principle in the year
1927.

7.State Aufbau’s principle

Aufbau’s Principle states that

“Electrons in different orbitals are filled in the increasing order of their energy, i.e.
the orbital with the lowest energy will be filled first and the orbital with the highest
energy will be filled last.”
8.State Paulis Exclusion principle.

The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have
identical set of four quantum numbers.

9. State Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity states that:

1. Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any
one orbital is doubly occupied1.
2. All electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin1.
3. This minimizes electron repulsion and maximizes total spin, influencing the
electronic configuration and stability of atoms

10.How many protons and neutrons are present in the following nuclei:
H

11Write the complete symbol for the atom (X) with the given atomic number (Z)
and atomic mass (A)
(i) Z = 17,A = 35
(ii) Z = 92, A = 233
(in) Z = 4, A = 9.

Answer:

12. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (2) of 580 nm.
Calculate the frequency (v) and wave number (v) of yellow light.
Answer:

13. Calculate the energy of each of the photons which

(i) correspond to light of frequency 3 × 1015 Hz
(ii) have wavelength of 0-50 A.
Answer:
(i) Energy of photon (E) = hv
h = 6.626 × 10-34 J s ; v = 3 × 1015 Hz = 3 × 1015s-1
∴ E = (6.626 × 10-34 J s) × (3 × 1015 s-1) = 1.986 × 1018 J
Energy of photon (E) = hv = hcλ
h = 6.626 × 10 34 J s; c = 3 × 108 m s-1 ;
λ= 0.50 Å = 0.5 × 10-10 m.

14. Calculate the wavelength, frequency, and wavenumber of lightwave whose

period is 2.0 × 10-10 s.
Answer:

15. A photon of wavelength 4 × 10-7 m strikes on metal surface ; the work

function of the metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (i) the energy of the photon,
(ii) the kinetic energy of the emission
(iii) the velocity of the photoelectron. (Given 1 eV = 1.6020 × 10 -19 J).
Answer:

16. Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 ×

107 m s-1.
Answer:

17. Which of the following are iso-electronic species ?

Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2-, Ar.
Answer:
Na+ and Mg2+ are iso-electronic species (have 10 electrons) K+, Ca2+ , S2- are iso-
electronic species (have 18 electrons)

18. (i) Write the electronic configuration of the following ions : (a) H (b) Na+ (c)
02~ (d) F–.
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of the elements whose outermost electronic
configurations are represented by :
(a) 3s1 (b) Ip3 and (c) 3d6 ?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations ?
(a) [He]2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
Answer:
(i) (a) 1s2
(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6
(c) 1s22s22p6
(d) 1s22s22p6.
(ii) (a) Na (Z = 11) has outermost electronic configuration = 3s1
(b) N (Z = 7) has outermost electronic configuration = 2p 3
(c) Fe (Z = 26) has outermost electronic configuration = 3d 6
(iii) (a) Li
(b) P
(c) Sc

19. An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (i)

the number of protons and (ii) the electronic configuration of the element.
Answer:
No. of protons in a neutral atom = No. of electrons = 29
Electronic configuration = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1.

20. Give the number of electrons in the species : H2+, H2 and 02+.
Answer:
H2+ = one ; H2 = two ; 02+ = 15

21. (i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and m l ?
(ii) List the quantum numbers ml and l of electron in 3rd orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f.
Answer:
(i) For n = 3; l = 0, 1 and 2.
For l = 0 ; ml = 0
For l = 1; ml = +1, 0, -1
For l = 2 ; ml = +2, +1,0, +1, + 2
(ii) For an electron in 3rd orbital ; n = 3; l = 2 ; ml can have any of the values -2, -1, 0,
+ 1, +2.
(iii) 1p and 3f orbitals are not possible.

22. Using s, p and d notations, describe the orbitals with follow ing quantum
numbers :
(a) n = 1, l = 0
(b) n = 4, l = 3
(c) n = 3, l = 1
(d) n = 4, l = 2
Answer:
(a) 1s orbital
(b) 4f orbital
(c) 3p orbital
(d) 4d orbital

23. From the following sets of quantum numbers, state which are possible.
Explain why the others are not possible.
(i) n = 0, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
(ii) n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms – – 1/2
(iii) n = 1, l = 1, ml = 0, ms= +1/2
(iv) n = 1, l = 0, ml = +1, ms= +1/2
(v) n = 3, l = 3, ml = -3, ms = +1/2
(vi) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0, ms= +1/2
Answer:
(i) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because the minimum value of n can
be 1 and not zero.
(ii) The set of quantum numbers is possible.
(iii) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because, for n = 1, l can not be
equal to 1. It can have 0 value.
(iv) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because for l = 0. mt cannot be + 1.
It must be zero.
(v) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because, for n = 3, l ≠ 3.
(vi) The set of quantum numbers is possible.

