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The document provides an overview of HTML, CSS, Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), databases, and JavaScript, including key concepts and examples. It explains the purpose of HTML, how to create hyperlinks, the CSS box model, OOP principles like encapsulation and inheritance, and differences between SQL and NoSQL databases. Additionally, it covers JavaScript variable declaration, equality operators, closures, event delegation, and the 'this' keyword.

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19 views

IT Questions

The document provides an overview of HTML, CSS, Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), databases, and JavaScript, including key concepts and examples. It explains the purpose of HTML, how to create hyperlinks, the CSS box model, OOP principles like encapsulation and inheritance, and differences between SQL and NoSQL databases. Additionally, it covers JavaScript variable declaration, equality operators, closures, event delegation, and the 'this' keyword.

Uploaded by

samehbibo9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTML:

1. What does HTML stand for, and what is its primary purpose?

o Answer: HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is the standard language used to
create web pages by structuring content with elements such as headings, paragraphs, links, and
images.

2. How do you create a hyperlink in HTML?

o Answer: A hyperlink is created using the <a> (anchor) tag with the href attribute specifying the
URL. For example: <a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example</a>.

3. What is the difference between <div> and <span> elements?

o Answer: <div> is a block-level element used to group larger sections of content, causing a line
break before and after. <span> is an inline element used to group small portions of text without
causing line breaks.

4. What is the purpose of the <meta> tag in HTML?

5. Answer: The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document, such as character set, author,
description, and viewport settings. This information is not displayed on the page but is used by browsers
and search engines to understand the content and behavior of the page.

6. How do you embed an image in an HTML page?

7. Answer: An image is embedded using the <img> tag with the src attribute specifying the image URL
and the alt attribute providing alternative text. For example: <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of
image">.

8.

CSS:

1. What does CSS stand for, and how is it used in web development?

o Answer: CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is used to control the presentation,
formatting, and layout of web pages, allowing developers to separate content (HTML) from
design.

2. How can you apply a CSS style to a specific element with a unique ID?

o Answer: Use the # symbol followed by the element's ID in the CSS selector. For example, to
style an element with id="header":

css

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#header {

color: blue;
}
3. What is the CSS box model, and what are its components?

o Answer: The CSS box model describes the rectangular boxes generated for elements in the
document tree and consists of:
▪ Content: The actual content of the element.

▪ Padding: The space between the content and the border.

▪ Border: The surrounding area around the padding.

▪ Margin: The outermost space that separates the element from other elements.
4. What is the difference between class and id selectors in CSS?

5. Answer: The class selector is used to apply styles to multiple elements, while the id selector is used for
a single, unique element. In CSS, classes are denoted with a period (.) and IDs with a hash (#). For
example: .classname {} and #idname {}.

6. How can you include CSS in a web page?


7. Answer: CSS can be included in three ways:

8. Inline CSS: Using the style attribute within HTML elements.

9. Internal CSS: Within a <style> tag inside the <head> section of the HTML document.

10. External CSS: Linking to an external .css file using the <link> tag.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

1. What are the four main principles of OOP?

o Answer: The four main principles are:


▪ Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within a single unit
or class.

▪ Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary
features of an object.

▪ Inheritance: Allowing a new class to inherit properties and methods from an existing
class.

▪ Polymorphism: Enabling objects to be treated as instances of their parent class, allowing


for method overriding and overloading.
2. Can you explain the concept of inheritance in OOP?

o Answer: Inheritance is a mechanism where a new class, known as a subclass or derived class,
inherits attributes and methods from an existing class, called a superclass or base class. This
promotes code reusability and establishes a hierarchical relationship between classes.

3. What is polymorphism, and how is it implemented in OOP languages?

o Answer: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common


superclass. It is implemented through:

▪ Method Overriding: A subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already


defined in its superclass.

▪ Method Overloading: Multiple methods in the same class have the same name but
different parameters.

4. What is encapsulation in OOP?


5. Answer: Encapsulation is the principle of bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that
operate on the data into a single unit, known as a class. It restricts direct access to some of the object's
components, which can prevent the accidental modification of data.

6. What is an abstract class?

7. Answer: An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is designed to be
subclassed. It can contain abstract methods with no implementation, which must be implemented by
derived classes.
Databases:

1. What is a database, and why is it used?

o Answer: A database is an organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored


electronically. It is used to efficiently store, retrieve, and manage data for various applications.

2. What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

o Answer:

▪ SQL Databases: Relational databases that use Structured Query Language (SQL) for
defining and manipulating data. They have a fixed schema and are table-based.

▪ NoSQL Databases: Non-relational databases that store data in various formats like
document, key-value, graph, or column-family. They have dynamic schemas and are
designed for scalability and flexibility.

3. Can you explain what a primary key is in a database table?

o Answer: A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a database table. It ensures that
each entry is distinct and can be referenced uniquely, preventing duplicate records.

4. What is normalization in databases?

5. Answer: Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and
improve data integrity. It involves dividing large tables into smaller, related tables and defining
relationships between them.

6. What is a foreign key in a database?

7. Answer: A foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row in
another table. It establishes a relationship between the two tables, enforcing referential integrity.

JavaScript:

1. What is JavaScript, and how does it differ from Java?

o Answer: JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted scripting language primarily used to create


dynamic and interactive effects within web browsers. Despite the similarity in names, JavaScript
and Java are distinct languages with different syntax, use cases, and design principles.
2. How do you declare a variable in JavaScript?

o Answer: Variables in JavaScript can be declared using the var, let, or const keywords. For
example:

javascript
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var name = 'Alice';

let age = 30;

const country = 'Egypt';


What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript?

• Answer: == is the equality operator that compares two values for equality after converting both to a
common type (type coercion). === is the strict equality operator that compares both value and type,
returning true only if both are identical without type conversion.

What are closures in JavaScript?


• Answer: A closure is a function that retains access to its lexical scope, even when the function is
executed outside that scope. This means a function can remember and access variables from the context
in which it was created.

What is event delegation in JavaScript?

• Answer: Event delegation is a technique where a single event listener is added to a parent element to
manage events for multiple child elements. Instead of adding individual listeners to each child, the
parent listens for events, improving performance and simplifying code management.

What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, the this keyword serves as a reference to the object from which a function is invoked. Its value is
determined by the context in which the function is called, allowing for dynamic access to an object's properties
and methods.

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