24. How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?
(a) n = 4 ; ms = -1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 0.
Answer:
(a) For n = 4
Total number of electrons = 2n2 = 2 × 16 = 32
Half out of these will have ms = —1/2
∴ Total electrons with ms (-1/2) = 16
(b) For n = 3
l= 0 ; ml = 0, ms +1/2, -1/2 (two e–)

25. In Rutherford experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms like gold,
platinum etc. have been used to be bombarded by the a-particles. If a thin foil
of light atoms like aluminium etc. is used, what difference would be observed
from the above results?
Answer:
We have studied that in Rutherford’s experiment by using heavy metals like gold and
platinum, a large number of a-particles sufferred deflection while a very few had to
retrace their path.

If a thin foil of lighter atoms like aluminium etc. be used in the Rutherford experiment,
this means that the obstruction offered to the path of the fast moving a-particles will
be comparatively quite less.
As a result, the number of a-particles deflected will be quite less and the particles
which are deflected back will be negligible.

26. Symbols 7935Br and 79Br can be written whereas symbols 3579Br and 35Br
are not accepted. Answer in brief.
Answer:
In the symbol BAX of an element :
A denotes the atomic number of the element
B denotes the mass number of the element.
The atomic number of the element can be identified from its symbol because no two
elements can have the atomic number. However, the mass numbers have to be
mentioned in order to identify the elements. Thus,
Symbols 7935Br and 79Br are accepted because atomic number of Br will remain 35
even if not mentioned. Symbol 3579Br is not accepted because atomic number of Br
cannot be 79 (more than the mass number = 35). Similarly, symbol 35Br cannot be
accepted because mass number has to be mentioned. This is needed todifferentiate
the isotopes of an element.

27. Arrange the following type of radiations in increasing order of wavelength :

(a) radiation from microwave oven
(b) amber light from traffic signal
(c) radiation from FM radio
(d) cosmic rays from outer space and
(e) X-rays.
Answer:
Cosmic rays < X-rays < amber colour < microwave < FM

28. The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in
order of increasing energies. List if any of these combination(s) has/have the
same energy
(i) n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -1/2
(ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(iii) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
(iv) n = 3, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -111
(v) n = 3, l = l, ml = -1, ms = +1/2
(vi) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
Answer:
The electrons may be assigned to the following orbitals :
(i) 4d
(ii) 3d
(iii) 4p
(iv) 3d
(v) 3p
(vi) 4p.
The increasing order of energy is :
(v) < (ii) = (iv) < (vi), = (iii) < (i)

29. Among the following pairs of orbitals, which orbital will experience more
effective nuclear charge (i) 2s and 3s (ii) 4d and 4f (iii) 3d and 3p ?
Answer:
Please note that greater the penetration of the electron present in a particular orbital
towards the nucleus, more will be the magnitude of the effective nuclear charge.
Based upon this,
(i) 2s electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.
(ii) 4d electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.
(iii) 3p electron will experience more effective nuclear charge.

30. The unpaired electrons in A1 and Si are present in the 3p orbital. Which
electrons will experience more effective nuclear charge from the nucleus?
Answer:
Configuration of the two elements are :
A1 (Z = 13) : [Ne]103s23p1 ; Si (Z = 14) : [Ne] 103s23p2
The unpaired electrons in silicon (Si) will experience more effective nuclear charge
because the atomic number of the element Si is more than that of A1.

31. Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :

(a) P (b) Si (c) Cr (d) Fe and (e) Kr.
Answer:
(a) P (z=15) : [Ne]103s23p3 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 3
(b) Si (z=14) : [Ne]103s23p2 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 2
(c) Cr (z=24): [Ar]184s13d5 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 6
(d) Fe (z=26): [Ar]184s23d6 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 4
(e) Kr (z=36) : [Ar]184s23d104p6 ; No. of unpaired electrons = Nil.

32. (a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4 ?

(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms value of -
1/2 for n = 4 ?
Answer:
(a) For n = 4 ; No. of sub-shells = (l = 0, l = 1, l = 2, l = 3) = 4.
(b) Total number of orbitals which can be present = n 2 = 42 = 16.
Each orbital can have an electron with ms = – 1/2 -‘. Total no. of electrons with m, = –
1/2 is 16.

33. What are degenerate orbitals ?

Answer: Orbitals having same energy belonging to the same subshell.

34. Using Aufbau principle, write the ground state electronic configuration of
following atoms.
(i)Boron (Z = 5) (ii) Neon (Z = 10), (iii) Aluminium (Z = 13) (iv) Chlorine (Z = 17),
(v) Calcium (Z = 20) (vi) Rubidium (Z = 37)
Answer: (i)Boron (Z = 5) ; 1s2 2s2 1p1
(ii)Neon (Z = 10) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6
(iii)Aluminium (Z = 13) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(iv)Chlorine(Z = 17) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(v)Calcium (Z = 20) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
(vi)Rubidium (Z = 37) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s1.

35. Define atomic number, mass number and neutron. How are the three
related to each other?
Answer: Atomic Number (Z): The atomic number of an element is equal to the
number of protons present inside the nucleus of its atoms.
Since, an isolated atom has no net charge on it, in neutral atoms, the total number of
electrons is equal to its atomic number.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom = Number of
electrons in the neutral atoms
Mass Number (A): The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of
an atom is called its mass number. Mass number is denoted by A. Thus, for an atom,
Mass number (A) = Number of protons (p) + Number of neutrons (n)
A=p+n
Neutron: It is neutral particle. It is present in the nucleus of an atom. Expect
hydrogen (which contains only one electron and one proton but no neutron), the
atoms of all other elements including isotopes of hydrogen contain all the three
fundamental particles called neutron, proton and electron.
The relation between mass number, Atomic no. and no. of neutrons is given by the
equation:

Where A = Mass number

Z = Atomic number n= Number of neutrons in the nucleus.

36. What were the weaknesses or limitations of Bohr’s model of atoms ?

Briefly describe the quantum mechanical model of atom.
Answer: Limitations of Bohr’s model of an atom:

 It could not explain spectrum of multi-electron atoms.

 It could not explain Zeeman and Stark effects.
 It could not explain shape of molecules.
 It was not in accordance with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Quantum Mechanical Model: It was developed on the basis of Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle and dual behaviour of matter.

Main features of this model are given below :

 The energy of electrons in an atom is quantized i.e. can only have certain
values.
  The existence of quantized electronic energy levels is a direct result of the
wave like properties of electrons.
 Both, the exact position and velocity of an electron in an atom cannot be
determined simultaneously.
 The orbitals are filled in increasing order of energy. All the information about
the electron in an atom is stored in orbital wave function Ψ.
 From the value of Ψ2 at different points within atom, it is possible to predict the
region around the nucleus where electron most probably will be found.

configuration can be written.

IV. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Cathode rays are deflected by
(a) electric field only (b) electric and magnetic field
(c) magnetic field only (d) none of these
Question 2. In a sodium atom (atomic number = 11 and mass number = 23) and
the number of neutrons is
(a) equal to the number of protons
(b) less than the number of protons
(c) greater than the number of protons
(d) none of these
Question 3. The Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom falls in
(a) ultraviolet region (b) visible region
(c) infrared region (d) none of these
Question 4. The idea of stationary orbits was first given by
(a) Rutherford (b) J.J. Thomson (c) Niels Bohr (d) Max Planck
Question 5. de Broglie equation is

Question 6. The orbital with n = 3 and l = 2 is ,

(a) 3s (b) 3p (c) 3d (d) 3j
Question 7. The outermost electronic configuration of manganese (at. no. = 25)
is
(a) 3d5 4s2 (b) 3d6 4s1 (c) 3d74s° (d) 3d6 4s2
Question 8. The energy needed to remove a single electron (most loosely
bound) from an isolated – gaseous atom is called
(a) ionisation energy (b) electronegativity
(c) kinetic energy (d) electron affinity
Question 9. The maximum number of electrons in a sub-shell is given by the
equation
(a) n2 (b) 2n2 (c) 2l – 1 (d) 2l + 1
Question 10. If the value of azimuthal quantum number is 2, what will be the
values for magnetic quantum number?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Answer: 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)

V. HOTS Questions
Question 1. Giue flic name and atomic number of the inert gas atom in which
the total number of d-electrons is equal to the difference between the numbers
of total p and total s-electrons.
Answer: Electronic configuration of Kr (atomic no. = 36)
=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 Total no. of s-electrons = 8 Total no. of p-electrons
= 18 Difference = 10, no. of d-electrons = 10

Question 2. What is the minimum product of uncertainty in the position and

momentum of an electron?
Answer: h/4π

Question 3. Which orbital is non-directional?

Answer: s-orbital.

Question 4. What is the difference between notations l and L?

Answer: I represents the subshell and L represents shell.

Question 5. How many electrons in an atom can have n + l = 6?

Answer: 18.

Question 6. An anion A3+has 18 electrons. Write the atomic number of A.

Answer: 15.

Question 7. Arrange the electron (e), protons (p) and alpha particle (α) in the
increasing order for the values of e/m (charge/mass).
Answer: α < p < e.

37.Differentiate between orbit and orbital.

38. Define Photoelectric effect.
Photoelectric effect
The phenomenon of emission of photoelectrons from the surface of the metal when radiations of
sufficient frequency (like ultraviolet ray) fall on it, is called photoelectric emission. The current
produced in the process is called photocurrent. The incident radiation should have a high enough
frequency (v) which is greater than the threshold frequency (v 0) of the metal
i.e. v > v0

39.Define threshold frequencty

The threshold frequency is defined as the minimum frequency of
the incident radiation below which photoelectric emission or
emission of electrons is not possible.

40.Define nodes or nodal surfaces

The regions where this probability density function is zero are
called nodal surfaces or nodes.

41.Draw the shapes of s,p,d orbitals.